Udmurt Icelandic Guqulela

Uguqulelo lwe-Udmurt yinkqubo yokuguqulela itekisi ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kulwimi Lwe-Udmurt. Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt lulwimi Lwasefinno-Urgic oluthethwa ngabantu Base-Udmurt abahlala Kwiriphabhlikhi Yase-Udmurt, e-central Russia. Olu lwimi lunembali etyebileyo nenkcubeko, kwakunye nokuba lulwimi olusemthethweni Kwiriphabliki Yase-Udmurt. Nangona olu lwimi lusenokugqalwa njengolungamelwanga kakuhle kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, luselulwimi olubalulekileyo kwabo bazalelwe kuloo ndawo okanye banomdla kulwimi, kwinkcubeko nakwimbali yabantu Baseudmurt.

Xa kuziwa ekuguquleleni Kwe-Udmurt, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqulelo ezisemgangathweni zenziwa. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokusebenzisa abaguquleli beelwimi abanamava, abanolwazi ngomxholo wolwimi kunye nenkcubeko. Umguquleli kufuneka akwazi ukuqonda igrama, upelo, kunye nesemantiki yolwimi ukuze enze iinguqulelo ezichanekileyo. Ukongeza, kufuneka bakwazi ukusebenzisa ngokuchanekileyo ukwandisa kunye nokubaluleka kwamagama ukuqinisekisa ukuba isicatshulwa sisondele kwintsusa kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Inguqulelo ye-Udmurt inokunceda ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kweenkcubeko kwaye inike abantu abavela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ithuba lokuqondana. Oku kunokusetyenziswa phantse kuyo nayiphi na intsimi, kubandakanya ishishini, uncwadi, kunye nemithombo yeendaba. Ingasetyenziselwa ukunceda ukugcina inkcubeko kunye nembali yabantu Base-Udmurt ngokuvumela amabali abo kunye namazwi ukuba aviwe ngabaphulaphuli abakhulu.

Ngokubanzi, inguqulelo Ye-Udmurt inokuba sisixhobo esiluncedo kakhulu sokuqonda ulwimi nenkcubeko yabantu Base-Udmurt. Ngokuqonda itekisi Ye-Udmurt, inokunika abaphulaphuli abaninzi ithuba lokuxabisa nokufunda kulwimi kunye nenkcubeko yabantu Base-Udmurt. Ukongeza, inokuba yindlela entle yokukhuthaza ukuqonda phakathi kweenkcubeko kunye nokufunda ngakumbi malunga nomnye.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt?

Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt luthethwa ikakhulu Kwiriphabhlikhi Yase-Udmurt, ekwingingqi Yevolga yaserussia. Ikwathethwa kwiindawo ezincinci kwezinye iindawo Zaserussia, nakumazwe angabamelwane afana Nekazakhstan, Ibelarus Kunye Nefinland.

Yintoni imbali Ye-Udmurt language?

Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt lilungu le-Uralic language family kwaye luhambelana kakhulu neelwimi Zasefinno-Urgic. Kuthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nama-680,000, ikakhulu Kwiriphabhlikhi Yase-Udmurt (Erashiya) nakwindawo ejikelezileyo. Ifom yayo ebhaliweyo yabhalwa ngenkulungwane ye-18 ngabefundisi Bobuothodoki baserashiya, abenza inkqubo yokubhala esekelwe kwialfabhethi Yesicyrillic. Le nkqubo yokubhala yandiswa yaza yaphuculwa ebudeni benkulungwane ye-19 neyama-20, nto leyo eyakhokelela kulwimi olubhaliweyo lwale mihla. Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt lusasetyenziswa namhlanje kwimimandla enabantu Base-Udmurts, kunye nokufundiswa ezikolweni nakwiiyunivesithi.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwe-Udmurt?

1. Vasiliy Ivanovich Alymov-linguist kunye nombhali wemisebenzi emininzi kulwimi Lwe-Udmurt, owabhala igrama ecacileyo yolwimi kwaye wamisela imigaqo emininzi kunye neendibano ezisetyenziswayo namhlanje.
2. Vyacheslav Ivanovich Ivanov-Umphengululi kunye nombhali imisebenzi emininzi ulwimi Udmurt nenkcubeko, kuquka igrama ebanzi ulwimi kunye nezifundo kwisakhiwo udmurt poetry.
3. Nina Vitalievna Kirsanova-Rodionova - i innovator entsimini Udmurt ebhaliweyo, wabhala iincwadi zokuqala ngolwimi wadala dictionary yokuqala Ukrainian-Udmurt.
4. Umikhayl Romanovich Pavlov-Owaziwa ngegalelo lakhe elikhulu kwintsimi yolwimi Lwe-Udmurt, uncwadi kunye neentsomi, wayengomnye wabantu bokuqala ukurekhoda nokubhala iingoma zomthonyama zommandla.
5. U-Olga Valerianovna Fyodorova - Lozhkina-omnye wabantu bokuqala ukufunda ulwimi kunye nenkcubeko Ye-Udmurt, wapapasha amaphephandaba olwimi lokuqala Lwe-Udmurt kwaye wabhala igrama kunye nezinye izinto zemfundo.

Ulwakhiwo njani Ulwimi Udmurt?

Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt lulwimi Lwe-Uralic, olunxulumene kakhulu nesifinnish nesi-estonia, kwaye yabelana ngokufana kunye neelwimi Zekomi-Zyryan Kunye Ne-Permic. Ubume bayo bubonakaliswa yi-agglutinative morphology, oko kuthetha ukuba amagama ayenziwa ngokudibanisa kunye ukudibanisa iintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo kunye neekhonsepthi. Ulwimi lunemvisiswano yesikhamiso kunye nenkqubo entsonkothileyo yezibizo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwesenzi kunzima kakhulu, ngeemvakalelo ezahlukeneyo, iinkalo, kunye nokuqina, kunye nomahluko osisiseko phakathi kweefom ezigqibeleleyo nezingafezekanga.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokuziqhelanisa nolwimi. Funda malunga nealfabhethi kunye nokubiza amagama kwaye ufumane ukuqonda okuyisiseko kwegrama.
2. Funda kwaye umamele imithombo Ye-Udmurt yemveli. Mamela iindaba zendawo kwaye ungene kumculo kunye neenkqubo ZETV ngolwimi.
3. Thetha kwaye ubhale Kwi-Udmurt. Fumana iqabane lolwimi okanye usebenzise iiforamu ezikwi-intanethi kunye namagumbi okuncokola ukuziqhelanisa.
4. Thatha ikhosi ulwimi Udmurt. Kukho amaziko olwimi ezininzi ezifundisa izifundo Ulwimi Udmurt kwaye ungafumana kubo online.
5. Zibhokoxe kwinkcubeko nakulwimi lwakho. Ndwendwela Udmurtia kwaye uthethe nezithethi zomthonyama ukuze ufunde ngakumbi ngeelwimi zalapha kunye nenkcubeko.

I-Icelandic yenye yeelwimi ezindala ezisathethwayo emhlabeni, kwaye incede ukuchaza inkcubeko kunye nobuni babantu Base-Icelandic kangangeenkulungwane. Ngenxa yoko, kubalulekile ukuba nabani na onxibelelana nabantu Base-Iceland, ezoshishino okanye ezolonwabo, abe nokufikelela kwinkonzo yokuguqulela yase-Iceland ethembekileyo nechanekileyo.

Abaguquleli Abaqeqeshiweyo Baseiceland bayayiqonda indlela oluthethwa ngayo olu lwimi, olunokuba lucelomngeni kakhulu, ekubeni ulwimi Lwaseiceland luyafana kodwa lwahlukile kwezinye iilwimi Zasescandinavia ezinjengesweden nesinorwegian. I-dialect ingahluka phakathi kwemimandla eyahlukeneyo Yase-Iceland, okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu kumntu ongeyena isithethi somthonyama. Umguquleli olungileyo uya kuthatha inkathalo ekhethekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba inguqulelo yabo ayithathi kuphela intsingiselo yokoqobo yesicatshulwa, kodwa nayo nayiphi na imeko yenkcubeko okanye yengingqi enokubaluleka.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iinkonzo zokuguqulela Zaseiceland ziye zafikeleleka ngakumbi. Iiarhente zokuguqulela ngoku zinikezela ngeenkonzo ukunceda abo banqwenela ukunxibelelana nabaphulaphuli Baseiceland zombini kwifom ebhaliweyo, njengamaxwebhu kunye neewebhusayithi, kunye neefom ezibonakalayo ezinjengevidiyo kunye nokurekhodwa komsindo. Iinkonzo ezinjalo zibaluleke ngakumbi kumashishini asebenza kumazwe aphesheya, apho uguqulelo oluchanekileyo noluthembekileyo lubalulekile.

Nangona kunjalo, iinkonzo zokuguqulela zesiicelandic nazo ziluncedo kuye nabani na ofuna ukunxibelelana ngolwazi, okanye ukusuka, kulwimi Lwesiicelandic. Ngokomzekelo, iincwadi nemibhalo-ngqangi ebhalwe Ngesiiceland inokuguqulelwa kubaphulaphuli abaninzi. Ngokufanayo, imisebenzi engeyiyo I-Icelandic inokwenziwa ifumaneke kwizithethi Zaseicelandic, zibavumela ukuba bafikelele kuncwadi, iindaba kunye nemibono evela kwihlabathi liphela.

Ngokubanzi, iinkonzo zokuguqulela Zesiicelandic zibonelela ngonxibelelwano oluxabisekileyo phakathi kwezithethi Zaseicelandic kunye nabaphulaphuli behlabathi. Ke ngoko, ezi nkonzo zibalulekile kuye nabani na onqwenela ukunxibelelana ngokufanelekileyo nabaphulaphuli Base-Iceland.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ulwimi Lwaseiceland?

I-Icelandic ithethwa E-Iceland kuphela, nangona abanye abaphambukeli Basemntla Melika baye baziwa ukuba bayisebenzise njengolwimi lwesibini.

Ziziphi iilwimi ezisemthethweni Zaseiceland?

Ulwimi Lwase-Iceland lulwimi Lwasemantla Ejamani olunobudlelwane Obusondeleyo Ne-Old Norse kwaye luthethwe ngabantu Base-Iceland ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-9th. Yaqala ukurekhodwa kwinkulungwane ye-12 Kwisagas Yaseiceland, eyabhalwa Kwi-Old Norse.
Ngenkulungwane ye-14, Isiiceland sasilulwimi oluphambili Lwaseiceland saza saqalisa ukwahluka kwiingcambu Zaso Ezindala Zasenorse, sivelisa igrama nesigama esitsha. Le nkqubo yakhawuleziswa Ngohlaziyo ngowe-1550, Xa Ubuluthere babulawula Eiceland, nto leyo eyaphumela ekungeneni kweendinyana zonqulo ezisuka kwisidanish nesijamani ezatshintsha olo lwimi ngokusisigxina.
Ngenkulungwane ye-19, Iiceland yaqalisa ukuba nemizi-mveliso emininzi yaza yamkela amagama athile avela kwisingesi nesidanish. Intshukumo yomgangatho wolwimi yaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kunye nohlaziyo lokuqala lokupela ngo-1907-1908. Oku kwakhokelela ekudalweni kolwimi Olumanyeneyo lwaseiceland ngowe-1908, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kubekho uhlaziyo olungakumbi.
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, olu lwimi luye lwenza iinguqulelo ezingakumbi, ngokubandakanywa kwamagama emali-mboleko anamhlanje kunye nemigaqo enxulumene netekhnoloji, kunye nokuqaliswa kwemigaqo engathathi cala ngokwesini kwiakhawunti yeentshukumo zamabhinqa. Namhlanje, ulwimi Lwase-Iceland luyaguquka kwaye luyaqhubeka nokuhlala lungatshintshi, ngelixa ukwamkela amagama amatsha ukubonisa inkcubeko eguqukayo kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesiicelandic?

1. Usnorri Sturluson (1178-1241): imbongi edumileyo Yaseiceland, umbhali-mbali, kunye nombhali-mbali onefuthe elinzulu kulwimi Lwaseiceland kunye noncwadi.
2. Ujónas Hallgrímsson (1807-1845): imbongi Yase-Iceland edla ngokubizwa ngokuba nguyise wemibongo yanamhlanje Yase-Iceland. Amazwi akhe abumba ulwimi lwangoku Lwesiicelandic aze avelise amagama namabinzana amatsha.
3. Ujónárnason (1819-1888): umphengululi Wase-Iceland owaqulunqa waza wapapasha i-first comprehensive dictionary yase-Iceland ngo-1852.
4. U-Einar Benediktsson (1864-1940): umbhali odumileyo Wase-Iceland kunye nembongi eyanceda ukubumba uncwadi lwangoku Lwase-Iceland kwaye yafaka izinto zenkcubeko yabantu.
5. Uklaus Von Seeck (1861-1951): ingcali yeelwimi yasejamani eyaba ngowokuqala ukuchaza isicelandic ngokubanzi kwaye ithelekise ulwimi Lwesicelandic nezinye iilwimi Zesijamani.

Njani ulwimi Lwesicelandic?

Ulwimi Lwaseicelandic Lulwimi Lwasemantla Ejamani oluvela Kwinorse Yakudala, ulwimi lwabahlali basescandinavia bokuqala kweli lizwe. Ubume bolwimi bubonisa iingcambu Zabo Zasejamani; isebenzisa umxholo-isenzi-into igama umyalelo kwaye ine-morphology enamandla. Inamadoda amathathu (ubudoda ,ubufazi kunye ne-neuter) kunye namatyala amane (ukutyunjwa, ukumangalela, i-dative, kunye ne-genitive). Ikwanobumbano lwegrama, olubonisa ukuba izibizo Zaseiceland, izenzi, kunye nezichazi zineendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: isinye kunye nesininzi. Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa kwe-deception kuqhelekile E-Iceland kwaye kusetyenziselwa ukubonisa inani, imeko,inkcazo, kunye nokufumana.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lwase-Iceland ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Yenza ukuzibophelela ekufundeni: Gqiba ukuba lingakanani ixesha ofuna ukuzinikela ekufundeni ulwimi kwaye uzibophelele kulo. Zibekele usukelo olusengqiqweni, njengokufunda igama elitsha okanye umthetho wegrama yonke imihla okanye uzimisele ukufunda iphepha elivela kwincwadi yesiicelandic suku ngalunye.
2. Fumana izibonelelo ezikusebenzelayo: zininzi izibonelelo ezikhoyo kwi-intanethi onokuzisebenzisa ukuphucula amava akho okufunda. Kungaluncedo ukufumana incwadi egxile kulwakhiwo lwegrama yolwimi kunye nokusebenzisa ukurekhodwa komsindo okanye iividiyo ukuphulaphula nokubiza amagama.
3. Ziqhelise rhoqo: ukuze ube nentembelo kulwimi uze uqiniseke ukuba akuzilibali izinto ozifundileyo, qiniseka ukuba uziqhelanisa rhoqo. Unokujoyina iklasi ekwi-intanethi, fumana iqabane lencoko Yase-Iceland kwi-intanethi okanye uziqhelanise nabahlobo.
4. Zifake kwinkcubeko Yase-Iceland: Ukubukela iifilimu Kunye nomabonwakude Wase-Iceland, ukufunda iincwadi kunye neemagazini, kunye nokuya kwimisitho yenkcubeko yase-Iceland zonke iindlela ezintle zokuqhelana nolwimi nenkcubeko.
5. Yonwaba kunye nayo: Ukufunda ulwimi kufuneka kube mnandi! Zama ukujija ulwimi Lwesiicelandic kunye nezicatshulwa okanye wonwabe ngokudlala imidlalo yolwimi ekwi-intanethi.