O. s. Welsh Guqulela

Itajik, okanye Itajik, lulwimi oluthethwa Kumbindi Asia Nakumbindi Mpuma. Ulwimi Lwase-Indo-Iran, olunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nesipersi kodwa kunye neempawu zayo ezahlukileyo. Etajikistan, lulwimi olusemthethweni, kwaye ikwathethwa ngabancinci Ekazakhstan, Euzbekistan, Eafghanistan Naserussia. Ngenxa yokuthandwa kwayo, kukho imfuno eyandayo yokuguqulela ukusuka nasetajik.

Inguqulelo yetajik yinkonzo ebalulekileyo kumashishini nakubantu ngabanye. Kumashishini, iinkonzo zokuguqulela etajik zibonelela ngokufikelela kwiimarike ezintsha, zivumela iinkampani ukuba zinxibelelane ngokufanelekileyo nabanye kwicandelo labo. Oku kuluncedo ngakumbi kwabo benza urhwebo lwamanye amazwe kunye norhwebo. Iinkonzo zokuguqulela zinokusetyenziselwa ukuququzelela unxibelelwano phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente, ukunceda imibutho yoluntu kunye nemibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente ukuba ihlale iphendula kwaye isebenza.

Abantu kusenokufuneka basebenzise iinkonzo zomguquleli xa befaka isicelo somsebenzi okanye xa befuna uncedo lwezonyango. Amashishini abandakanyeka kwintengiso ye-intanethi anokufumana kuluncedo ukusebenzisa iinguqulelo zomxholo wewebhusayithi kunye nezinto zokwazisa etajik.

Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa iinkonzo zobungcali xa kuguqulelwa phakathi kwazo naziphi na iilwimi ezimbini. Abaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo banobuchule kwiilwimi ezininzi kwaye baqonda izinto zolwimi ngalunye. Baqinisekisa ukuchaneka, ukucaca nokufundeka kwiinguqulelo zabo. Umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo naye uqhubeka enolwazi lwaso nasiphi na isigama esitshintshayo, esibalulekileyo ekuchanekeni.

Abaguquleli abaqinisekisiweyo baxabiseke kakhulu kwiindibaniselwano zolwimi ezingenayo imigangatho ephucukileyo. Bangakwazi ukuguqulela amaxwebhu ngokuchanekileyo nangendlela eya kwamkelwa ngabafuduki kunye nezinye iinkonzo zikarhulumente. Iinguqulelo eziqinisekisiweyo zihlala zifuneka kwizicelo kwiiyunivesithi kunye neenjongo zokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe.

Ukuba ufuna iinkonzo zokuguqulela itajik, kubalulekile ukuba ukhethe umboneleli onokuthenjwa, oqeqeshiweyo. Khetha umguquleli onamava kwicandelo lakho kwaye unokuhambisa ngexesha. Kukwabalulekile ukuba uqwalasele umgangatho womsebenzi wabo, njengoko iinguqulelo ezininzi zineempazamo. Uphando olunzulu kunye nophononongo lwabathengi lunokukunceda ufumane umguquleli onokumthemba.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ulwimi lwesitajik?

Ulwimi lwesitajik ikakhulu luthethwa Etajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan nasekyrgyzstan. Ikwathethwa ngabantu abancinci Erashiya, Eturkey, Epakistan, Eiran, nakwamanye amazwe awayesakuba Yisoviet republics.

Yintoni imbali yolwimi lwesitajik?

I-Tajik yinguqulelo yanamhlanje yolwimi lwesipersi oluthethwa E-Iran Nase-Afghanistan. Ikakhulu yindibaniselwano yeelwimi ezivela kulwimi lwasepersi kunye nolwangaphambili, Umpersi Ophakathi (okwabizwa Ngokuba Ngupahlavi). Kuye kwachaphazeleka kakhulu kwezinye iilwimi, kubandakanya isirashiya, isingesi, Isimandarin, Isihindi, isiuzbek, isiturkmen kunye nabanye. Ulwimi lwangoku lwesitajik lwaqala ukusekwa ngexesha le-8th century AD, xa izizwe zasempuma Ze-Iranian, ezazize kummandla emva Kokunqoba Kwe-Arabhu Yasepersia, zamkela ulwimi kwaye zaqala ukulusebenzisa kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. Ngenkulungwane ye-9, isixeko Sasebukhara saba likomkhulu lobukhosi bamasamanid, obabuyindawo yokuqala yokuthetha amapersi Kumbindi Weasia. Ngeli xesha, inkcubeko kunye noncwadi lwachuma kuloo ndawo, kwaye ulwimi oluthethwayo lwalo mmandla ngokuthe ngcembe lwavela kwinto esiyaziyo ngoku njengetajik.
Ngekhulu lama-20, ulwimi lwesitajik lwaqulunqwa ngokusemthethweni kwaye lufakwe kwiikharityhulam zezikolo. Ukusukela ngoko, iye yaba lulwimi olubalulekileyo Kumbindi Asia. Ulwimi luye lwavela, kwaye amagama amatsha afakiwe kwisigama kule minyaka idlulileyo. Namhlanje, itajik lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasetajikistan kwaye kuthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezisi-7, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwelizwe.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesitajik?

1. Abdulmejid Dzhuraev-umphengululi, umbhali kunye unjingalwazi ulwimi Tajik owaba negalelo standardization yayo mihla.
2. Umirzo Tursunzoda-imbongi eyaziwayo, ezopolitiko kunye nombhali wasetajikistan owaziwayo ngendima yakhe ekudumiseni ulwimi lwesitajik kunye noncwadi.
3. I-Sadriddin Aini-umbhali odumileyo wasetajik onemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yelifa lemveli letajik.
4. Uakhmadjon Mahmudov-umbhali, ingcali yeelwimi, nomphengululi owayencedisa ekumiseleni iindibano zokubhala zale mihla zesitajik.
5. Umuhammadjon Sharipov - imbongi kunye nomlobi wezincoko oncedise ekubumbeni ulwimi lwesitajik ngemisebenzi yakhe.

Uluphi ulwimi lwetajik?

Ulwimi lwesitajik lolwesebe lase-Iranian losapho Lwe-Indo-European. Isakhiwo sayo esisisiseko sinamacandelo amabini: ulwimi lwakudala Lwase-Iranian, olubonakaliswa yinkqubo yesini esithathu, kunye neelwimi Zaseasia, ezibonakaliswa yinkqubo yesini esibini. Ukongeza, ulwimi luquka iziqalelo zesiarabhu,isipersi, kunye nezinye iilwimi, ezibonisa iyantlukwano yenkcubeko. Ulwimi lwetajik lunesakhiwo sokuhlalutya, esithetha ukuba sixhomekeke ngakumbi kulandelelwano lwegama kunye nezixhobo ezihambelanayo ezinjengeziphelo zecala kune-morphology ye-infectional. Umyalelo wegama ubaluleke kakhulu kwi-Tajik; izivakalisi ziqala ngesihloko kwaye ziphele ngesivisa.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwesitajik ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufumana incwadi elungileyo yolwimi lwetajik okanye ikhosi ekwi-intanethi. Qiniseka ukuba igubungela igrama, ukufunda, ukubhala, ukuthetha kunye nokumamela.
2. Fumana ukurekhodwa kwevidiyo kwi-taiwan kwaye ubukele iividiyo kwi-taiwan. Qiniseka ukuba ugxininise ekubizeni kwaye uzame ukuxelisa.
3. Qala ukufunda iitekisi ezilula etajik. Zama ukuqikelela intsingiselo yamagama angaqhelekanga kwaye ujonge ukubizwa kwamagama kunye neenkcazo zala magama.
4. Ziqhelise ukuthetha Tajik kunye izithethi zomthonyama. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokutshintshiselana ngewebhusayithi ezifana Ne-Italki okanye I-Exchange Exchange. Unokujoyina iklabhu yolwimi lwetajik okanye ikhosi.
5. Practice ukubhala Tajik usebenzisa izixhobo online ezifana translate Okanye Google Translate.
6. Okokugqibela, zibekele usukelo oluthe rhoqo ukuze ugcine inkuthazo yakho iphezulu kwaye ulandele inkqubela yakho.

Inguqulelo yesiwelsh yinkonzo ebalulekileyo kubemi Basewelsh, enika unxibelelwano ngaphakathi nangaphandle kolwimi Lwesiwelsh. Le yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yomphakathi wolwimi Lwesixhosa, Kunye Newales xa zizonke.

Njengenye yeelwimi ezindala eziphilayo Eyurophu, Iwelsh inelifa elityebileyo ekufuneka ligcinwe kwaye lihlonitshwe. Ngokubonelela ngeenguqulelo ngaphakathi nangaphandle Kweelwimi, izithethi zomthonyama Zasewelsh zinokuhlala ziyinxalenye yabantu behlabathi, ngelixa zifumana ukufikelela kulwazi kunye nezixhobo ezingafumanekiyo ngolwimi lwazo lweenkobe.

Xa ukhetha inkonzo yokuguqulela Yasewales, kubalulekile ukuba uqiniseke ukuba inkampani oyikhethayo inamava kwiinguqulelo Zesiwelsh. Kwangaxeshanye, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba nawuphi na umguquleli ubhalisiwe nequmrhu elilawulayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wokuguqulela uphezulu.

Ngokuchaneka, kubalulekile ukujonga ukuba umguquleli Wasewelsh uneziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo kunye namava ekuguquleleni ukusuka Kwisingesi ukuya kolunye ulwimi, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo. Oku kuyakuqinisekisa ukuba nakuphi na ukungangqinelani okanye iimpazamo kuyathintelwa, ukongeza ekuqinisekiseni ukuba inkonzo yokuguqulela ichanekile kwaye ihlaziyiwe ngesigama samva Nje Sasewelsh.

Xa kuziwa ekufumaneni umguquleli Wasewales, zininzi iinkampani kunye neenkonzo ezikhoyo. Kubalulekile ukuba uthenge ngeenxa zonke kwaye uqinisekise ukuba ufumana ixabiso elifanelekileyo lemali, kunye nokujonga iziqinisekiso kunye nodumo lwawo nawuphi na umguquleli.

Ukongeza kwiinguqulelo, kufanelekile ukuqwalasela naziphi na iinkonzo ezongezelelweyo ezinokubonelelwa yinkampani yokuguqulela Yasewales. Umzekelo, iinkampani ezininzi zibonelela ngokufunda, ukuhlela kunye nokufomatha iinkonzo, ezinokuthi zibonakalise ukuba zixabisekile ukuba ungenisa amaxwebhu kudliwanondlebe lomsebenzi obalulekileyo okanye imbalelwano yeshishini.

Ekugqibeleni, i-Welsh translation yinkonzo exabisekileyo evumela izithethi zase-Welsh ukuba zibandakanyeke ngokupheleleyo kwihlabathi elibanzi, ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukuchaneka kunye nomgangatho wolwimi lwazo. Umguquleli othembekileyo nonamava uya kuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaxwebhu Asewelsh anikwa intlonipho ayifaneleyo.

Ngawaphi Amazwe athetha Isijamani?

Ulwimi Lwesiwelsh luthethwa ikakhulu Ewales, nangona kukho ezinye izithethi Zesiwelsh Engilani, Escotland, Eireland nakwamanye amazwe.

Yintoni Imbali Yesingesi?

Kukholelwa ukuba ulwimi Lwase-Welsh luye lwavela Kwi-Brythonic, ulwimi oluthethwa Ebrithani Ngaphambi Kokuhlasela Kwamaroma ngo-ad 43. Ngenkulungwane ye-6, yayisele ikhule Yaba Yi-Old Welsh, eyayisetyenziswa kwimibongo kunye noncwadi kude kube sekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-11. I-Middle Welsh yavela kwinkulungwane ye-12th, ilandelwa Yi-Modern Welsh ngenkulungwane ye-15 neye-16th. Umthetho wolwimi Lwesiwelsh 1993 wanika iwelsh language status Ewales kwaye namhlanje ngaphezu kwe-20% yezithethi Zesiwelsh zisebenzisa ekhaya.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesixhosa?

1. Usanta David (malunga no-500 AD): umxhasi ongcwele Wasewales kunye nomsunguli wee-monasteries ezininzi, ubizwa ngokuba unceda ekusasazeni ulwimi Lwesiwelsh kunye noncwadi lwayo.
2. Uwilliam Salesbury (1520– 1584): wapapasha esinye sezichazi-magama zokuqala Zesiwelsh, Isichazi-Magama Ngesingesi Nesiwelshe (1547), kwaye sasingumntu onegalelo ekudaleni nasekukhuthazeni uhlobo oluqhelekileyo Lwesiwelsh.
3. Udafydd Nanmor (1700-1766): imbongi enempembelelo, wancedisa ekusekeni uncwadi Lwasewales ngokuguqulela imisebenzi yababhali abadumileyo besingesi Kwisiles.
4. I-Lady Charlotte Guest (1812– 1895): uyaziwa kakhulu ngeenguqulelo zakhe zokuqokelelwa kwamabali Asewelsh aziwa ngokuba Yi-Mabinogion.
5. Usaunders Lewis (1893– 1985): imbongi edumileyo yolwimi Lwasewelsh, umbhali wemidlalo, kunye netshantliziyo lezopolitiko, wayengumxhasi ophambili wokwandisa ubume bolwimi Lwasewelsh kunye nenkcubeko phakathi kwabantu Basewelsh.

Ulwakhiwo Njani ulwimi Welsh?

Ulwimi Lwaseburhulumenteni luvela kwisebe Le-Brythonic leelwimi Zesiceltic. Lulwimi oluchaphazeleke kakhulu, ikakhulu luneendlela ezimbini zokudibanisa isenzi kunye nesibizo. Izibizo ze-Welsh ziphawulwe ngesini (ubudoda, ubufazi, kunye ne-neuter) kunye nenani (isinye kunye nesininzi). Izenzi E-Welsh zinamaxesha asibhozo kunye nemiba emine, kwaye zineefom zangaphambili nangaphambili.

Indlela yokufunda Isingesi ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngekhosi yolwimi-Nokuba yikhosi ekwi-intanethi, incwadi okanye iklasi kwikholeji yasekuhlaleni okanye iqela loluntu, ukuthatha ikhosi kunokuba yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokufunda I-Welsh ngendlela eyakhiweyo nechanekileyo.
2. Fumana abahlobo abathetha imveli-Ukuba nezithethi zomthonyama Zasewales onokuziqhelanisa nazo kubaluleke kakhulu ekufundeni ulwimi ngokufanelekileyo.
3. Mamela umculo Wasewales kwaye ubukele I-Tv Yasewales-Ukumamela kunye nokubukela izithethi zomthonyama Zasewales ziya kukunceda uthathe ubizo oluchanekileyo kunye namagama amatsha!
4. Ukufunda iincwadi kunye namaphephandaba Kwi-Welsh-Ukufunda kuyindlela enhle yokwakha isigama kunye nokufumana ukuqonda okungcono kwendlela I-Welsh isebenza ngayo.
5. Ntywiliselwa kwinkcubeko-ulwimi Lwasewelsh lufakwe ngokuqinileyo kwinkcubeko, ke qiniseka ukuba undwendwela Iwales kwaye wonwabele umculo wayo owodwa, iminyhadala, ukutya kunye nemisebenzi.