Isilithuania O. s. Guqulela

Lithuania yi ilizwe elincinane ebekwe kwi-I-Baltic mmandla, emntla Yurophu. Likhaya lolwimi olwahlukileyo kunye nenkcubeko ebijikeleze iinkulungwane. Ngenxa yoko, iinkonzo zokuguqulela zaselithuania zifunwa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela, njengoko unxibelelwano lwehlabathi luye lubaluleke ngakumbi.

Ilithuania ithathwa njengolwimi lwakudala, kwaye yabhalwa kuqala kwiincwadi zekhulu le-16. Oku kuthetha ukuba yenye yeelwimi ezindala ezibhaliweyo Eyurophu. Olu lwimi luchazwa njengenxalenye yesebe Lasebaltic losapho Lweelwimi Zase-Indo-European, oluquka ilatvia Neprussia. I-Lithuanian yabelana ngeendlela ezifanayo kunye nezi lwimi, ezifana negrama kunye nesigama esifanayo.

Kulabo bafuna ukuguqulela izinto ukusuka elithuania ukuya kwezinye iilwimi, kukho iinkampani ezininzi ezibonelela ngeenkonzo ezizodwa. Abaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo banokusingatha yonke into ukusuka kumaxwebhu asemthethweni ukuya kwiinguqulelo zeshishini. Ukongeza, ezinye iinkampani zibonelela ngeenguqulelo zesingesi eziqinisekisiweyo zamaxwebhu asemthethweni. Uninzi lweenkonzo zokuguqulela zaselithuania zikwagxile kwiinguqulelo zonyango nezemali, kunye newebhusayithi kunye nesoftware yendawo.

Xa ukhetha inkampani yeenkonzo zokuguqulela zaselithuania, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaguquleli abasebenzela inkampani banamava kwaye banolwazi malunga nolwimi. Umgangatho wokuguqulela awuxhomekeke kuphela ekuchanekeni kolwimi lomguquleli, kodwa kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukuqonda inkcubeko kunye neelwimi zendawo.

Ngeeprojekthi ezinkulu, kunokuba luncedo ukuqesha iqela lonke labaguquleli abakwaziyo ukusebenza kunye ukubonelela ngeziphumo ezilungileyo. Oku kuvumela abaguquleli ukuba baphonononge umsebenzi womnye nomnye, baqinisekise ukuba imveliso egqityiweyo ihlangabezana nemigangatho ephezulu yokuchaneka kunye nomgangatho.

Nokuba ufuna ukuguqulela uxwebhu olusemthethweni okanye iwebhusayithi, iinkonzo zoguqulo lwaselithuania zinokuqinisekisa ukuba iprojekthi yakho igqityiwe ngokuchanekileyo nangokufanelekileyo. Ukuba unenkampani efanelekileyo, unokuqiniseka ukuba uya kufumana uguqulelo oluphezulu oluya kuqondakala ngokwenene kubaphulaphuli bakho.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ilithuania?

Ulwimi lwaselithuania luthethwa ikakhulu Elithuania, Naselatvia, E-Estonia, kwiindawo Zasepoland, nakwingingqi Yasekaliningrad Yaserussia.

Lithuanian imbali izinga lotshintshiselwano

Imbali yolwimi lwaselithuania yaqala kwingingqi Yebaltic eyaqala ngo-6500 bc iingcambu zayo zembali kukholelwa ukuba zithathwe kulwimi Lwe-Proto-Indo-European, ebelulwimi lwezinyanya lweelwimi Ezininzi Zaseyurophu. Ilithuania kukholelwa ukuba yenye yeelwimi zakudala E-Indo-European, kunye nezihlobo zayo ezisondeleyo yisanskrit nesilatini.
Imizekelo yakudala yesilithuania ebhaliweyo inokulandelwa kwinkulungwane ye-16. Kwaphuhliswa ngoko ziingcali zeelwimi kunye nabavangeli basemazweni abasebenzisa i-Latin alfabhethi ukudala inkqubo yokubhala yolwimi. Le nkqubo yaphuhliswa ngakumbi Ngumartynas Mažvydas phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-16. Incwadi yokuqala ngesi Lithuanian, esihloko sithi "Catechismus", yapapashwa ngo-1547.
Ukususela ngekhulu le-18, ilithuania iye yafumana ukuguqulwa okukhulu kwigrama, isipelingi kunye nesigama. Ulwimi lwamkela amagama amaninzi avela kwezinye iilwimi Zesislavic Kunye Nesijamani, phakathi kwabanye. Ngexesha Lesoviet, ezinye iinkalo zolwimi zatshintshwa kakhulu, njengokulula kwesenzi.
Namhlanje, ilithuania ithethwa ngokwendalo ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3. Ikwayenye yeelwimi ezisemthethweni Ze-European Union, kunye nolwimi olusemthethweni Elithuania, Latvia, Kunye Nezizwe ezimanyeneyo.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwaselithuania?

1. U-Adomas Jakštas ( 1895-1975) - umbhali-mlando woncwadi, i-philologist kunye nomlobi owayengomnye wamanani anempembelelo ekuphuhlisweni kolwimi lwaselithuania kunye nomgangatho walo.
2. Ujonas Jablonskis (1860-1930) - ingcali yeelwimi eyaziwa ngokudala ulwimi lwangoku lwaselithuania olusekelwe kwiilwimi zesamogitian kunye Neaukštaitija.
3. Uaugustinas Janulaitis (1886-1972) - inani elikhulu kwiilwimi zaselithuania ezifunda imbali, isakhiwo kunye neelwimi zolwimi.
4. Uvincas Krusvevičius (1882-1954) - umbhali onolwazi oluninzi owabhala ngokubanzi malunga nenkcubeko kunye nolwimi lwaselithuania kuzo zombini iifom eziqhelekileyo kunye nolwimi.
5. I-cygimantas Kuzminskis ( 1898-1959) - ingcali yeelwimi ezidumileyo ezisebenza ukuguqula ulwimi lwaselithuania, ukuphuhlisa imigaqo yegrama, kunye nokwenza isichazi-magama sokuqala esibanzi solwimi.

Uluphi ulwimi lwaselithuania?

Ulwimi lwaselithuania lulilungu losapho Lweelwimi Zasebaltic. Lulwimi oluchaphazelekileyo olusebenzisa isibizo kunye nokungena kwesichazi, kunye nokudityaniswa kwezenzi ezahlukeneyo. Kwakhona kukho inani elikhulu le-morphology ye-agglutinative eyakhelwe kulwimi. Umyalelo wegama elisisiseko ngumxholo-isenzi-into.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwaselithuania ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana ikhosi elungileyo okanye inkqubo: Khangela inkqubo yokuntywila eya kukunika ithuba lokuntywila ngokwenyani kulwimi. Cinga ngokuthatha iklasi kwikholeji yasekuhlaleni, ukuya kwisikolo solwimi Elithuania, okanye ukuzama ikhosi ye-intanethi.
2. Thenga incwadi yokufunda ulwimi: Ukutyala imali kwincwadi yokufunda ulwimi kuya kukunceda uhambisane nazo zonke iziseko zegrama yaselithuania kunye nesigama.
3. Mamela umculo waselithuania kwaye ubukele iimovie: Ziqhelanise nezandi kunye nokubizwa kolwimi lwaselithuania ngokumamela umculo waselithuania, ukubukela imiboniso kamabonwakude, kunye neefilimu ngesilithuania.
4. Ziqhelise ukubiza kwakho: Ukuziqhelanisa kwenza ugqibelele! Qhubeka uqhelisela ukubiza kwakho ukuze uphucule ukuqonda kwakho kunye nokutyibilika. Unokusebenzisa izixhobo ezifana Ne-Forvo okanye I-Rhinospike ukuva indlela abantu bomthonyama ababiza ngayo amagama ahlukeneyo.
5. Fumana izithethi zomthonyama kwaye uziqhelanise nokuthetha: Zama ukujoyina iiwebhusayithi zokutshintshiselana ngeelwimi okanye ukuhlangana kolwimi lokusingatha ukufumana izithethi zomthonyama zaselithuania ezinokukunceda uziqhelanise nezakhono zakho zokuncokola.
6. Sebenzisa izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo: Sukuzibekela umda kwimithombo enye. Sebenzisa iiapps kunye neewebhusayithi ukongeza amava akho okufunda, Dueduolingo okanye Ibabbel. Unokufumana kwakhona iipodcasts eziluncedo kunye neevidiyo Zeyoutube ezixoxa ngolwimi lwelithuania kunye nenkcubeko.

Itajik, okanye Itajik, lulwimi oluthethwa Kumbindi Asia Nakumbindi Mpuma. Ulwimi Lwase-Indo-Iran, olunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nesipersi kodwa kunye neempawu zayo ezahlukileyo. Etajikistan, lulwimi olusemthethweni, kwaye ikwathethwa ngabancinci Ekazakhstan, Euzbekistan, Eafghanistan Naserussia. Ngenxa yokuthandwa kwayo, kukho imfuno eyandayo yokuguqulela ukusuka nasetajik.

Inguqulelo yetajik yinkonzo ebalulekileyo kumashishini nakubantu ngabanye. Kumashishini, iinkonzo zokuguqulela etajik zibonelela ngokufikelela kwiimarike ezintsha, zivumela iinkampani ukuba zinxibelelane ngokufanelekileyo nabanye kwicandelo labo. Oku kuluncedo ngakumbi kwabo benza urhwebo lwamanye amazwe kunye norhwebo. Iinkonzo zokuguqulela zinokusetyenziselwa ukuququzelela unxibelelwano phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente, ukunceda imibutho yoluntu kunye nemibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente ukuba ihlale iphendula kwaye isebenza.

Abantu kusenokufuneka basebenzise iinkonzo zomguquleli xa befaka isicelo somsebenzi okanye xa befuna uncedo lwezonyango. Amashishini abandakanyeka kwintengiso ye-intanethi anokufumana kuluncedo ukusebenzisa iinguqulelo zomxholo wewebhusayithi kunye nezinto zokwazisa etajik.

Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa iinkonzo zobungcali xa kuguqulelwa phakathi kwazo naziphi na iilwimi ezimbini. Abaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo banobuchule kwiilwimi ezininzi kwaye baqonda izinto zolwimi ngalunye. Baqinisekisa ukuchaneka, ukucaca nokufundeka kwiinguqulelo zabo. Umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo naye uqhubeka enolwazi lwaso nasiphi na isigama esitshintshayo, esibalulekileyo ekuchanekeni.

Abaguquleli abaqinisekisiweyo baxabiseke kakhulu kwiindibaniselwano zolwimi ezingenayo imigangatho ephucukileyo. Bangakwazi ukuguqulela amaxwebhu ngokuchanekileyo nangendlela eya kwamkelwa ngabafuduki kunye nezinye iinkonzo zikarhulumente. Iinguqulelo eziqinisekisiweyo zihlala zifuneka kwizicelo kwiiyunivesithi kunye neenjongo zokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe.

Ukuba ufuna iinkonzo zokuguqulela itajik, kubalulekile ukuba ukhethe umboneleli onokuthenjwa, oqeqeshiweyo. Khetha umguquleli onamava kwicandelo lakho kwaye unokuhambisa ngexesha. Kukwabalulekile ukuba uqwalasele umgangatho womsebenzi wabo, njengoko iinguqulelo ezininzi zineempazamo. Uphando olunzulu kunye nophononongo lwabathengi lunokukunceda ufumane umguquleli onokumthemba.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ulwimi lwesitajik?

Ulwimi lwesitajik ikakhulu luthethwa Etajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan nasekyrgyzstan. Ikwathethwa ngabantu abancinci Erashiya, Eturkey, Epakistan, Eiran, nakwamanye amazwe awayesakuba Yisoviet republics.

Yintoni imbali yolwimi lwesitajik?

I-Tajik yinguqulelo yanamhlanje yolwimi lwesipersi oluthethwa E-Iran Nase-Afghanistan. Ikakhulu yindibaniselwano yeelwimi ezivela kulwimi lwasepersi kunye nolwangaphambili, Umpersi Ophakathi (okwabizwa Ngokuba Ngupahlavi). Kuye kwachaphazeleka kakhulu kwezinye iilwimi, kubandakanya isirashiya, isingesi, Isimandarin, Isihindi, isiuzbek, isiturkmen kunye nabanye. Ulwimi lwangoku lwesitajik lwaqala ukusekwa ngexesha le-8th century AD, xa izizwe zasempuma Ze-Iranian, ezazize kummandla emva Kokunqoba Kwe-Arabhu Yasepersia, zamkela ulwimi kwaye zaqala ukulusebenzisa kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. Ngenkulungwane ye-9, isixeko Sasebukhara saba likomkhulu lobukhosi bamasamanid, obabuyindawo yokuqala yokuthetha amapersi Kumbindi Weasia. Ngeli xesha, inkcubeko kunye noncwadi lwachuma kuloo ndawo, kwaye ulwimi oluthethwayo lwalo mmandla ngokuthe ngcembe lwavela kwinto esiyaziyo ngoku njengetajik.
Ngekhulu lama-20, ulwimi lwesitajik lwaqulunqwa ngokusemthethweni kwaye lufakwe kwiikharityhulam zezikolo. Ukusukela ngoko, iye yaba lulwimi olubalulekileyo Kumbindi Asia. Ulwimi luye lwavela, kwaye amagama amatsha afakiwe kwisigama kule minyaka idlulileyo. Namhlanje, itajik lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasetajikistan kwaye kuthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezisi-7, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwelizwe.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesitajik?

1. Abdulmejid Dzhuraev-umphengululi, umbhali kunye unjingalwazi ulwimi Tajik owaba negalelo standardization yayo mihla.
2. Umirzo Tursunzoda-imbongi eyaziwayo, ezopolitiko kunye nombhali wasetajikistan owaziwayo ngendima yakhe ekudumiseni ulwimi lwesitajik kunye noncwadi.
3. I-Sadriddin Aini-umbhali odumileyo wasetajik onemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yelifa lemveli letajik.
4. Uakhmadjon Mahmudov-umbhali, ingcali yeelwimi, nomphengululi owayencedisa ekumiseleni iindibano zokubhala zale mihla zesitajik.
5. Umuhammadjon Sharipov - imbongi kunye nomlobi wezincoko oncedise ekubumbeni ulwimi lwesitajik ngemisebenzi yakhe.

Uluphi ulwimi lwetajik?

Ulwimi lwesitajik lolwesebe lase-Iranian losapho Lwe-Indo-European. Isakhiwo sayo esisisiseko sinamacandelo amabini: ulwimi lwakudala Lwase-Iranian, olubonakaliswa yinkqubo yesini esithathu, kunye neelwimi Zaseasia, ezibonakaliswa yinkqubo yesini esibini. Ukongeza, ulwimi luquka iziqalelo zesiarabhu,isipersi, kunye nezinye iilwimi, ezibonisa iyantlukwano yenkcubeko. Ulwimi lwetajik lunesakhiwo sokuhlalutya, esithetha ukuba sixhomekeke ngakumbi kulandelelwano lwegama kunye nezixhobo ezihambelanayo ezinjengeziphelo zecala kune-morphology ye-infectional. Umyalelo wegama ubaluleke kakhulu kwi-Tajik; izivakalisi ziqala ngesihloko kwaye ziphele ngesivisa.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwesitajik ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufumana incwadi elungileyo yolwimi lwetajik okanye ikhosi ekwi-intanethi. Qiniseka ukuba igubungela igrama, ukufunda, ukubhala, ukuthetha kunye nokumamela.
2. Fumana ukurekhodwa kwevidiyo kwi-taiwan kwaye ubukele iividiyo kwi-taiwan. Qiniseka ukuba ugxininise ekubizeni kwaye uzame ukuxelisa.
3. Qala ukufunda iitekisi ezilula etajik. Zama ukuqikelela intsingiselo yamagama angaqhelekanga kwaye ujonge ukubizwa kwamagama kunye neenkcazo zala magama.
4. Ziqhelise ukuthetha Tajik kunye izithethi zomthonyama. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokutshintshiselana ngewebhusayithi ezifana Ne-Italki okanye I-Exchange Exchange. Unokujoyina iklabhu yolwimi lwetajik okanye ikhosi.
5. Practice ukubhala Tajik usebenzisa izixhobo online ezifana translate Okanye Google Translate.
6. Okokugqibela, zibekele usukelo oluthe rhoqo ukuze ugcine inkuthazo yakho iphezulu kwaye ulandele inkqubela yakho.