Isilithuania Udmurt Guqulela

Lithuania yi ilizwe elincinane ebekwe kwi-I-Baltic mmandla, emntla Yurophu. Likhaya lolwimi olwahlukileyo kunye nenkcubeko ebijikeleze iinkulungwane. Ngenxa yoko, iinkonzo zokuguqulela zaselithuania zifunwa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela, njengoko unxibelelwano lwehlabathi luye lubaluleke ngakumbi.

Ilithuania ithathwa njengolwimi lwakudala, kwaye yabhalwa kuqala kwiincwadi zekhulu le-16. Oku kuthetha ukuba yenye yeelwimi ezindala ezibhaliweyo Eyurophu. Olu lwimi luchazwa njengenxalenye yesebe Lasebaltic losapho Lweelwimi Zase-Indo-European, oluquka ilatvia Neprussia. I-Lithuanian yabelana ngeendlela ezifanayo kunye nezi lwimi, ezifana negrama kunye nesigama esifanayo.

Kulabo bafuna ukuguqulela izinto ukusuka elithuania ukuya kwezinye iilwimi, kukho iinkampani ezininzi ezibonelela ngeenkonzo ezizodwa. Abaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo banokusingatha yonke into ukusuka kumaxwebhu asemthethweni ukuya kwiinguqulelo zeshishini. Ukongeza, ezinye iinkampani zibonelela ngeenguqulelo zesingesi eziqinisekisiweyo zamaxwebhu asemthethweni. Uninzi lweenkonzo zokuguqulela zaselithuania zikwagxile kwiinguqulelo zonyango nezemali, kunye newebhusayithi kunye nesoftware yendawo.

Xa ukhetha inkampani yeenkonzo zokuguqulela zaselithuania, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaguquleli abasebenzela inkampani banamava kwaye banolwazi malunga nolwimi. Umgangatho wokuguqulela awuxhomekeke kuphela ekuchanekeni kolwimi lomguquleli, kodwa kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukuqonda inkcubeko kunye neelwimi zendawo.

Ngeeprojekthi ezinkulu, kunokuba luncedo ukuqesha iqela lonke labaguquleli abakwaziyo ukusebenza kunye ukubonelela ngeziphumo ezilungileyo. Oku kuvumela abaguquleli ukuba baphonononge umsebenzi womnye nomnye, baqinisekise ukuba imveliso egqityiweyo ihlangabezana nemigangatho ephezulu yokuchaneka kunye nomgangatho.

Nokuba ufuna ukuguqulela uxwebhu olusemthethweni okanye iwebhusayithi, iinkonzo zoguqulo lwaselithuania zinokuqinisekisa ukuba iprojekthi yakho igqityiwe ngokuchanekileyo nangokufanelekileyo. Ukuba unenkampani efanelekileyo, unokuqiniseka ukuba uya kufumana uguqulelo oluphezulu oluya kuqondakala ngokwenene kubaphulaphuli bakho.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ilithuania?

Ulwimi lwaselithuania luthethwa ikakhulu Elithuania, Naselatvia, E-Estonia, kwiindawo Zasepoland, nakwingingqi Yasekaliningrad Yaserussia.

Lithuanian imbali izinga lotshintshiselwano

Imbali yolwimi lwaselithuania yaqala kwingingqi Yebaltic eyaqala ngo-6500 bc iingcambu zayo zembali kukholelwa ukuba zithathwe kulwimi Lwe-Proto-Indo-European, ebelulwimi lwezinyanya lweelwimi Ezininzi Zaseyurophu. Ilithuania kukholelwa ukuba yenye yeelwimi zakudala E-Indo-European, kunye nezihlobo zayo ezisondeleyo yisanskrit nesilatini.
Imizekelo yakudala yesilithuania ebhaliweyo inokulandelwa kwinkulungwane ye-16. Kwaphuhliswa ngoko ziingcali zeelwimi kunye nabavangeli basemazweni abasebenzisa i-Latin alfabhethi ukudala inkqubo yokubhala yolwimi. Le nkqubo yaphuhliswa ngakumbi Ngumartynas Mažvydas phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-16. Incwadi yokuqala ngesi Lithuanian, esihloko sithi "Catechismus", yapapashwa ngo-1547.
Ukususela ngekhulu le-18, ilithuania iye yafumana ukuguqulwa okukhulu kwigrama, isipelingi kunye nesigama. Ulwimi lwamkela amagama amaninzi avela kwezinye iilwimi Zesislavic Kunye Nesijamani, phakathi kwabanye. Ngexesha Lesoviet, ezinye iinkalo zolwimi zatshintshwa kakhulu, njengokulula kwesenzi.
Namhlanje, ilithuania ithethwa ngokwendalo ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3. Ikwayenye yeelwimi ezisemthethweni Ze-European Union, kunye nolwimi olusemthethweni Elithuania, Latvia, Kunye Nezizwe ezimanyeneyo.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwaselithuania?

1. U-Adomas Jakštas ( 1895-1975) - umbhali-mlando woncwadi, i-philologist kunye nomlobi owayengomnye wamanani anempembelelo ekuphuhlisweni kolwimi lwaselithuania kunye nomgangatho walo.
2. Ujonas Jablonskis (1860-1930) - ingcali yeelwimi eyaziwa ngokudala ulwimi lwangoku lwaselithuania olusekelwe kwiilwimi zesamogitian kunye Neaukštaitija.
3. Uaugustinas Janulaitis (1886-1972) - inani elikhulu kwiilwimi zaselithuania ezifunda imbali, isakhiwo kunye neelwimi zolwimi.
4. Uvincas Krusvevičius (1882-1954) - umbhali onolwazi oluninzi owabhala ngokubanzi malunga nenkcubeko kunye nolwimi lwaselithuania kuzo zombini iifom eziqhelekileyo kunye nolwimi.
5. I-cygimantas Kuzminskis ( 1898-1959) - ingcali yeelwimi ezidumileyo ezisebenza ukuguqula ulwimi lwaselithuania, ukuphuhlisa imigaqo yegrama, kunye nokwenza isichazi-magama sokuqala esibanzi solwimi.

Uluphi ulwimi lwaselithuania?

Ulwimi lwaselithuania lulilungu losapho Lweelwimi Zasebaltic. Lulwimi oluchaphazelekileyo olusebenzisa isibizo kunye nokungena kwesichazi, kunye nokudityaniswa kwezenzi ezahlukeneyo. Kwakhona kukho inani elikhulu le-morphology ye-agglutinative eyakhelwe kulwimi. Umyalelo wegama elisisiseko ngumxholo-isenzi-into.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwaselithuania ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana ikhosi elungileyo okanye inkqubo: Khangela inkqubo yokuntywila eya kukunika ithuba lokuntywila ngokwenyani kulwimi. Cinga ngokuthatha iklasi kwikholeji yasekuhlaleni, ukuya kwisikolo solwimi Elithuania, okanye ukuzama ikhosi ye-intanethi.
2. Thenga incwadi yokufunda ulwimi: Ukutyala imali kwincwadi yokufunda ulwimi kuya kukunceda uhambisane nazo zonke iziseko zegrama yaselithuania kunye nesigama.
3. Mamela umculo waselithuania kwaye ubukele iimovie: Ziqhelanise nezandi kunye nokubizwa kolwimi lwaselithuania ngokumamela umculo waselithuania, ukubukela imiboniso kamabonwakude, kunye neefilimu ngesilithuania.
4. Ziqhelise ukubiza kwakho: Ukuziqhelanisa kwenza ugqibelele! Qhubeka uqhelisela ukubiza kwakho ukuze uphucule ukuqonda kwakho kunye nokutyibilika. Unokusebenzisa izixhobo ezifana Ne-Forvo okanye I-Rhinospike ukuva indlela abantu bomthonyama ababiza ngayo amagama ahlukeneyo.
5. Fumana izithethi zomthonyama kwaye uziqhelanise nokuthetha: Zama ukujoyina iiwebhusayithi zokutshintshiselana ngeelwimi okanye ukuhlangana kolwimi lokusingatha ukufumana izithethi zomthonyama zaselithuania ezinokukunceda uziqhelanise nezakhono zakho zokuncokola.
6. Sebenzisa izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo: Sukuzibekela umda kwimithombo enye. Sebenzisa iiapps kunye neewebhusayithi ukongeza amava akho okufunda, Dueduolingo okanye Ibabbel. Unokufumana kwakhona iipodcasts eziluncedo kunye neevidiyo Zeyoutube ezixoxa ngolwimi lwelithuania kunye nenkcubeko.

Uguqulelo lwe-Udmurt yinkqubo yokuguqulela itekisi ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kulwimi Lwe-Udmurt. Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt lulwimi Lwasefinno-Urgic oluthethwa ngabantu Base-Udmurt abahlala Kwiriphabhlikhi Yase-Udmurt, e-central Russia. Olu lwimi lunembali etyebileyo nenkcubeko, kwakunye nokuba lulwimi olusemthethweni Kwiriphabliki Yase-Udmurt. Nangona olu lwimi lusenokugqalwa njengolungamelwanga kakuhle kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, luselulwimi olubalulekileyo kwabo bazalelwe kuloo ndawo okanye banomdla kulwimi, kwinkcubeko nakwimbali yabantu Baseudmurt.

Xa kuziwa ekuguquleleni Kwe-Udmurt, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqulelo ezisemgangathweni zenziwa. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokusebenzisa abaguquleli beelwimi abanamava, abanolwazi ngomxholo wolwimi kunye nenkcubeko. Umguquleli kufuneka akwazi ukuqonda igrama, upelo, kunye nesemantiki yolwimi ukuze enze iinguqulelo ezichanekileyo. Ukongeza, kufuneka bakwazi ukusebenzisa ngokuchanekileyo ukwandisa kunye nokubaluleka kwamagama ukuqinisekisa ukuba isicatshulwa sisondele kwintsusa kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Inguqulelo ye-Udmurt inokunceda ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kweenkcubeko kwaye inike abantu abavela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ithuba lokuqondana. Oku kunokusetyenziswa phantse kuyo nayiphi na intsimi, kubandakanya ishishini, uncwadi, kunye nemithombo yeendaba. Ingasetyenziselwa ukunceda ukugcina inkcubeko kunye nembali yabantu Base-Udmurt ngokuvumela amabali abo kunye namazwi ukuba aviwe ngabaphulaphuli abakhulu.

Ngokubanzi, inguqulelo Ye-Udmurt inokuba sisixhobo esiluncedo kakhulu sokuqonda ulwimi nenkcubeko yabantu Base-Udmurt. Ngokuqonda itekisi Ye-Udmurt, inokunika abaphulaphuli abaninzi ithuba lokuxabisa nokufunda kulwimi kunye nenkcubeko yabantu Base-Udmurt. Ukongeza, inokuba yindlela entle yokukhuthaza ukuqonda phakathi kweenkcubeko kunye nokufunda ngakumbi malunga nomnye.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt?

Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt luthethwa ikakhulu Kwiriphabhlikhi Yase-Udmurt, ekwingingqi Yevolga yaserussia. Ikwathethwa kwiindawo ezincinci kwezinye iindawo Zaserussia, nakumazwe angabamelwane afana Nekazakhstan, Ibelarus Kunye Nefinland.

Yintoni imbali Ye-Udmurt language?

Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt lilungu le-Uralic language family kwaye luhambelana kakhulu neelwimi Zasefinno-Urgic. Kuthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nama-680,000, ikakhulu Kwiriphabhlikhi Yase-Udmurt (Erashiya) nakwindawo ejikelezileyo. Ifom yayo ebhaliweyo yabhalwa ngenkulungwane ye-18 ngabefundisi Bobuothodoki baserashiya, abenza inkqubo yokubhala esekelwe kwialfabhethi Yesicyrillic. Le nkqubo yokubhala yandiswa yaza yaphuculwa ebudeni benkulungwane ye-19 neyama-20, nto leyo eyakhokelela kulwimi olubhaliweyo lwale mihla. Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt lusasetyenziswa namhlanje kwimimandla enabantu Base-Udmurts, kunye nokufundiswa ezikolweni nakwiiyunivesithi.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwe-Udmurt?

1. Vasiliy Ivanovich Alymov-linguist kunye nombhali wemisebenzi emininzi kulwimi Lwe-Udmurt, owabhala igrama ecacileyo yolwimi kwaye wamisela imigaqo emininzi kunye neendibano ezisetyenziswayo namhlanje.
2. Vyacheslav Ivanovich Ivanov-Umphengululi kunye nombhali imisebenzi emininzi ulwimi Udmurt nenkcubeko, kuquka igrama ebanzi ulwimi kunye nezifundo kwisakhiwo udmurt poetry.
3. Nina Vitalievna Kirsanova-Rodionova - i innovator entsimini Udmurt ebhaliweyo, wabhala iincwadi zokuqala ngolwimi wadala dictionary yokuqala Ukrainian-Udmurt.
4. Umikhayl Romanovich Pavlov-Owaziwa ngegalelo lakhe elikhulu kwintsimi yolwimi Lwe-Udmurt, uncwadi kunye neentsomi, wayengomnye wabantu bokuqala ukurekhoda nokubhala iingoma zomthonyama zommandla.
5. U-Olga Valerianovna Fyodorova - Lozhkina-omnye wabantu bokuqala ukufunda ulwimi kunye nenkcubeko Ye-Udmurt, wapapasha amaphephandaba olwimi lokuqala Lwe-Udmurt kwaye wabhala igrama kunye nezinye izinto zemfundo.

Ulwakhiwo njani Ulwimi Udmurt?

Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt lulwimi Lwe-Uralic, olunxulumene kakhulu nesifinnish nesi-estonia, kwaye yabelana ngokufana kunye neelwimi Zekomi-Zyryan Kunye Ne-Permic. Ubume bayo bubonakaliswa yi-agglutinative morphology, oko kuthetha ukuba amagama ayenziwa ngokudibanisa kunye ukudibanisa iintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo kunye neekhonsepthi. Ulwimi lunemvisiswano yesikhamiso kunye nenkqubo entsonkothileyo yezibizo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwesenzi kunzima kakhulu, ngeemvakalelo ezahlukeneyo, iinkalo, kunye nokuqina, kunye nomahluko osisiseko phakathi kweefom ezigqibeleleyo nezingafezekanga.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokuziqhelanisa nolwimi. Funda malunga nealfabhethi kunye nokubiza amagama kwaye ufumane ukuqonda okuyisiseko kwegrama.
2. Funda kwaye umamele imithombo Ye-Udmurt yemveli. Mamela iindaba zendawo kwaye ungene kumculo kunye neenkqubo ZETV ngolwimi.
3. Thetha kwaye ubhale Kwi-Udmurt. Fumana iqabane lolwimi okanye usebenzise iiforamu ezikwi-intanethi kunye namagumbi okuncokola ukuziqhelanisa.
4. Thatha ikhosi ulwimi Udmurt. Kukho amaziko olwimi ezininzi ezifundisa izifundo Ulwimi Udmurt kwaye ungafumana kubo online.
5. Zibhokoxe kwinkcubeko nakulwimi lwakho. Ndwendwela Udmurtia kwaye uthethe nezithethi zomthonyama ukuze ufunde ngakumbi ngeelwimi zalapha kunye nenkcubeko.