Isilithuania Russian Guqulela

Lithuania yi ilizwe elincinane ebekwe kwi-I-Baltic mmandla, emntla Yurophu. Likhaya lolwimi olwahlukileyo kunye nenkcubeko ebijikeleze iinkulungwane. Ngenxa yoko, iinkonzo zokuguqulela zaselithuania zifunwa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela, njengoko unxibelelwano lwehlabathi luye lubaluleke ngakumbi.

Ilithuania ithathwa njengolwimi lwakudala, kwaye yabhalwa kuqala kwiincwadi zekhulu le-16. Oku kuthetha ukuba yenye yeelwimi ezindala ezibhaliweyo Eyurophu. Olu lwimi luchazwa njengenxalenye yesebe Lasebaltic losapho Lweelwimi Zase-Indo-European, oluquka ilatvia Neprussia. I-Lithuanian yabelana ngeendlela ezifanayo kunye nezi lwimi, ezifana negrama kunye nesigama esifanayo.

Kulabo bafuna ukuguqulela izinto ukusuka elithuania ukuya kwezinye iilwimi, kukho iinkampani ezininzi ezibonelela ngeenkonzo ezizodwa. Abaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo banokusingatha yonke into ukusuka kumaxwebhu asemthethweni ukuya kwiinguqulelo zeshishini. Ukongeza, ezinye iinkampani zibonelela ngeenguqulelo zesingesi eziqinisekisiweyo zamaxwebhu asemthethweni. Uninzi lweenkonzo zokuguqulela zaselithuania zikwagxile kwiinguqulelo zonyango nezemali, kunye newebhusayithi kunye nesoftware yendawo.

Xa ukhetha inkampani yeenkonzo zokuguqulela zaselithuania, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaguquleli abasebenzela inkampani banamava kwaye banolwazi malunga nolwimi. Umgangatho wokuguqulela awuxhomekeke kuphela ekuchanekeni kolwimi lomguquleli, kodwa kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukuqonda inkcubeko kunye neelwimi zendawo.

Ngeeprojekthi ezinkulu, kunokuba luncedo ukuqesha iqela lonke labaguquleli abakwaziyo ukusebenza kunye ukubonelela ngeziphumo ezilungileyo. Oku kuvumela abaguquleli ukuba baphonononge umsebenzi womnye nomnye, baqinisekise ukuba imveliso egqityiweyo ihlangabezana nemigangatho ephezulu yokuchaneka kunye nomgangatho.

Nokuba ufuna ukuguqulela uxwebhu olusemthethweni okanye iwebhusayithi, iinkonzo zoguqulo lwaselithuania zinokuqinisekisa ukuba iprojekthi yakho igqityiwe ngokuchanekileyo nangokufanelekileyo. Ukuba unenkampani efanelekileyo, unokuqiniseka ukuba uya kufumana uguqulelo oluphezulu oluya kuqondakala ngokwenene kubaphulaphuli bakho.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ilithuania?

Ulwimi lwaselithuania luthethwa ikakhulu Elithuania, Naselatvia, E-Estonia, kwiindawo Zasepoland, nakwingingqi Yasekaliningrad Yaserussia.

Lithuanian imbali izinga lotshintshiselwano

Imbali yolwimi lwaselithuania yaqala kwingingqi Yebaltic eyaqala ngo-6500 bc iingcambu zayo zembali kukholelwa ukuba zithathwe kulwimi Lwe-Proto-Indo-European, ebelulwimi lwezinyanya lweelwimi Ezininzi Zaseyurophu. Ilithuania kukholelwa ukuba yenye yeelwimi zakudala E-Indo-European, kunye nezihlobo zayo ezisondeleyo yisanskrit nesilatini.
Imizekelo yakudala yesilithuania ebhaliweyo inokulandelwa kwinkulungwane ye-16. Kwaphuhliswa ngoko ziingcali zeelwimi kunye nabavangeli basemazweni abasebenzisa i-Latin alfabhethi ukudala inkqubo yokubhala yolwimi. Le nkqubo yaphuhliswa ngakumbi Ngumartynas Mažvydas phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-16. Incwadi yokuqala ngesi Lithuanian, esihloko sithi "Catechismus", yapapashwa ngo-1547.
Ukususela ngekhulu le-18, ilithuania iye yafumana ukuguqulwa okukhulu kwigrama, isipelingi kunye nesigama. Ulwimi lwamkela amagama amaninzi avela kwezinye iilwimi Zesislavic Kunye Nesijamani, phakathi kwabanye. Ngexesha Lesoviet, ezinye iinkalo zolwimi zatshintshwa kakhulu, njengokulula kwesenzi.
Namhlanje, ilithuania ithethwa ngokwendalo ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3. Ikwayenye yeelwimi ezisemthethweni Ze-European Union, kunye nolwimi olusemthethweni Elithuania, Latvia, Kunye Nezizwe ezimanyeneyo.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwaselithuania?

1. U-Adomas Jakštas ( 1895-1975) - umbhali-mlando woncwadi, i-philologist kunye nomlobi owayengomnye wamanani anempembelelo ekuphuhlisweni kolwimi lwaselithuania kunye nomgangatho walo.
2. Ujonas Jablonskis (1860-1930) - ingcali yeelwimi eyaziwa ngokudala ulwimi lwangoku lwaselithuania olusekelwe kwiilwimi zesamogitian kunye Neaukštaitija.
3. Uaugustinas Janulaitis (1886-1972) - inani elikhulu kwiilwimi zaselithuania ezifunda imbali, isakhiwo kunye neelwimi zolwimi.
4. Uvincas Krusvevičius (1882-1954) - umbhali onolwazi oluninzi owabhala ngokubanzi malunga nenkcubeko kunye nolwimi lwaselithuania kuzo zombini iifom eziqhelekileyo kunye nolwimi.
5. I-cygimantas Kuzminskis ( 1898-1959) - ingcali yeelwimi ezidumileyo ezisebenza ukuguqula ulwimi lwaselithuania, ukuphuhlisa imigaqo yegrama, kunye nokwenza isichazi-magama sokuqala esibanzi solwimi.

Uluphi ulwimi lwaselithuania?

Ulwimi lwaselithuania lulilungu losapho Lweelwimi Zasebaltic. Lulwimi oluchaphazelekileyo olusebenzisa isibizo kunye nokungena kwesichazi, kunye nokudityaniswa kwezenzi ezahlukeneyo. Kwakhona kukho inani elikhulu le-morphology ye-agglutinative eyakhelwe kulwimi. Umyalelo wegama elisisiseko ngumxholo-isenzi-into.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwaselithuania ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana ikhosi elungileyo okanye inkqubo: Khangela inkqubo yokuntywila eya kukunika ithuba lokuntywila ngokwenyani kulwimi. Cinga ngokuthatha iklasi kwikholeji yasekuhlaleni, ukuya kwisikolo solwimi Elithuania, okanye ukuzama ikhosi ye-intanethi.
2. Thenga incwadi yokufunda ulwimi: Ukutyala imali kwincwadi yokufunda ulwimi kuya kukunceda uhambisane nazo zonke iziseko zegrama yaselithuania kunye nesigama.
3. Mamela umculo waselithuania kwaye ubukele iimovie: Ziqhelanise nezandi kunye nokubizwa kolwimi lwaselithuania ngokumamela umculo waselithuania, ukubukela imiboniso kamabonwakude, kunye neefilimu ngesilithuania.
4. Ziqhelise ukubiza kwakho: Ukuziqhelanisa kwenza ugqibelele! Qhubeka uqhelisela ukubiza kwakho ukuze uphucule ukuqonda kwakho kunye nokutyibilika. Unokusebenzisa izixhobo ezifana Ne-Forvo okanye I-Rhinospike ukuva indlela abantu bomthonyama ababiza ngayo amagama ahlukeneyo.
5. Fumana izithethi zomthonyama kwaye uziqhelanise nokuthetha: Zama ukujoyina iiwebhusayithi zokutshintshiselana ngeelwimi okanye ukuhlangana kolwimi lokusingatha ukufumana izithethi zomthonyama zaselithuania ezinokukunceda uziqhelanise nezakhono zakho zokuncokola.
6. Sebenzisa izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo: Sukuzibekela umda kwimithombo enye. Sebenzisa iiapps kunye neewebhusayithi ukongeza amava akho okufunda, Dueduolingo okanye Ibabbel. Unokufumana kwakhona iipodcasts eziluncedo kunye neevidiyo Zeyoutube ezixoxa ngolwimi lwelithuania kunye nenkcubeko.

Isirashiya lulwimi oluntsonkothileyo olunegrama ekhethekileyo kunye nesivakalisi. Ulwimi olusemthethweni Lwaserussia Kunye Ne-Commonwealth Of Independent States (CIS), umbutho wengingqi weeriphabliki zangaphambili Zasesoviet. Isirashiya kuthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-180 emhlabeni jikelele kwaye enye yeelwimi ezili-10 ezithethwa kakhulu kwihlabathi. Ikwajongwa njengolwimi kwi-former Soviet Union, ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngediplomacy, urhwebo kunye netekhnoloji.

Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, uguqulelo ukuya nokubuya kwisirashiya bubuchule obubalulekileyo. Ifuna ukudlulisa ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo yoqobo ngelixa kuthathelwa ingqalelo izinto zenkcubeko kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka komxholo. Ngenxa yokuntsonkotha kwayo kunye nesidingo sokuqonda ngokunzulu ulwimi, umguquleli onamava oqeqeshiweyo uyafuneka kwiinguqulelo ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

Inguqulelo yaserussia ihlala ifuneka kwimisebenzi ephambili yeshishini efana nothethathethwano lwezomthetho, amaxwebhu anxulumene nemali, kunye nezinto zokuthengisa. Iinkampani ezisebenza Erashiya okanye kwamanye amazwe E-CIS zifuna uguqulelo oluchanekileyo kunxibelelwano olusebenzayo, ngakumbi kwiiwebhusayithi zabo kunye nentengiso yomxholo. Umguquleli onobuchule onobuchule kwicandelo unokuqinisekisa ukuba umyalezo ojoliswe kuwo udluliselwa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ufunyenwe.

Kwiinguqulelo ezincinci, ezinje ngeencoko ezingacwangciswanga, kukho izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezizenzekelayo ezikhoyo kwi-intanethi. Ezi zixhobo zinokubonelela ngokuqonda okusisiseko kolwimi, kodwa azinakho ukuchaneka kunye nokwazisa ngomxholo womguquleli oqeqeshiweyo. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuba uqwalasele injongo kunye nobunzima bezinto ngaphambi kokuthatha isigqibo sokuba loluphi uhlobo lweenkonzo zokuguqulela ekufuneka uzisebenzise.

Ukuqukumbela, uguqulelo oluchanekileyo noluthembekileyo lwesirashiya lubalulekile kunxibelelwano oluyimpumelelo phakathi kweenkampani nabantu abathetha isirashiya. Ukuqesha umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba umyalezo ocetywayo udluliselwa kwaye uqondwe, nokuba ngoweshishini, ubuqu, okanye ezinye iinjongo. Ukongeza, ukuntsonkotha kolwimi kugxininisa ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa iingcali ezifanelekileyo kuzo zonke iimfuno zokuguqulela.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isirashiya?

Ulwimi lwesirashiya luthethwa Erashiya, Ebelarus, Ekazakhstan, Ekyrgyzstan, Eukraine, E-Estonia, Elatvia, Elatvia, Emoldova, Etajikistan, Elithuania, Euzbekistan, Eazerbaijan, Earmenia, Eturkmenistan, Egeorgia Nase-Abkhazia.

Luluphi ulwimi oluthethwa ngesirashiya?

Ulwimi lwaserussia luneengcambu Zalo Kulwimi Lwasempuma Slavic, enye yeqela ezintathu zembali zeelwimi Zeslavic. Olu lwimi lwathethwa lwaza lwabhalwa zizizwe Zasempuma Slavic ezazihlala kwiindawo ezininzi ngoku zaserashiya, Eukraine Nasebelarus ngenkulungwane ye-9. Ngeli xesha, I-Church Slavonic yaqala ukukhonza njengolwimi olubhaliweyo kwiincwadi, iinjongo zonqulo nezolawulo, endaweni yesigrike nesilatini sokuqala.
Ngenkulungwane ye-10, Impuma Slavic ngokuthe ngcembe yaguqukela kulwimi lwangoku lwesirashiya, iphenjelelwa sisibulgaria nesiserbia, esasiphenjelelwa Kakhulu Yicawa Islavonic. Ngenkulungwane ye-11, umsebenzi omkhulu wokubhala wexesha Lasekievan Rus, Incwadi Yokuqala Yezikronike, yabhalwa Kwi-Old East Slavic.
Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ze-14 neye-15, Amarashiya aqhubeka esanda ummandla wawo, ekugqibeleni afikelela Kulwandlekazi Lwepasifiki, ngaloo ndlela edibana nezinye iilwimi neenkcubeko ezininzi. Amarashiya azibuyisa iimpembelelo ezivela kwezinye iilwimi aza azibandakanya kulwimi, esenza oko ngoku kwaziwa njengolwimi Lwaserussia Lwangoku.
Ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-17th, ulwimi lwaserussia lwaqala ukuvela ngakumbi ngomsebenzi wababhali abanempembelelo abanjengoalexander Pushkin Noivan Turgenev, ababhala ngolwimi olubizwa ngokuba "sisirashiya soncwadi". Olu hlobo lutsha, oluphucukileyo lolwimi lwasasazeka ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kungekudala lwaba lulwimi olukhethwayo lwezopolitiko, uncwadi, isayensi kunye nenkcubeko.
Namhlanje, isirashiya sesona silwimi Sisasazekayo kwislavic, sinezithethi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezili-145, kwaye yenye yeelwimi ezisemthethweni Zezizwe ezimanyeneyo.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesirashiya?

1. U-Ivan Turgenev (1818-1883) - umbhali wenoveli, imbongi kunye nombhali wokudlala owaphakamisa ukusetyenziswa kolwimi lwaserussia kwaye wanegalelo kuphuhliso loncwadi lwesizwe.
2. Ualexander Pushkin (1799-1837) - umsunguli weencwadi zanamhlanje zaserashiya kunye noyise weembongi zaserashiya.
3. Unikolai Karamzin (1766-1826) - imbongi kunye nombhali-mbali owabhala kakhulu ngolwimi lwaserussia kwaye wenza igalelo elininzi kwinkcubeko yaserussia.
4. Vladimir Dal' (1801-1872) - linguist, isichazi-magama kunye nomqulunqi wesichazi-magama sokuqala esibanzi solwimi lwaserussia.
5. Ualexander Blok (1880-1921) - enye yamanani aphambili kwindawo yoncwadi lwaserussia ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kunye nombhali weminye yemisebenzi edumileyo kwimibongo yaserussia.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi lwaserussia?

Ubume bolwimi lwaserussia ikakhulu lusekwe kwindibaniselwano yemigaqo yohlalutyo kunye nohlalutyo. I-Agglutination yinkqubo apho i-morphemes, okanye iinxalenye zamagama, zidibene kunye ukudala igama elilodwa elichaza ingcamango enye. Izakhi zohlalutyo zibandakanya ukwaphula ingqiqo enye ibe ngamagama ahlukeneyo ukwenza kube lula ukuyiqonda. Ngesirashiya, izimamva zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukubonisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo zegrama, ezinje ngesini, ityala, inani, umba, ixesha kunye nokuba nezinto. Izibizo kunye nezichazi zinokuba neemeko ezintandathu ezahlukeneyo ngesirashiya. I-syntax yolwimi nayo iyingqayizivele, kunye nenkqubo yezivakalisi ezingabonakaliyo, izigatshana ezingaphantsi kunye neefom ezinzima zesenzi.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwaserussia ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Zibekele usukelo olusengqiqweni nosukelo: Maxa wambi Ukuqonda ulwimi lwesirashiya kunokubonakala kunzima, kodwa unako ukuphumelela ukuba uzibekela ulindelo olusengqiqweni nosukelo olusengqiqweni. Phula ulwimi lwakho-ukufunda uhambo kwiziqa ezilawulwayo kwaye ube nomonde kuwe.
2. Fumana iqabane lokufunda Kwi-intanethi: Fumana iqabane lomfundi elikwi-intanethi okanye umhlobo othetha isirashiya onokukunceda ukuba uziqhelanise nokuthetha kwakho kunye nokubiza.
3. Zibhaptize kwinkcubeko yaserussia: Funda iincwadi, ubukele iifilimu kunye nemiboniso yetv, mamela iipodcasts kunye nomculo, kwaye uzame ukudibanisa phakathi kolwimi kunye nemeko yenkcubeko.
4. Thatha iklasi yolwimi lwaserussia: Ukuthatha umntu okanye iklasi yolwimi lwaserussia ekwi-intanethi kunokuba yindlela entle yokufunda iziseko kwaye ufumane ingxelo kutitshala okanye kwisithethi somthonyama.
5. Yenza i-flashcards: Yenza i-flashcards ngamagama aqhelekileyo kunye namabinzana ngesirashiya. Oku kunokunceda ukomeleza ulwimi nokwenza kube lula ukulukhumbula.
6. Sebenzisa usetyenziso lokufunda ulwimi: usetyenziso lokufunda Ulwimi olufana Neduolingo, Imemrise, Kunye Nerosetta Stone zizixhobo ezinkulu zokufunda isirashiya. Baya kukunika isakhiwo esithile kwaye bancede ukuphula ulwimi lube ngamaqhekeza alawulekayo.
7. Ukuziqhelanisa, ukuziqhelanisa, ukuziqhelanisa: ekuphela kwendlela yokuqonda ngokwenene ulwimi lwaserussia kukuluqhelanisa rhoqo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Funda, ubhale, uphulaphule kwaye uthethe rhoqo ukuze uphucule izakhono zakho.