Isi-indonesian Isidanish Guqulela

Inguqulelo Yesi-Indonesia: Isikhokelo Esibanzi

Ulwimi Lwaseindonesia sisixhobo esikhulu sonxibelelwano kwihlabathi namhlanje, kunye nezithethi zomthonyama ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-237. Ngaloo ndlela, iinkonzo zokuguqulela Zaseindonesia zifunwa kakhulu, kunye namashishini kunye nabantu ngokufanayo bajonge ukuguqulela umxholo wabo kulwimi lolunye lwezoqoqosho olukhulu emhlabeni. Kwesi sikhokelo sibanzi, siza kuphonononga konke okufuneka ukwazi malunga noguqulelo Lwaseindonesia, apho iilwimi zithethwa khona kwezona ndlela zilungileyo zokusebenza nabaguquleli Baseindonesia.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqonda iilwimi Ezahlukeneyo Zolwimi Lwaseindonesia. Nangona Ulwimi Lwaseburhulumenteni lusetyenziswa ngurhulumente kunye nemfundo, kukho iilwimi ezininzi zommandla ezithethwa ngabantu bemihla ngemihla. Umzekelo, Ijavanese lolona lwimi luxhaphakileyo Eindonesia, lusetyenziswa phantse kwisithathu sabemi, ngelixa Isundanese ithetha malunga ne-17%. Ezinye iilwimi zengingqi zibandakanya Ibetawi, Imadurese, Iminangkabau, Kunye Neacehnese.

Xa ukhangela umguquleli Waseindonesia, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkonzo oyisebenzisayo iqhelekile kulwimi oluthile olufunayo. Oku kuya kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba uguqulelo lwakho luchanekile kwaye aluchanekanga kunxibelelwano olubi. Ngaphezu koko, iiarhente ezininzi zokuguqulela ezinobuchule ziya kuba nabaguquleli abaziingcali kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo zommandla, ngoko qiniseka ukuba ufumana umguquleli ofanelekileyo weprojekthi yakho.

Nje ukuba ufumane umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo Waseindonesia, kukho iindlela ezimbalwa ezilungileyo ekufuneka uzilandele ukuqinisekisa ukuba ufumana okuninzi kwinkonzo yakho yokuguqulela. Okokuqala nokuphambili, nika umguquleli ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga neprojekthi yakho, kubandakanya imithombo yemithombo, nasiphi na isigama onokusisebenzisa, kunye nabaphulaphuli bakho ekujoliswe kubo. Umguquleli onamava uya kuba nakho ukusebenza nale ngcaciso ukukunika iinguqulelo ezichanekileyo nezifanelekileyo ngokwenkcubeko.

Enye into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka uyigcinile engqondweni kukubonelela umguquleli wakho ixesha elaneleyo lokwenza umsebenzi wabo. Umguquleli kufuneka anikwe ixesha elaneleyo lokufunda nokuphanda umthombo, kunye nokuphonononga uguqulelo. Ukuba uyangxama, iinguqulelo zakho zisenokubandezeleka.

Ke ngoko, kuhlala kungumbono olungileyo ukujonga uguqulelo kabini ngaphambi kokukhutshwa. Iqela lesibini lamehlo linokubamba naziphi na iintlobo okanye ukungaqondani okunokubakho ngaphambi kokuba basasazeke.

Ngokulandela la manyathelo, unokuqinisekisa ukuba inguqulelo Yakho Yesi-Indonesia ichanekile kwaye ifanelekile ngokwenkcubeko. Ngomguquleli ofanelekileyo, unokunxibelelana ngokuzithemba nehlabathi elithetha I-Indonesia. Ithamsanqa!

Ngawaphi Amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwase-Indonesia?

Isi-indonesia lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwaseindonesia, kwaye ikwathethwa Empuma Timor nakwimimandla Yasemalaysia.

Lithini agama Lokuthela E-Indonesia?

Ulwimi Lwaseindonesia, ekwabizwa ngokuba Yi-Bahasa Indonesia, lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwaseindonesia kwaye luneengcambu zalo kuhlobo oludala Lwesimalay. Ulwimi lwakuqala Lwesimalay, Olwaziwa Ngokuba Yi-Old Malay, lwalusetyenziswa kwiziqithi ezininzi Zasemalay ukusuka kwinkulungwane yesi-7 CE. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, urhwebo kunye nokusasazeka Kwamasilamsi kwaphembelela ngakumbi ulwimi kwaye ekugqibeleni lwahlulahlulwe lwaba ziilwimi Ezininzi Ezahlukeneyo Zesimalay kunye neziyelelane. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, oorhulumente bamadatshi bazisa amagama amaninzi okuboleka imali kulwimi, olwaziwa Ngokuba Sisimalaysia. Ekugqibeleni, ngenkulungwane yama-20, ulwimi lwaguqukela ngakumbi kwinto ngoku eyaziwa Ngokuba Sisithetha Sanamhlanje Saseindonesia. Ulwimi lwabhengezwa njengolwimi olusemthethweni lwesizwe Sase-Indonesian ngo-1945 emva kwenkululeko yelizwe, kwaye ukusukela ngoko, ulwimi luqhubekile nokuphuhlisa, kunye nesigama esitsha kunye nopelo olwamkelweyo.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwaseindonesia?

1. U-Amir Syarifuddin (1861-1916) wayesaziwa ngokuba Ngu 'Uyise Weencwadi Zaseindonesia' kwaye wabhala imisebenzi emininzi ephawulekayo, kuquka "Irangkaian Puisi dan Prosa" (Ikhonkco Lemibongo Kunye Neprose).
2. Uradenas Soewardi Soerjaningrat (1903-1959): uthathwa njengomseki wolwimi lwangoku Lwaseindonesia kwaye unoxanduva lokudala Isichazi-Magama Solwimi Lwase-Indonesian.
3. I-Pramoedya Ananta Toer (1925-2006): Utoer wayengumlobi owaziwayo Wase-Indonesia kunye nombhali-mbali owabhala iincwadi ezininzi ngesi-Indonesia nesidatshi. Kwakhona wancedisa ekuphuhliseni isitayela sanamhlanje sokubhala ngolwimi Lwase-Indonesia.
4. Umohammad Yamin (1903-1962): wayengumlobi wezopolitiko wase-Indonesia kunye nomlobi owadlala indima enkulu ekusekeni Iriphabhlikhi Yaseindonesia. Kwakhona wabhala ngokubanzi malunga nokuguqulwa kweelwimi, ekuncedeni ukudala ulwimi lwesizwe olufanayo.
5. U-Emha Ainun Nadjib (1937-): owaziwa nangokuthi 'Ugus Mus's', uyimbongi kunye nombhali wezincoko obhale ngokubanzi kuphuhliso loncwadi Lwase-Indonesia. Imisebenzi yakhe ihlala idunyiswa ngenxa yokuqonda kwabo okuhlekisayo kunye nefilosofi.

Luluphi ulwimi oluthethwa Ngabantu Baseindonesia?

Ulwakhiwo lolwimi Lwaseindonesia lusekwe kusapho lweelwimi Zase-Australia, elisebe leqela elikhulu Lolwimi Lwesimalayo Nolwesipolynesia. Ulwimi lwesifundo-isenzi-into kwaye ine-syntax elula kunye nemithetho embalwa yegrama. Uninzi lwamagama aluchaphazelekanga kwaye ixesha lesenzi liboniswa ngokusetyenziswa kwezenzi ezincedisayo. I-Indonesian nayo ilwimi lokuguga, kunye nezimamva ezininzi kunye nezimaphambili ezongezwe kwiindawo zayo ezahlukeneyo zentetho. Ulwimi alunawo umahluko ngokwesini, kwaye luneendlela ezintathu eziphambili zedilesi.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwase-Indonesia ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana incwadi elungileyo yolwimi Lwaseindonesia kwaye uyifunde ngokucokisekileyo. Qinisekisa ukusebenzisa isigama sakho, ukubiza, kunye nokudibanisa isenzi.
2. Thatha iklasi Yolwimi Lwaseindonesia ukuba kunokwenzeka. Inokukunceda ufunde igrama efanelekileyo kunye nokubiza amagama kwaye ikunike ithuba lokuziqhelanisa nokuthetha nezithethi zomthonyama.
3. Bukela iimovie zaseindonesia okanye iinkqubo zikamabonwakude ukuze ufumane isiphatho esingcono kulwimi.
4. Mamela Umculo Waseindonesia kunye neepodcasts. Oku kunokwenziwa ukusuka kwintuthuzelo yekhaya lakho kwaye kuya kukunika ukubonakaliswa ngakumbi kulwimi.
5. Bala Isi-Indonesia. Le yindlela entle yokuphucula ukuqonda kwakho ukufunda kunye nokwandisa isigama sakho.
6. Ukuthetha Nabantu base-Indonesia. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, yiya Eindonesia ukuze ufumane amava okuntywila kwaye ufumane amathuba okuziqhelanisa nezithethi zomthonyama.
7. Thatha ikhefu amaxesha ngamaxesha. Ukufunda naluphi na ulwimi kunokuba yirhafu, ke qiniseka ukuba uthatha ikhefu xa uyidinga kwaye ungalibali ukonwaba ngelixa ufunda!

Ukuguqulelwa kwesidanish: Isishwankathelo Senkonzo

Idenmark lulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Lwasedenmark, kwaye ikwathethwa ngesigreenland Nakwiziqithi Zefaroe. Ngenxa yoko, inkonzo yokuguqulela yasedenmark iye yaba sisixhobo esibaluleke ngakumbi kumashishini nakubantu ngokufanayo. Kunye yayo elide kwaye storied imbali, Danish ulwimi lilitye lembombo Danish inkcubeko kunye uchazo, kwaye sele yamkelwe ngamanye amazwe ngokunjalo.

Kwinqanaba layo elisisiseko, inguqulelo yesidanish ibandakanya ukuguqula isicatshulwa ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye. Le nkqubo ifuna abaguquleli abanezakhono abaqonda izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zolwimi lwasedenmark kwaye banokukutolika ngokuchanekileyo oko kuthethwayo. Ezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zeenkonzo zokuguqulela ziquka ukuguqulelwa koxwebhu, iwebhusayithi kunye nesoftware yendawo, ukutolikwa kwenkomfa, ukudityaniswa kwendawo, ukukhutshelwa komsindo kunye nevidiyo, kunye noguqulelo olusemthethweni. Ukuchaneka koxwebhu oluguqulelweyo kuxhomekeke kumgangatho womsebenzi womguquleli.

Xa ukhetha umguquleli wasedenmark, kubalulekile ukuba uqwalasele inqanaba labo lobuchule kunye namava. Umguquleli kufuneka abe nolwazi kakhulu kuzo zonke iinkalo zolwimi lwasedenmark kwaye abe nokuqonda kwenkcubeko kunye namasiko ahambelana nayo. Kwakhona kufuneka bakwazi ukunikezela ngokuchanekileyo nangokufanelekileyo uxwebhu lwantlandlolo ngolwimi ekujoliswe kulo.

Ukuguqulelwa kwamaxwebhu, kukho izinto ezininzi ezinokuchaphazela ukuchaneka kunye nomgangatho wokuguqulela. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba amaxwebhu anesigama esinzima somthetho okanye sobugcisa afuna inqanaba eliphezulu lobuchule kunamaxwebhu aqhelekileyo. Ukongeza, umguquleli kufuneka abe nolwazi olukhethekileyo kulo mbandela ukuze aqinisekise ukuchaneka.

Kuba website okanye software localization, kukho izinto ezininzi eziphambili ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Iwebhusayithi okanye isoftware kufuneka yenziwe ngokwezifiso kubaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo kwaye ibekwe kwindawo ngolwimi nenkcubeko yabo. Akufuneki kuphela ukuba umxholo uchaneke, kodwa kufuneka kube lula ukuhamba, kulula ukuyisebenzisa kwaye ikholise ngobuhle. Ukongeza, inkqubo yendawo kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo nayiphi na imiba yenkcubeko eya kudibana nabaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo.

Ukutolikwa kwenkomfa kufuna itoliki enezakhono ukumamela nokuqonda iincoko phakathi kwabantu ababini nangaphezulu abathetha iilwimi ezahlukeneyo. Itoliki kufuneka ikwazi ukuyitolika ngokuchanekileyo incoko ngelixa igcina ingqibelelo yomyalezo.

I-multimedia yendawo ibandakanya ukuguqulelwa kwezinto ezivakalayo kunye nezibonakalayo kulwimi olujoliswe kuyo. Olu hlobo lokuguqulela lufuna ukuqonda ngokucokisekileyo ulwimi lomthombo kunye nolwimi olujoliswe kuyo.

Ukukhutshelwa kweaudiyo kunye nevidiyo kubandakanya ukuthatha ukurekhodwa kweaudiyo kunye nokuziguqula zibe ngumbhalo obhaliweyo. Umguquleli kufuneka abe nokuqonda kakuhle ulwimi olusetyenziswa ekurekhodeni kunye nentsingiselo ekujoliswe kuyo.

Okokugqibela, uguqulelo olusemthethweni lubandakanya ukuguqulelwa kwamaxwebhu asemthethweni afana nezivumelwano, imibhalo yenkundla, izigwebo kunye nemithetho. Abaguquleli kufuneka baqonde isigama esisemthethweni esinxulumene nala maxwebhu kwaye bakwazi ukutolika ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo yesicatshulwa.

Ngamafutshane, iinkonzo zokuguqulela zesidanish zivumela iinkampani nabantu ngabanye ukuba banxibelelane ngokufanelekileyo noogxa babo abathetha isidanish. Abaguquleli abanobuchule nabanamava babalulekile kwiinguqulelo eziphumelelayo nakutoliko oluchanileyo. Xa ukhetha umguquleli, amashishini kunye nabantu kufuneka baqwalasele amanqanaba omguquleli wobuchule kunye namava, kunye nohlobo loxwebhu abafuna ukuluguqulela.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ulwimi lwasedenmark?

Ulwimi lwasedenmark luthethwa kakhulu Edenmark nakwiindawo Ezithile Zasejamani Nasefaroe Islands. Ikwathethwa ngomlinganiselo omncinci luluntu oluncinci Enorway, Esweden Nasekhanada.

Ziziphi iilwimi zesintu zasedenmark?

Ulwimi lwasedenmark lunembali etyebileyo ethatha ngaphezulu kweminyaka eliwaka, ilandelela imvelaphi yayo emva Kwiilwimi Ezindala Zasenorse kunye nezinye iziyelelane Zasemantla Ejamani. Ngexesha Leviking Age, idanish yayilolona lwimi luthethwa kwindawo ngoku ebizwa Ngokuba Yidenmark nomzantsi Wesweden. Yaqhubeka isetyenziswa njengolwimi olusemthethweni Lwasedenmark kude kube malunga nenkulungwane ye-16 kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe yaguqukela kulwimi lwangoku lwasedenmark. Phakathi kwee-1800, idanish yayilulwimi lwesibini oluthethwa Kakhulu Edenmark emva kwesijamani. Ukususela ngoko, ulwimi luye lwavela ngeenguqu ezininzi ze-phonological, morphological, kunye ne-lexical. Namhlanje, idanish lulwimi lwesizwe zombini Idenmark Kunye Neziqithi Zefaroe, kwaye kuthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezi-6 emhlabeni jikelele.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwasedenmark?

1. I-Nfs Grundtvig (1783-1872): eyaziwa ngokuba "Nguyise wedanish Yanamhlanje," Ugrundtvig wabhala ezininzi zeengoma zesizwe Zasedenmark kwaye wancedisa ukubumba ulwimi lwangoku.
2. Uadam Oehlenschläger (1779-1850): imbongi kunye nomdlali wokudlala, ubizwa ngokudala amagama amaninzi asedenmark, afana ne "ørnen" (ukhozi).
3. Urasmus Rask (1787-1832): i-philologist kunye neelwimi, Urask waqulunqa inkqubo yokubhala isidanish eyayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kude kube ngama-1900.
4. Ujacob Peter Mynster (1775-1854): umfundisi Wezakwaluthere kunye nembongi, wabhala ngokubanzi ngesidanish kwaye watyebisa ulwimi ngamagama amatsha kunye namabinzana.
5. I-Knud Holbøl (1909-1969): eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Reformer Of Language Danish," I-Holbøl yayinoxanduva lokuzisa imithetho emitsha kunye nesigama kulwimi.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi Danish?

Ulwimi Lwasedenmark lulwimi Lwasedenmark oluvela emantla Ejamani. I-swedish kwaye Norwegian, nto leyo yenza mutually intelligible ulwimi continuity. Idanish ibonakaliswa yi-morphology elula kunye ne-syntax. Ulwimi ikakhulu I-svo (Into Yesenzi Sesifundo) ngokulandelelana kwegama kwaye inezenzi ezimbalwa kunye namatyala esibizo.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwasedenmark ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngeziseko. Qiniseka ukuba ufunda igrama esisiseko, ukubiza, kunye nesakhiwo sesivakalisi sesidanish ngaphambi kokuqhubela phambili kwizihloko ezinzima. Funda iziseko zolwimi olubhaliweyo ngokunjalo ukuze uqonde ukuba amagama abhalwe njani kwaye akhiwe njani xa uwafunda.
2. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezinje ngeencwadi zezifundo, iikhosi ezikwi-intanethi kunye nezifundo zomsindo. Ukutyala imali kwikhosi elungileyo yasedenmark kuya konga ixesha kunye nemali ekuhambeni kwexesha kwaye kukuncede ufunde ulwimi ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo.
3. Mamela iingxoxo zesidanish kunye nomculo. Ziqhelanise nokuqonda iincoko ngesidanish ngokumamela unomathotholo wasedenmark, iipodcasts, okanye ukubukela iividiyo Zeyoutube. Kwakhona, mamela umculo wasedenmark njengoko uya kukunceda uphucule ukubiza kwakho kunye nokugxininisa.
4. Zikhuphelele eli khadi lomntu osebhayibhileni. Chitha ixesha uhlala Edenmark, nxibelelana rhoqo nezithethi zomthonyama zasedenmark, kwaye ubukele imiboniso kamabonwakude yasedenmark. Ukuzijikeleza ngolwimi kuya kukunceda ukuba ulufunde ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngendlela yendalo.
5. Ziqhelise ukuthetha yonke imihla. Joyina iklabhu yencoko okanye ufumane iqabane lokutshintshiselana ngolwimi ukuze uziqhelanise nokuthetha isidanish rhoqo. Ukuziqhelanisa nomhlohli okwi-intanethi okanye umqeqeshi wolwimi. Oku akuyi kukunceda nje ukuba ukhululeke ngakumbi ukuthetha ulwimi kodwa kuya kuphucula ukubiza kwakho kunye nokukhetha igama.