I-malayalam Basquename Guqulela

Imalayalam lulwimi oluthethwa Eindiya olunelifa elityebileyo lenkcubeko. Olu lwimi luthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-35, Eindiya nakwamanye amazwe. Ngenxa yokwanda kokudityaniswa kwehlabathi, ukubaluleka kweenkonzo zokuguqulela Emalayalam akunakubaxwa. Njengoko isidingo sonxibelelwano lweelwimi ezininzi sisanda, imibutho ikhangela abantu abafanelekileyo ukuba banike iinguqulelo Zesimalayalam ezinokuthenjwa nezichanekileyo.

Imalayalam lulwimi Lwe-Dravidian, oluneskripthi sayo. Lulwimi olusemthethweni lwelizwe Laseindiya Ikerala, kwaye yenye yeelwimi ezingama-23 ezaziwa Njengolwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Lwaseindiya. Njengezinye iilwimi, Imalayalam ikwanazo neenguqulelo ezithile ngokuxhomekeke kwingingqi ethethwa kuyo. Ke ngoko, abo banqwenela ukungena kwicandelo lokuguqulela Lasemalayalam kufuneka, ke, babe nokuqonda okucokisekileyo kwezi nguqulelo zommandla.

Imfuno eyandayo yeenguqulelo Zemalayalam iqhutywa ngamashishini, imibutho yehlabathi, kunye neearhente zikarhulumente zonke ezifuna ukunxibelelana nabantu abakwimimandla ethetha Imalayalam. Oku kunokubandakanya nantoni na ukusuka ekudaleni izinto zokuthengisa Emalta, ukuguqulela amaxwebhu asemthethweni kunye nomxholo wewebhusayithi. Abaguquleli abafanelekayo Basemalayalam nabo banenzuzo eyongeziweyo ukuba baqonda izinto zenkcubeko ezinxulumene nolwimi, ngakumbi xa kuziwa kwishishini kunye nokuthengisa.

Ukuze ube ngumguquleli ofanelekileyo Wesimalayalam, umntu kufuneka abe nomyalelo ogqwesileyo kubo Bobabini Isimalayalam (kuzo zonke iintlobo zayo) kunye nolwimi ekujoliswe kulo. Ngaphezu koko, izakhono zonxibelelwano ezinamandla, ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha, kunye nokukwazi ukusebenza kunye nexesha elibekiweyo ziimpawu ezibalulekileyo. Ukuba awunayo i-fluency yomthonyama kuzo zombini iilwimi, iqondo lokuguqulela okanye iilwimi lingaba luncedo, nangona oku akusoloko kuyimfuneko.

Njengoko imibutho ijolise ekuboneleleni ngeelwimi ezininzi, imfuno yabaguquleli Besimalayalam iya kuqhubeka inyuka. Ngezi ziqinisekiso zilungileyo, nabani na unokuba yinxalenye yeli shishini lidlamkileyo kwaye abe negalelo ekwenzeni ihlabathi liqhagamshelane ngakumbi.

Luluphi ulwimi Oluthethwa Ngabantu Basemalayalam?

Imalayalam ithethwa ikakhulu Eindiya, kwilizwe Lasekerala, nakwimimandla engabamelwane Basekarnataka Nasetamil Nadu. Ikwathethwa yi-diaspora encinci Ebahrain, Efiji, Kwasirayeli, Emalaysia, Eqatar, Esingapore, E-United Arab Emirates Nase-United Kingdom.

Luluphi ulwimi Oluthethwa Ngabantu Basemalayalam?

Ubungqina bokuqala oburekhodiweyo bolwimi Lwesimalayalam bufumaneka kwimisebenzi yabaphengululi benkulungwane ye-9 abanjengo-Irayanman Thampi, owabhala Iramacharitam. Ngenkulungwane ye-12, oku kwaguqukela ekubeni lulwimi lokubhala olusetyenziswa kuncwadi olusekelwe Kwisisanskrit noluxhaphakileyo kwimimandla esemazantsi Ekerala yanamhlanje.
Ukuqala malunga nekhulu le-14 iimbongi ezifana Namamalwar Kunye Nekulashekhara Alvar basebenzisa Imalayalam kwiingoma zabo zokuzinikela. Olu lwimi lwakuqala lwahlukile Kwisisanskrit Nesitamil. Iquka amagama avela kwezinye iilwimi kuquka Isizulu Nesikannada.
Ngenkulungwane ye-16, inguqulelo Kathunchaththu Ezhuthachan Yeramayana Nemahabharata isuka Kwisisanskrit isiya Emalayalam yalukhulisa ngakumbi olu lwimi. Kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa ezalandelayo, ababhali babhala iincwadi ngeelwimi Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zasemalayalam. Oku kwakhokelela ekuveleni Kwemalayalam yanamhlanje eyathatha amagama avela kwisiphuthukezi, isingesi, isifrentshi kunye nesidatshi.
Ukususela ngoko, Imalayalam ibe lulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni ekerala kwaye isetyenziswa kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi, kubandakanya imfundo, urhulumente, amajelo eendaba kunye nenkolo. Ikwasetyenziselwa ukwenza iintlobo ezintsha zoncwadi, ezinje ngemibongo, imidlalo, kunye namabali amafutshane, kwaye iyaqhubeka nokuvela kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesimalayalam?

1. U-Ezhuthachan (owaziwa Nangokuthi Uthunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan) – Imbongi Yokuqala enkulu yolimi Lwasemalayalam futhi yatholakala ngokudala isisekelo sencwadi Yesimanje Yasemalayalam.
2. I-Kumaran Asan - enye yeembongi ze-triumvirate zoncwadi lwangoku Lwemalayalam. Uyaziwa ngemisebenzi yakhe enjenge - 'Veena Poova', 'Nalini' kanye no - 'Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala'.
3. I-Parameswar Iyer-imbongi eyaziwayo Yasemalayalam eyaziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe wokuqala opapashwe 'Kavyaanushasanam'. Ukwathe unikwe ithuba lokufaka amagowuli emdlalweni wanamhlanje.
4. I-Vallathol Narayana Menon - enye yeembongi ze-triumvirate zoncwadi lwangoku Lwemalayalam. Wabhala imisebenzi emininzi yeklasikhi enje ngo 'Khanda Kavyas' kunye 'Noduravastha'.
5. G Sankara Kurup-Eyaziwa ngemisebenzi yakhe efana ne - 'Oru Judha Malayalam' kunye ne 'Viswadarsanam', wayengumdlali wokuqala We-Jnanpith Award for Malayalam literature.

Luluphi ulwimi Oluthethwa Ngabantu Basemalayalam?

Ulwimi Lwesimalayalam lulwimi oluguqukayo, oko kuthetha ukuba lunenqanaba eliphezulu lokudityaniswa kunye notyekelo lokudibanisa amagama okanye amabinzana ukwenza amagama amatsha. Olu phawu lwenza ulwimi oluvakalayo, oluvumela isithethi ukuba sinxibelelane neengcamango ezinzima ngamagama ambalwa kunokuba kufuneka ngesingesi. I-Malayalam inomyalelo we-V2 wegama, oko kuthetha ukuba isenzi sibekwe kwindawo yesibini kwisivakalisi, kodwa oku akunyanzelekanga ngokungqongqo. Kukho nezinye izakhiwo zegrama, ezifana ne-participles kunye ne-gerunds, ezifumaneka kulwimi.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwesimalayalam ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokukhuphela iincwadi kunye nezinto ezibhalwe Emalayalam. Kulula ukufumana iipdf zasimahla, iincwadi kunye neefayile zomsindo kwi-intanethi.
2. Hlola ezinye Iindawo onokukhetha kuzo E-Malayalam speakers Ukumamela indlela izithethi zomthonyama ezibiza ngayo ulwimi yindlela ebalulekileyo yokufumana ngokutyibilikayo.
3. Sebenzisa iiwebhusayithi zokutshintshiselana ngolwimi olufana Nolwimi Lwam Ukutshintshiselana Okanye Incoko ukuze uziqhelanise nokuthetha nesithethi somthonyama.
4. Sebenzisa iikhosi zasimahla ezikwi-intanethi ezibonelelwa ziiyunivesithi ezinjengeyunivesithi Yasemadras okanye Ikairali Malayalam.
5. Cinga ngokubhalisa kwiklasi kwisikolo solwimi lwasekuhlaleni okanye kwiziko lokufunda.
6. Bukela Imiboniso bhanyabhanya Yasemalayalam kunye nemiboniso kamabonwakude ukuze ubonakale ngakumbi kulwimi.
7. Sebenzisa iiflashcards ukunceda ukukhumbula amagama abalulekileyo kunye namabinzana.
8. Gcina incwadana yamagama amatsha kunye nezivakalisi ozifundayo kwaye uzihlolisise rhoqo.
9. Thetha Emalayalam kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
10. Ekugqibeleni, fumana iindlela zokusebenzisa ulwimi kwincoko yakho yemihla ngemihla nabahlobo kunye nosapho.

Inguqulelo yasebasque yintsimi ekhethekileyo yokutolika apho amagama avela kulwimi Lwasebasque, ulwimi lwakudala oluthethwa ngabantu abancinci ngokusekwe Ikakhulu Kusingasiqithi Wase-Iberia Osemantla, aguqulelwa kolunye ulwimi. Ngelixa Ibasque ingathethwa ngokubanzi ngaphandle kwemimandla yayo yomthonyama, kukho iimfuno ezandayo zokuguqulela amaxwebhu kunye nonxibelelwano kolu lwimi kuzo zombini iinjongo zeshishini kunye nezobuqu.

Zininzi izinto ezenza inguqulelo Yebasque yahluke kwezinye iilwimi. Okokuqala, lulwimi olungelulo Olwe-Indo-European olungenazo izihlobo ezisondeleyo okanye olufana nolunye ulwimi ehlabathini. Oku kuthetha ukuba abaguquleli kufuneka babe nolwazi olunzulu lolwimi kwaye babe nobuchule obukhulu bokubonelela ngeenguqulelo ezichanekileyo. Okwesibini, Ulwimi Lwasebasque luneelwimi ezininzi kunye ne-accents ezingahluka kakhulu nakwindawo encinci yejografi. Oku kufuna inqanaba lolwazi lwenkcubeko ukuqonda ngokuchanekileyo izinto zolwimi.

Xa ufuna umguquleli Wasebasque, qiniseka ukuba baneziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo. Bafanele babe ne-fluency yolwimi, ulwazi olubanzi lwenkcubeko kunye namava entsimini. Ukongezelela, bafanele babe nolwazi olunzulu lwegrama, isivakalisi kunye nesigama solwimi. Oku kubalulekile ekuveliseni iinguqulelo ezichanekileyo kunye nokugcina intsingiselo yomthonyama yesicatshulwa.

Ukongeza ekutolikeni amaxwebhu, abaguquleli Basebasque banokubonelela ngeenkonzo zabo ekutolikeni iincoko eziphilayo, ukurekhodwa komsindo, kunye nezinye iindlela zonxibelelwano. Kwezinye iimeko, ukuguqulelwa kunokuba yimfuneko kwiindawo okanye izikhumbuzo ezifuna ulwazi olukhethekileyo.

Ekugqibeleni, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ulwimi Lwasebasque luyingqayizivele kwaye luyinkimbinkimbi. Ngenxa yoku, inguqulelo echanekileyo ifuna uncedo lweengcali ezinolwazi ngolwimi, inkcubeko kunye nolwimi lwabantu Basebasque. Ngoncedo lwabo, abantu kunye namashishini ngokufanayo banokuvala umsantsa wolwimi phakathi Kwebasque nolunye ulwimi, ukuvumela ukuqonda okungcono kunye nonxibelelwano oluphuculweyo.

Ngawaphi Amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwasebasque?

Ulwimi Lwasebasque luthethwa ikakhulu emantla Espain, Kwilizwe Lasebasque, kodwa ikwathethwa Enavarre (Espain) nakumaphondo Asebasque efrance.

Ziziphi iilwimi Zasebasque?

Ulwimi Lwasebasque lulwimi lwangaphambi kwembali, oluthethwa Kwilizwe Lasebasque nakwimimandla Yasenavarre yasespain Nasefrance amawaka eminyaka. Ulwimi Lwasebasque luhlukile; alunazo izihlobo zolwimi ngaphandle kweentlobo ezimbalwa Ze-Aquitanian eziphantse zaphela. Ukukhankanywa kokuqala kolwimi Lwasebasque kusuka kwi-5th century ad, kodwa kukho ubungqina bobukho bayo ngaphambi koko. Ebudeni Bamaxesha Aphakathi, Ibasque yayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengolwimi lwezorhwebo, kwaye amagama amaninzi emali-mboleko afakwe kwezinye iilwimi, ngakumbi ispanish nesifrentshi. Noko ke, ebudeni beenkulungwane ezalandelayo, ukusetyenziswa kolwimi kwaqalisa ukuhla. Ngekhulu lama-20, Ibasque yayiphelelwe ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo Ezininzi Zelizwe Lasebasque, kwaye kwezinye iindawo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwavalwa. Eli xesha lokwehla libuyiselwe umva ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, kunye nomdla ohlaziyiweyo kulwimi okhokelela ekubeni kwenziwe amanyathelo okukhusela nokukhuthaza ulwimi. Kwenziwe iinzame zokwandisa ukusetyenziswa Kwebasque ezikolweni nakwiinkonzo zikarhulumente, kwaye ngoku ifundiswa kwezinye izikolo Kwilizwe Lasebasque. Ulwimi lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumajelo eendaba,uncwadi kunye nobugcisa bokwenza. Ngaphandle kwezi nzame, ulwimi Lwasebasque lusengozini, kwaye kuphela malunga ne-33% yabantu Kwilizwe Lasebasque abakwaziyo ukuthetha namhlanje.

Ngoobani abantu aba-5 abaphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwasebasque?

1. Usabino Arana (1865-1903): Ibasque yesizwe, ipolitiki kunye nombhali. Wayenguvulindlela kwi-Basque language revival movement kwaye unikezelwa ngokudala inkqubo yokupela yasebasque.
2. Uvuko Umaría De Azkue (1864-1951): Ingcali Yeelwimi kunye nombhali wesichazi-magama owabhala isichazi-magama sokuqala Sasebasque-ispanish.
3. Ubernardo Estornés Lasa (1916-2008): uprofesa Obalaseleyo weencwadi Zebasque, umbhali kunye nembongi. Waqulunqa i-Orthography yokuqala Yasebasque.
4. Koldo Mitxelena (1915-1997): Ingcali Yeelwimi Kunye nonjingalwazi Webasque Philology. Wayengomnye wabasunguli beelwimi Zasebasque zanamhlanje.
5. Upello Erroteta (owazalwa ngo-1954): Umbhali Wenoveli, umbhali wokudlala kunye nonjingalwazi Woncwadi Lwasebasque. Ubhale ngokubanzi malunga nenkcubeko Yasebasque kwaye wakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwebasque kwiincwadi.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi Lwasebasque?

Ulwimi Lwasebasque lulwimi oludibeneyo, oku kuthetha ukuba longeza izimamva kunye nezimaphambili kumagama ukubonisa intsingiselo. Is syntax ikakhulu sisihloko-izimvo kulwakhiwo, apho isihloko siza kuqala kwaye umxholo ophambili ulandela. Kwakhona, kukho i-verticism yokuqala. I-Basque ine-inflection ezimbini zomlomo: enye yezinto ezikhoyo kunye neyexesha elidlulileyo, kunye neemeko ezintathu (ezibonisa, ukuzithoba, ukunyanzeliswa). Ukongeza, ulwimi luqulethe inani leeklasi zezibizo, ezigqitywe ngesikhamiso sokugqibela segama kunye nesini sesibizo.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwasebasque ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Ukutyala imali kwizixhobo zokufunda ezinjengeencwadi zezifundo okanye iikhosi ezikwi-intanethi. Ibasque yenye yeelwimi ezindala Eyurophu kwaye kunokuba nzima ukufunda ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezaneleyo.
2. Mamela iinkqubo zikanomathotholo, ubukele iinkqubo zikamabonwakude, kwaye ufunde ezinye iincwadi Ebasque. Oku kuya kukunika ukuqonda okungcono kolwimi kwaye kukubonise ngemizekelo yehlabathi lokwenyani yendlela esetyenziswa ngayo.
3. Thatha iiklasi. Iiyunivesithi zasekuhlaleni kunye nemibutho ngamanye amaxesha zibonelela ngeeklasi zolwimi okanye ukufundisa Ebasque. Ezi klasi zihlala zinika ithuba elihle lokuba neencoko kunye nezithethi zomthonyama kwaye ufumane amava asebenzayo.
4. Ziqhelise ukuthetha. Ukubiza ibasque kunokuba ngumceli mngeni. Ukuziqhelanisa rhoqo kunye nengxelo evela kwizithethi zomthonyama kunokukunceda ukuba ukhululeke ngakumbi ngolwimi.
5. Fumana iqabane lencoko. Fumana Umntu othetha Nebasque kwaye angathanda ukunxibelelana nawe ubuncinci kube kanye ngeveki. Ukuba neqabane lencoko kunokuba yindlela entle yokuhlala ukhuthazekile kwaye ufunde ulwimi kwimeko.