Isicatala Kyrgyz Guqulela

Isicatalan lulwimi lothando oluthethwa ikakhulu Espain Naseandorra, nakwezinye iindawo Zaseyurophu Ezinje Ngeitali, Ifransi, Nemalta. Ulwimi olusemthethweni lommandla Wasecatalonia Espain kwaye ikwathethwa kwimimandla ekufutshane Yasevalencia nakwiziqithi Zebalearic. Ngenxa yembali yayo eyahlukileyo, nangona inezinto ezininzi ezifanayo nezinye iilwimi Zasespain, lulwimi olwahlukileyo ngokwalo, kwaye uguqulelo phakathi kwecatalan nezinye iilwimi Zaseyurophu lunokwenza izinto ezininzi kunye nobuqili zilahleke ngokulula.

Kumashishini afuna ukunxibelelana nabathengi abathetha isicatalan okanye abasebenzi, iinkonzo zokuguqulela zibalulekile. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa abaguquleli abanamava nabaqeqeshiweyo abaqhelananga nolwimi kuphela, kodwa nayo nayiphi na into yenkcubeko. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi xa kuguqulelwa amaxwebhu afana nezivumelwano zomthetho. Ukongeza, njengoko Imithetho Ye-European Union kufuneka yenziwe ifumaneke kuzo zonke iilwimi ezisemthethweni ZE-EU, uguqulelo kwicatalan luyimfuneko kuzo zonke iinkampani eziqhuba ishishini kwi-EU.

Ngokufanayo, umxholo we-intanethi njengeewebhusayithi, amaphulo okuthengisa kunye nezithuba zemidiya yoluntu kufuneka ziguqulelwe ngokuchanekileyo kubaphulaphuli basecatalan. Iinkonzo zokuguqulela ngobuchule ziqinisekisa ukuba iinguqulelo zichanile yaye zikhululekile kuzo naziphi na iimpazamo, yaye zisasebenza nanamhlanje yaye zifanele ngokwamasiko azo.

Xa ufuna iinkonzo zokuguqulela, kubalulekile ukukhetha umboneleli ngenkonzo onerekhodi ebanzi yomkhondo entsimini. Jonga ulwazi lwabo kunye namava olwimi, kunye neendlela zabo. Ukusebenza nomboneleli ngenkonzo oqeqeshiweyo nonamava kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqulelo zenziwa ngokuchanekileyo nangendlela ethathela ingqalelo ubuntununtunu benkcubeko. Inkonzo yokuguqulela elungileyo iya kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba umxholo ubekwe kwindawo kwaye ufanelekile kubaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo.

Ukuqukumbela, iinkonzo zokuguqulela ngobuchule zibonelela ngonxibelelwano olubalulekileyo phakathi kwabaphulaphuli abathetha isicatalan nabangathethi isicatalan. Abaguquleli abanamava nabanolwazi banokunceda amashishini ukuba afikelele kwaye abandakanyeke kwiimarike ekujoliswe kuzo, kunye nokufezekisa izibophelelo zabo zomthetho. Ekugqibeleni, ukulandela la macebiso angasentla kunokunceda ekuqinisekiseni iinguqulelo ezisebenzayo nezichanileyo.

Ngawaphi amazwe ekuthethwa ngawo kwicatalan?

Isicatalan sithethwa kumazwe aliqela, Kuquka Ispeyin, Iandorra Nefransi. Ikwabizwa Ngokuba Yivalencian kwezinye Iindawo Zoluntu Lwasevalencian. Ukongeza, isicatalan sithethwa kwizixeko ezizimeleyo Zaseceuta Nasemelilla Emantla Eafrika, nakwiziqithi Zebalearic.

Ziziphi iilwimi zesicatalan?

Ulwimi lwesicatalan lunembali ende kwaye iyahluka, eqala ngenkulungwane ye-10. Ulwimi Lothando, oluthetha ukuba luvela kwisilatini, kwaye luneengcambu zalo kumntla-mpuma we-Peninsula Yase-Iberia. Isicatalan yayilulwimi Lwesithsaba Sasearagon, esasiquka Iinxalenye zefransi yanamhlanje, I-Itali Nespeyin ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-11 ukusa kweye-15. Ngeli xesha ulwimi lwasasazeka emazantsi nasempuma kuwo wonke ummandla.
Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, isicatalan siye sachukunyiswa kakhulu zezinye iilwimi kuquka isifrentshi, ispanish nesitaliyane. Kumaxesha Aphakathi, yayilulwimi olusemthethweni Lobukumkani Basemajorca kwaye yaba lulwimi olukhethwayo kwiinkundla Zasecatalonia Nasearagon. Kwakhona kwasetyenziswa kwiindawo Ezithile Zasevalencia Nasebalearic Islands. Ngenxa yoko, ulwimi lwakwazi ukugcina iimpawu zalo ezizodwa nangona lwamkela izinto zezinye iilwimi.
Ngenkulungwane ye-18, xa Amabala alawula lo mmandla, isicatalan sathatyathelw ' indawo sisispanish njengolwimi olusemthethweni saza sabhengeza ukuba akukho semthethweni kwiindawo ezithile zommandla. Lo mqathango wawuqhubeka kude kube phakathi kwekhulu le-19 kwaye ukususela ngoko, ulwimi luye lwavuselela ukuthandwa. Olu lwimi ngoku lubonwa njengolwimi olusemthethweni Espain Nasefransi, kwaye luye lwafumana ixesha lokuvuselelwa kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesicatalan?

1. Ujaume II Wasearagon (1267-1327): wadibanisa isicatalan kunye nezinye iilwimi Kunye neelwimi Zepeninsula Yase-Iberia, ukudala isandulela kwicatalan yanamhlanje.
2. Upompeu Fabra (1868-1948): Ngokufuthi obizwa ngokuba "nguyise wecatalan yanamhlanje," Ufabra wayengumphilologist owaziwayo owamisela umgangatho kunye nokucwangcisa igrama yolwimi.
3. Ujoan Coromines (1893-1997): Icoromines yabhala isichazi-magama esichazayo solwimi lwesicatalan, esihlala siyincwadi ebalulekileyo yeembekiselo namhlanje.
4. Usalvador Espriu (1913-1985): U-Espriu wayeyimbongi, umbhali wokudlala, kunye nombhali wezincoko oncedise ekukhuthazeni ukusetyenziswa kwecatalan kuncwadi.
5. Ugabriel Ferrater (1922-1972): Uferrater wayeyimbongi kunye nomlobi weengoma zakhe ziye zaba yimifanekiso yamasiko asecatalan.

Uluphi ulwimi lwecatalan?

Ulwakhiwo lolwimi lwasecatalan lulandela i-svo (Umxholo-Isenzi-Into) umyalelo wegama. Lulwimi oludityanisiweyo, oko kuthetha ukuba igama ngalinye linokudlulisela iziqwenga ezininzi zolwazi lwegrama. Iimpawu eziphambili ze-morphology yolwimi ziquka isini, inombolo kunye nesivumelwano sesichazi. Kukho iintlobo ezine zokudibanisa ngomlomo, ezenza iiparadigms zomlomo ngokuxhomekeke kumntu, inombolo, inkalo kunye nomoya. Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zezibizo: ukuzimisela nokuzimisela. Izibizo ezimiselweyo ziphethe amanqaku angaphezulu, ngelixa izibizo ezingagqitywanga zingenzi.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwecatalan ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana incwadi elungileyo yolwimi lwesicatalan okanye ikhosi ekwi-intanethi-Khangela into egubungela iziseko zegrama kunye nesigama, kwaye inemizekelo kunye nokuzivocavoca ukukunceda uziqhelanise.
2. Sebenzisa ii-apps zolwimi-Sebenzisa usetyenziso lweselfowuni olufana Neduolingo, olunikezela ngezifundo zenqanaba lokuqala lesicatalan kwaye lusebenzisa imidlalo ukukunceda ufunde.
3. Ukubukela iifilimu zasecatalan - Ukubukela iifilimu ecatalan yindlela enhle yokufumana iindlebe zakho ngolwimi.
4. Funda ngesicatalan-Zama ukufumana iincwadi, iimagazini, okanye amaphephandaba abhalwe ngesicatalan, nokuba ufunda nje amaphepha ambalwa, kunokukunceda ukuba uthathe amagama amatsha kunye namabinzana.
5. Mamela izithethi zomthonyama - zininzi iipodcasts, imiboniso kanomathotholo, kunye neenkqubo ZIKAMABONWAKUDE ezikhoyo ecatalan ke zisebenzise ukukunceda ufumane ukubizwa kwakho ngokufanelekileyo.
6. Ukuziqhelanisa nokuthetha – eyona ndlela yokufunda naluphi na ulwimi kukuyisebenzisa. Baninzi Catalan-ukuthetha zoluntu jikelele ehlabathini ngoko ke kufuneka kube lula ukufumana umntu ukuba baqeqeshe.

Inguqulelo yasekyrgyz sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokunxibelelana nabantu kunye namashishini Ekyrgyzstan, ilizwe elikumbindi Weasia elikumda wekazakhstan Nechina. Kulabo abangaqhelananga Nesikyrgyz, lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasekyrgyzstan, nangona isirashiya sithetha ngokubanzi. I-Kyrgyz lulwimi Lwaseturkey, olwenza ukuba luhambelane neelwimi ezifana nesimongolia, isiturkish, isiuzbek nesikazakh.

Ukuba nabaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo abakwaziyo ukuguqulela ngokuchanekileyo amaxwebhu ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye kubalulekile kwimpumelelo yeshishini kunye nobudlelwane bamanye amazwe. Iinkonzo zokuguqulela Zasekyrgyz zinokunceda ukuvala izikhewu zonxibelelwano phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, zinceda abantu Basekyrgyzstan baqondane ngcono kunye nehlabathi ngaphaya kwemida yabo.

Iinguqulelo zasekyrgyz zisoloko zisetyenziselwa amaxwebhu karhulumente, afana namaphepha asemthethweni kunye nemali, kunye neerekhodi zonyango, iikhontrakthi zoshishino, izinto zokuthengisa kunye nezixhobo zemfundo. Xa amaxwebhu okanye umxholo wewebhu kufuneka uguqulelwe okanye usuka Ekyrgyz, abaguquleli abaziingcali basebenzisa ulwazi lwabo lolwimi kunye nemeko yenkcubeko eyahlukileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka.

Amashishini ahlala ethembele kwiinkonzo zokuguqulela Zasekyrgyz ukulungiselela izicwangciso zokuthengisa zamazwe ngamazwe. Iinguqulelo zasekuhlaleni zinceda iinkampani ukuba zifikelele kwiimarike ezintsha, zenza kube lula ukuphuhlisa ubudlelwane obuqinileyo babathengi kunye nokwandisa ukuthengisa. Abaguquleli bafanele badlulisele ngokuchanileyo umyalezo wantlandlolo ngoxa beqwalasela ukungafani kweethoni, amasiko nezithethe.

Kwangaxeshanye, iinguqulelo zobuqu zinokunceda abafuduki kunye neembacu Ekyrgyzstan zidibanise ngokulula kwinkcubeko yazo entsha. Iinguqulelo zobungcali zamaxwebhu abalulekileyo kunye nezatifikethi zenza kube lula kwiintsapho ukuba zifumane ukufikelela kwezempilo, imfundo, kunye nezinye iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo.

Uguqulelo lwe Kyrgyz lubalulekile kuye nabani na osebenza Okanye ohlala Ekyrgyzstan, nokuba kungeshishini, imfundo, okanye izizathu zobuqu. Kubalulekile ukufumana umguquleli ofanelekileyo oqonda inkcubeko yelizwe ukuze aqinisekise ukuba amaxwebhu aguqulelweyo achanekile kwaye anengqondo yenkcubeko.

Ngawaphi Amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwasekyrgyz?

Ulwimi Lwasekyrgyz luthethwa ikakhulu Ekyrgyzstan nakwezinye iindawo Ezikumbindi Weasia, kubandakanya emazantsi Ekazakhstan, Etajikistan, Euzbekistan, kumantla Eafghanistan, kwintshona yetshayina, nakwimimandla ekude Yeriphabhlikhi Yasealtai Yaserussia. Ukongeza, iipokotho ezincinci zabemi basekyrgyz zikhona Eturkey,Emongolia, Kunye Nepeninsula yasekorea.

Yintoni i-Kyrgyz language?

Ulwimi Lwasekyrgyz lunembali ende kwaye entsonkothileyo. Ulwimi Lwasempuma Lweturkey, oluvela kulwimi Lweproto-Turkic Oluvela Kumbindi Asia. Ubungqina obubhaliweyo bokuqala bolwimi bubuyela kwinkulungwane ye-8 Kwimibhalo Yesi-Orkhon, eyayibhalwe kwialfabhethi Yakudala Yaseturkey.
Ikyrgyz yayiphenjelelwa kakhulu ziilwimi Ezingabamelwane Zesiyghur nesimongolia. Ngenkulungwane ye-16, Ikyrgyz yaguquka yaba lulwimi loncwadi, yaye isichazi-magama sokuqala Sasekyrgyz sabhalwa ngowe-1784. Olu lwimi lwaqhubeka lukhula ebudeni benkulungwane ye-19, yaye ngowe-1944, Ikyrgyz yaba lulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Lwasekyrgyzstan.
Ngowe-1928, kwaqaliswa Inkqubo yokubhala eyaziwa Ngokuba Yialfabhethi Emanyeneyo, eyayimisela inkqubo yokubhala yasekyrgyz. Ukususela ngoko, Ikyrgyz iye yaphuhliswa njengolwimi oluthethwayo nolubhaliweyo. Nangona oonobumba besilatini Nabesicyrillic ngoku besetyenziselwa uhlobo olubhaliweyo lwale mihla lolwimi, iskripthi sesiarabhu sisasetyenziselwa ukubhala imibhalo engcwele Ekyrgyz.
Namhlanje, Ikyrgyz ithetha ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5 Ekyrgyzstan, Ekazakhstan, Etajikistan, Euzbekistan Nase China.

Ngoobani abantu aba-5 abaphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwasekyrgyz?

1. Chingiz Aitmatov (1928-2008): Eyaziwa njengomnye wababhali abakhulu Basekyrgyz, wabhala imisebenzi emininzi ngolwimi Lwasekyrgyz kwaye ithathwa ngokuphuhlisa ifom yayo yoncwadi.
2. I-Cholponbek Esenov (1891-1941): uvulindlela wokuqala wolwimi Lwasekyrgyz, wabhala iphephandaba lokuqala Ekyrgyz kwaye wayengumvelisi owaziwayo wohlobo olubhaliweyo lolwimi.
3. I-Orosbek Toktogaziyev (1904-1975): omnye umntu obalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwenguqu yangoku yolwimi Lwasekyrgyz. Wabhala iincwadi ezininzi waza wanceda ekuphuhliseni ukusetyenziswa kwamagama kulwimi.
4. U-Alichan Eshimkanov (1894-1974): ingcali yeelwimi ebalaseleyo eyachitha ubomi bayo iphanda kwaye ibhala ngolwimi Lwesikyrgyz kunye neelwimi.
5. Uzimbek Beknazarov (1947-present): Ethathwa njengegunya kulwimi Lwesikyrgyz, wayenoxanduva lokuphucula ulwimi kunye nokudala amagama amatsha kunye neendlela zokubhala.

Njani ulwimi Lwasekyrgyz?

Ulwimi Lwasekyrgyz sisiturkic esahlulahlulwe saba ziilwimi ezintathu: Emantla, Kumbindi Nakumazantsi. Lulwimi oluguquguqukayo, oluthetha ukuba lwenza amagama antsonkothileyo ngokongeza izimamva kumagama engcambu. Kukho ugxininiso kwizimaphambili, kunokuba izimamva, ngolwimi Lwasekyrgyz, olunika isakhiwo esinengqiqo. I-kyrgyz ngokuqhelekileyo i-SOV (isihloko-into-isenzi) kwaye njengezinye iilwimi Zaseturkey, inesenzi-isakhiwo sokugqibela. Ulwimi lunomxholo wefonemic, apho izandi ezahlukeneyo okanye izandi zinokunika iintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo kumagama.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwasekyrgyz ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda iziseko zolwimi. Unokufumana iikhosi ezininzi ze-intanethi okanye kwi-personal eziza kukwazisa kwizinto ezisisiseko Zasekyrgyz. Oku kubandakanya isigama esisisiseko kunye negrama kunye namabinzana aqhelekileyo kunye neenombolo eziphambili.
2. Mamela izithethi zomthonyama. Ukumamela incoko kunye nokurekhoda kwezithethi zomthonyama Zasekyrgyz kuya kukunceda ufumane ukuqonda okungcono kwendlela oluthethwa ngayo ulwimi.
3. Ziqhelise ukuthetha ulwimi kunye neqabane. Fumana umntu othetha Isikyrgyz kwaye uziqhelanise nokuncokola nabo usebenzisa ulwimi. Eli linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni izakhono zakho zokuncokola.
4. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezinje ngeencwadi, izichazi-magama kunye nezixhobo ezikwi-intanethi. Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokukunceda ufunde ulwimi lwakho. Oku kubandakanya iincwadi, izichazi-magama, iimbekiselo zegrama kunye nokunye.
5. Ungalibali ukuzonwabisa. Ukufunda ulwimi kufuneka kube mnandi. Yenza ixesha lokubukela iifilimu, ukufunda iincwadi kunye nokuzibandakanya kwimisebenzi ngolwimi. Oku kuya kwenza inkqubo yokufunda ibe mnandi ngakumbi kwaye ibe nomvuzo.