O. s. Galicianname Guqulela

Itajik, okanye Itajik, lulwimi oluthethwa Kumbindi Asia Nakumbindi Mpuma. Ulwimi Lwase-Indo-Iran, olunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nesipersi kodwa kunye neempawu zayo ezahlukileyo. Etajikistan, lulwimi olusemthethweni, kwaye ikwathethwa ngabancinci Ekazakhstan, Euzbekistan, Eafghanistan Naserussia. Ngenxa yokuthandwa kwayo, kukho imfuno eyandayo yokuguqulela ukusuka nasetajik.

Inguqulelo yetajik yinkonzo ebalulekileyo kumashishini nakubantu ngabanye. Kumashishini, iinkonzo zokuguqulela etajik zibonelela ngokufikelela kwiimarike ezintsha, zivumela iinkampani ukuba zinxibelelane ngokufanelekileyo nabanye kwicandelo labo. Oku kuluncedo ngakumbi kwabo benza urhwebo lwamanye amazwe kunye norhwebo. Iinkonzo zokuguqulela zinokusetyenziselwa ukuququzelela unxibelelwano phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente, ukunceda imibutho yoluntu kunye nemibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente ukuba ihlale iphendula kwaye isebenza.

Abantu kusenokufuneka basebenzise iinkonzo zomguquleli xa befaka isicelo somsebenzi okanye xa befuna uncedo lwezonyango. Amashishini abandakanyeka kwintengiso ye-intanethi anokufumana kuluncedo ukusebenzisa iinguqulelo zomxholo wewebhusayithi kunye nezinto zokwazisa etajik.

Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa iinkonzo zobungcali xa kuguqulelwa phakathi kwazo naziphi na iilwimi ezimbini. Abaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo banobuchule kwiilwimi ezininzi kwaye baqonda izinto zolwimi ngalunye. Baqinisekisa ukuchaneka, ukucaca nokufundeka kwiinguqulelo zabo. Umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo naye uqhubeka enolwazi lwaso nasiphi na isigama esitshintshayo, esibalulekileyo ekuchanekeni.

Abaguquleli abaqinisekisiweyo baxabiseke kakhulu kwiindibaniselwano zolwimi ezingenayo imigangatho ephucukileyo. Bangakwazi ukuguqulela amaxwebhu ngokuchanekileyo nangendlela eya kwamkelwa ngabafuduki kunye nezinye iinkonzo zikarhulumente. Iinguqulelo eziqinisekisiweyo zihlala zifuneka kwizicelo kwiiyunivesithi kunye neenjongo zokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe.

Ukuba ufuna iinkonzo zokuguqulela itajik, kubalulekile ukuba ukhethe umboneleli onokuthenjwa, oqeqeshiweyo. Khetha umguquleli onamava kwicandelo lakho kwaye unokuhambisa ngexesha. Kukwabalulekile ukuba uqwalasele umgangatho womsebenzi wabo, njengoko iinguqulelo ezininzi zineempazamo. Uphando olunzulu kunye nophononongo lwabathengi lunokukunceda ufumane umguquleli onokumthemba.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ulwimi lwesitajik?

Ulwimi lwesitajik ikakhulu luthethwa Etajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan nasekyrgyzstan. Ikwathethwa ngabantu abancinci Erashiya, Eturkey, Epakistan, Eiran, nakwamanye amazwe awayesakuba Yisoviet republics.

Yintoni imbali yolwimi lwesitajik?

I-Tajik yinguqulelo yanamhlanje yolwimi lwesipersi oluthethwa E-Iran Nase-Afghanistan. Ikakhulu yindibaniselwano yeelwimi ezivela kulwimi lwasepersi kunye nolwangaphambili, Umpersi Ophakathi (okwabizwa Ngokuba Ngupahlavi). Kuye kwachaphazeleka kakhulu kwezinye iilwimi, kubandakanya isirashiya, isingesi, Isimandarin, Isihindi, isiuzbek, isiturkmen kunye nabanye. Ulwimi lwangoku lwesitajik lwaqala ukusekwa ngexesha le-8th century AD, xa izizwe zasempuma Ze-Iranian, ezazize kummandla emva Kokunqoba Kwe-Arabhu Yasepersia, zamkela ulwimi kwaye zaqala ukulusebenzisa kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. Ngenkulungwane ye-9, isixeko Sasebukhara saba likomkhulu lobukhosi bamasamanid, obabuyindawo yokuqala yokuthetha amapersi Kumbindi Weasia. Ngeli xesha, inkcubeko kunye noncwadi lwachuma kuloo ndawo, kwaye ulwimi oluthethwayo lwalo mmandla ngokuthe ngcembe lwavela kwinto esiyaziyo ngoku njengetajik.
Ngekhulu lama-20, ulwimi lwesitajik lwaqulunqwa ngokusemthethweni kwaye lufakwe kwiikharityhulam zezikolo. Ukusukela ngoko, iye yaba lulwimi olubalulekileyo Kumbindi Asia. Ulwimi luye lwavela, kwaye amagama amatsha afakiwe kwisigama kule minyaka idlulileyo. Namhlanje, itajik lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasetajikistan kwaye kuthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezisi-7, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwelizwe.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesitajik?

1. Abdulmejid Dzhuraev-umphengululi, umbhali kunye unjingalwazi ulwimi Tajik owaba negalelo standardization yayo mihla.
2. Umirzo Tursunzoda-imbongi eyaziwayo, ezopolitiko kunye nombhali wasetajikistan owaziwayo ngendima yakhe ekudumiseni ulwimi lwesitajik kunye noncwadi.
3. I-Sadriddin Aini-umbhali odumileyo wasetajik onemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yelifa lemveli letajik.
4. Uakhmadjon Mahmudov-umbhali, ingcali yeelwimi, nomphengululi owayencedisa ekumiseleni iindibano zokubhala zale mihla zesitajik.
5. Umuhammadjon Sharipov - imbongi kunye nomlobi wezincoko oncedise ekubumbeni ulwimi lwesitajik ngemisebenzi yakhe.

Uluphi ulwimi lwetajik?

Ulwimi lwesitajik lolwesebe lase-Iranian losapho Lwe-Indo-European. Isakhiwo sayo esisisiseko sinamacandelo amabini: ulwimi lwakudala Lwase-Iranian, olubonakaliswa yinkqubo yesini esithathu, kunye neelwimi Zaseasia, ezibonakaliswa yinkqubo yesini esibini. Ukongeza, ulwimi luquka iziqalelo zesiarabhu,isipersi, kunye nezinye iilwimi, ezibonisa iyantlukwano yenkcubeko. Ulwimi lwetajik lunesakhiwo sokuhlalutya, esithetha ukuba sixhomekeke ngakumbi kulandelelwano lwegama kunye nezixhobo ezihambelanayo ezinjengeziphelo zecala kune-morphology ye-infectional. Umyalelo wegama ubaluleke kakhulu kwi-Tajik; izivakalisi ziqala ngesihloko kwaye ziphele ngesivisa.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwesitajik ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufumana incwadi elungileyo yolwimi lwetajik okanye ikhosi ekwi-intanethi. Qiniseka ukuba igubungela igrama, ukufunda, ukubhala, ukuthetha kunye nokumamela.
2. Fumana ukurekhodwa kwevidiyo kwi-taiwan kwaye ubukele iividiyo kwi-taiwan. Qiniseka ukuba ugxininise ekubizeni kwaye uzame ukuxelisa.
3. Qala ukufunda iitekisi ezilula etajik. Zama ukuqikelela intsingiselo yamagama angaqhelekanga kwaye ujonge ukubizwa kwamagama kunye neenkcazo zala magama.
4. Ziqhelise ukuthetha Tajik kunye izithethi zomthonyama. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokutshintshiselana ngewebhusayithi ezifana Ne-Italki okanye I-Exchange Exchange. Unokujoyina iklabhu yolwimi lwetajik okanye ikhosi.
5. Practice ukubhala Tajik usebenzisa izixhobo online ezifana translate Okanye Google Translate.
6. Okokugqibela, zibekele usukelo oluthe rhoqo ukuze ugcine inkuthazo yakho iphezulu kwaye ulandele inkqubela yakho.

Inguqulelo yesigalician: Ukufumanisa Ulwimi Olukhethekileyo Lwaseiberia

Igalician lulwimi Lothando oluvela kumantla-ntshona Espain kunye nommandla osemazantsi-ntshona Weportugal owaziwa Ngokuba Yigalicia, kunye nento ebizwa Ngokuba Yiterra de Santiago (Amazwe Asesaint James). Ikwathethwa ngamanye Amagalikhi aphuma kwamanye amazwe kwezinye iindawo Zepeninsula Yase-Iberia. Kunye yayo dialects ezahlukileyo, kwaye yayo association kunye medieval pilgrimage route ekhokelela Santiago de Compostela, Galician wenziwe associated kunye eyodwa inkcubeko kunye uchazo kuba centuries.

Igalician lulwimi olubaluleke kakhulu kwabo banqwenela ukuxabisa inkcubeko Yasegalician, njengoko ababhali abaninzi, iimbongi kunye neengoma ezithandwayo zisekwe kulwimi. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuba abantu abaninzi ehlabathini lonke babe nethuba lokuluqonda olu lwimi. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, imfuno yokuguqulela ukusuka, ukuya, Igalician ikhule kule minyaka idlulileyo.

Igalician yobungcali abaguquleli kufuneka babe nolwazi olunzulu lomthombo kunye nolwimi ekujoliswe kulo kwaye baqhelane nemvelaphi yenkcubeko yolwimi ukuze babambe ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo kwisicatshulwa. Kufuneka bakwazi ukuchonga iikhonsepthi eziphambili, amabinzana kunye namagama esigama solwimi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwamagama ekuguquleleni.

Ngokwesiko, ukuguqulela amaxwebhu kunye neetekisi ukuya okanye ukusuka Egalician bekuyimisebenzi enzima, edla ngokufuna ukuqonda okukhethekileyo kolwimi. Noko ke, ngokuhambela phambili kwezobugcisa, kuye kwakho inani elandayo leenkonzo zokuguqulela ezifumanekayo ezigxininisa kulwimi, ezibonelela ngeenguqulelo ezisekelwe ebantwini nezisekelwe kumatshini.

Xa ukhetha umboneleli wenkonzo, kubalulekile ukukhetha enye enamava ekuguquleleni Kwegalician, kunye neyazi iilwimi ezahlukeneyo zolwimi. Abaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo ngokubanzi baluqonda ngokunzulu ulwimi, kwaye banokubonelela ngeenguqulelo ezinokuthenjwa kuneenguqulelo zomatshini, ezihlala zityekele kwiimpazamo.

Ngokubanzi, xa ujonga inkonzo yokuguqulela esemgangathweni, kubalulekile ukwenza uphando ukuze ufumane umboneleli onokuthenjwa onokubonelela ngeenguqulelo ezichanekileyo nezobuchwephesha Zegalician. Ngokwenza njalo, uya kuba nakho ukuqonda inkcubeko Yamagalikhi kunye nolwimi lwabo olwahlukileyo.

Ngawaphi Amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwasegalician?

Igalician lulwimi Lothando oluthethwa kuluntu oluzimeleyo Lwasegalicia kumantla Ntshona Espain. Ikwathethwa ngabaphambukeli abathile kwezinye iindawo zasespain, nakwezinye iindawo Zaseportugal Naseargentina.

Yiyiphi imbali Ye-Galician language?

Ulwimi Lwasegalician lulwimi Oluthandana ngokusondeleyo nesiphuthukezi kwaye luthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2 kumantla Mpuma Espain. Inemvelaphi yayo kubukumkani Bamaxesha Aphakathi basegalicia, obahlulahlulwe phakathi kobukumkani Bamakristu Basecastile Noleon ngenkulungwane ye-12. Ulwimi lwenziwa inkqubo yokumiselwa kwemigangatho kunye nokuphuculwa ngenkulungwane ye-19 neye-20, eyabona ukuphuhliswa kolwimi olusemthethweni olwaziwa njenge "Galician Esemgangathweni "okanye"Galician-Portuguese". Ulwimi lwamkelwe ngokusemthethweni ngurhulumente wasespain ukusukela ngo-1982 kwaye lusemthethweni kunye nespanish kwingingqi ezimeleyo Yasegalicia. Olu lwimi lukwathethwa kumazwe aliqela kwihlabathi liphela, ngakumbi kumazwe aselatin America afana Neargentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Mexico Nevenezuela.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwasegalician?

1. Urosalia De Castro (1837-1885): enye yeembongi ezidumileyo ngolwimi Lwasegalician.
2. Ramón Otero Pedryo (1888-1976): umbhali, ingcali yeelwimi kunye nenkokeli yenkcubeko, waziwa ngokuba "Nguyise Wasegalician".
3. U-Alfonso X El Sabio (1221-1284): Ukumkani Wasecastile Noleon, wabhala izicatshulwa ngolwimi Lwasegalician kwaye waba negalelo kuphuhliso lwesithethe soncwadi.
4. Umanuel Curros Enríquez (1851-1906): imbongi kunye nombhali, obizwa ngokubuyiselwa kolwimi Lwasegalician.
5. Umaría Victoria Moreno (1923-2013): ingcali yeelwimi ephuhlise umgangatho omtsha We-Galician yanamhlanje kwaye yapapasha imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kwindaleko yayo.

Uluphi ulwimi Lwegalician?

Ulwakhiwo lolwimi Lwasegalician luyafana nezinye iilwimi Zothando ezinje ngespanish, isicatalan kunye nesiphuthukezi. Inomyalelo wegama lesihloko-isenzi-into, kwaye isebenzisa isethi yamaxesha esenzi kwixesha elidlulileyo, langoku kunye nekamva. Izibizo zinesini (ubudoda okanye ubufazi), kwaye izichazi ziyavumelana nezibizo abazichazayo. Zimbini iintlobo zezihlomelo: ezo zibonisa indlela, kunye nezo zibonisa ixesha, indawo, ubuninzi kunye nobungakanani. Olu lwimi lukwabandakanya izimelabizo ezininzi, izindululo kunye nezihlanganisi.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwasegalician ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Funda amagama asisiseko kunye namabinzana: Qala ngokufunda amagama asisiseko kunye namabinzana greetings ngemibuliso, ukuzazisa, ukwazi abantu, kunye nokuqonda iincoko ezilula.
2. Thabatha imigaqo yegrama: Xa uneziseko phantsi, qala ukufunda imigaqo yegrama eyinkimbinkimbi, njengokudibanisa izenzi, ixesha, iifom zokuzithoba kunye nokunye.
3. Funda iincwadi kunye namanqaku: Thatha iincwadi okanye amanqaku abhalwe Ngesigalician kwaye uwafunde. Oku kuyakunceda ngokwenene xa kufikwa ekuphuhliseni isigama kunye nemvakalelo yakho yokubiza amagama.
4. Mamela izithethi zomthonyama: Mamela iipodcasts Zasegalician okanye iividiyo, ubukele iifilimu KUNYE nemiboniso YETV, okanye ufumane iqabane lencoko onokuziqhelanisa nalo.
5. Thetha, thetha, thetha: eyona ndlela yokufunda kukuziqhelanisa nokuthetha kangangoko unako. Nokuba kukunye nomhlobo okanye nguwe, zama ukusebenzisa oko ukufundileyo kwincoko yobomi bokwenyani.