Ikhaya Imakedoniya Humusha

Isitelugu siwulimi olusemthethweni esifundazweni Sasendiya I-Andhra Pradesh, futhi sikhulunywa izigidi zabantu Kulo Lonke Elasendiya, kuhlanganise nasezingxenyeni ezithile Zasekarnataka, Etamil nadu Nasemaharashtra. Nokho, naphezu kokusetshenziswa kwayo kabanzi, ukuthola izinguqulo Zesitelugu kungaba inselele kubantu abaningi, ikakhulukazi labo abahlala phesheya.

Ngenhlanhla, manje kunezinketho eziningana ezinokwethenjelwa zokuthola izinguqulo ezisezingeni Eliphakeme Zesitelugu. Kukhona izinsizakalo zobungcweti ezinikeza ukuhunyushwa okunembile, okuqinisekisiwe kokubili kwemibhalo yebhizinisi neyomuntu siqu kusuka esingisini Kuya Esitelugu noma okuphambene nalokho. Lezi zinsizakalo zisebenzisa abahumushi abanolwazi abakhuluma ulimi lwendabuko futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imibhalo ehunyushiwe igcina izinga elifanayo lokunemba nekhwalithi njengokuqukethwe kwasekuqaleni.

Kumabhizinisi, ukuthola izinguqulo Zesitelugu ezinembile kuyingxenye ebalulekile yempumelelo yamazwe ngamazwe. Kumelwe baqiniseke ukuthi imibhalo yabo ihunyushwe ngendlela efanele ukuze kufinyelelwe kangcono amakhasimende nabalingani abangaba khona ezweni. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ukuhumusha okunembile kuyobasiza ukuba bandise ngempumelelo ukufinyelela kwabo emakethe, kodwa futhi kuyosiza ekugwemeni ukungaqondani okungase kuholele emaphutheni abizayo.

Uma kuziwa kubantu abafuna ukuhumusha imibhalo yabo siqu, izinguqulo Zesitelugu zibaluleke ngendlela efanayo. Lokhu kungaba okubaluleke kakhulu kubantu abafuna ukufaka izicelo zama-visa, ukuba yisakhamuzi, imisebenzi, noma olunye uhlobo lwedokhumenti oludinga ukunemba ngokomthetho.

Kungakhathaliseki isizathu, ukuthola izinga izinguqulo Telugu kufanele njalo kuqala. Ngokukhetha izinsizakalo zobungcweti eziqasha abahumushi abakhuluma ulimi lwendabuko, amabhizinisi nabantu ngabanye ngokufanayo bangaqinisekisa ukuthi imibhalo yabo ihunyushwa ngokunembile nangokomsebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Yimaphi amazwe Okukhulunywa Kuwo Isitelugu?

Isitelugu sikhulunywa Kakhulu Endiya, lapho siwulimi olusemthethweni ezifundazweni Zase-Andhra Pradesh, Telangana Naseyanam. Kukhulunywa futhi yimiphakathi emincane ebalulekile ezifundazweni ezingomakhelwane Zasekarnataka, Tamil nadu, maharashtra, Chhattisgarh Nase-Odisha, futhi kukhulunywa iningi esifundazweni sasepuducherry, okuyisifundazwe sasendiya.

Uyini umlando wolimi Lwesitelugu?

Ulimi Lwesitelugu lwaqala ukuvela emisebenzini yezincwadi esekelwe Esisanskrit yekhulu le-10 futhi selokhu lwavela Kusuka Kutelugu Yakudala, Kuya Kutelugu Ephakathi bese kuba ulimi lwesitelugu lwanamuhla. Imibhalo yokuqala eyaziwayo Ngesitelugu iqala ngekhulu lesi-5 ad futhi yatholakala emihumeni Yase-Asrama esifundeni Sase-Anantapur e-Andhra Pradesh. Lolu limi lwalusetshenziselwa imibhalo engokomthetho neyezentengiselwano phakathi nalesi sikhathi.
Esikhathini sasendulo, Isitelugu sasithonywe kakhulu yisanskrit nesiprakrit futhi izimbongi zangaleso sikhathi zabhala ngothando lwazo ngalolu limi. Izibonelo zalemisebenzi zihlanganisa Imahabharatam Kanannayya, Ibasava puranam Kapalkuriki Somana, Nerukmangada Charitra Katikkanna.
Phakathi nawo wonke ikhulu le-17 nele-18, izincwadi Zesitelugu zachuma, nababhali abanjengobhimi reddi, Upingali surana, U-Atukuri molla, Uchinnayasoori, Uparavastu Chinnayya Soori, Nokandukuri veeresalingam pantulu bonke benza iminikelo ebalulekile olimini nasezincwadini zalo. Ngo-1875, Iyunivesithi Yasemadras yaqala ukufundisa izincwadi Zesitelugu, okwenza kwaba iyunivesithi yokuqala Yasendiya ukwenza kanjalo.
Namuhla, Isitelugu siwulimi Lwesidravidian olukhulunywa kakhulu futhi singolunye lwezilimi Ezisemthethweni Zasendiya. Isetshenziswa kabanzi esifundazweni Sase-Andhra Pradesh nasezifundeni ezisemngceleni Wekarnataka, Tamil nadu Ne-Orissa, kanye nasezingxenyeni ezithile Zasemaharashtra, Chhattisgarh Nasejharkhand.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini Lwesitelugu?

1. Uvemana: Uvemana uyimbongi edumile Yasetelugu, isazi semfihlakalo nesazi sefilosofi. Waziwa kakhulu ngezinkondlo zakhe ezicacile neziqondayo, ezibonisa izimfundiso Ze-Advaita vedanta. Uye waba negalelo elikhulu emasikweni nasezincwadini Zesitelugu.
2. Unannayya: Unannayya uyisazi sesisanskrit, isazi sohlelo lolimi nombhali owaphila ngekhulu le-11. Ubhekwa njengobaba wezincwadi zesitelugu njengoba kukholakala ukuthi wabhala izibonelo zokuqala zezincwadi Zesitelugu.
3. Utikkana Somayaji: Utikkana Somayaji wayengumbongi nomhlaziyi wasetelugu wekhulu le-14. Uhlonishwa ngokubhala Imahabharata Ngesitelugu, eyaziwa ngokuthi 'Tikkana mahabharatamu'. Wabhala nezincazelo Zebhagavad gita,Ibhagavata purana, nama-Upanishad.
4. U-Annamacharya: U-Annamacharya uyimbongi ekhuthazayo futhi ungcwele owaphila ngekhulu le-15. Wabhala izingoma ezingaphezu kuka-32000 zokudumisa Inkosi Uvenkateswara Etirupati, ezaziwa ngokuhlanganyela ngokuthi 'Sri Annamacharya sankirtanas'. Lezi zingoma zisaculwa emathempelini aseningizimu India nanamuhla.
5. Ucp Brown: Ucharles Philip brown Wayengudokotela Wasebrithani wase-Indologist kanye nesazi sezilimi esasebenza kakhulu ngolimi Lwesitelugu. Waqamba isichazamazwi sokuqala sesitelugu nesingisi futhi wahumusha izincwadi eziningana zakudala zisuka Esisanskrit Zaya Esitelugu. Umnikelo wakhe obalulekile olimini nasezincwadini Zesitelugu ukhunjulwa nanamuhla.

Isakhiwo solimi Lwesitelugu sinjani?

Isitelugu siwulimi oluhlanganisa amagama, okusho ukuthi amagama akhiwa ngokungeza izijobelelo esisekelweni noma emsukeni. Ngokwesibonelo, igama elithi "inja" lithi "kukka" futhi igama elithi "izinja" lithi "kukkala."Ngokwesakhiwo, Isitelugu sinohlelo lwamagama LWE-vso (Isenzo-Isihloko-Into), futhi sisebenzisa ukuhlukaniswa ngokobulili nangamacala. Inamacala amathathu ayinhloko: okuqondile, okuthambekele, nokuma kwendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inezinhlanganisela ezine zezenzi nesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuhlonipha.

Indlela yokufunda Ulimi Telugu ngendlela efanele kakhulu?

1. Thatha izifundo zolimi Lwesitelugu: kunezifundo eziningi eziku-inthanethi nezomuntu siqu ezitholakalayo ukukusiza ufunde Isitelugu. Bhalisa kwelinye ukuze uthole isingeniso olunzulu ulimi, okuyinto uzokulungiselela impumelelo.
2. Cwaninga Ngesitelugu sokuxoxa: ukuze ukwazi Ukukhuluma Isitelugu ngokushelelayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ulimi lusebenza kanjani esimweni sokuxoxa. In ngokulalela telugu izikhulumi bomdabu futhi umkhuba imishwana ephindaphindwayo emva kwabo.
3. Sebenzisa imithombo ukuzijayeza lolimi: Uma une ezingeni eliyisisekelo Telugu ingxoxo, uqale ukubheka izici eziyinkimbinkimbi kolimi, ezifana isenzo izikhathi kanye nesakhiwo umusho. Ukufunda izincwadi, amaphephandaba, futhi izihloko Telugu kuyindlela enkulu ukuzijayeza amakhono akho lolimi.
4. Sebenzisa imithombo eku-inthanethi: amawebhusayithi Amaningi anikeza imisebenzi yokufunda nolwazi ngolimi namasiko Esitelugu. Eck izinkundla zolimi Lwesitelugu ukuze uhlangane nabanye abafundi, uthole abalingani besifundo, bese ubuza imibuzo.
5. Zicwilise emasikweni: indlela engcono kakhulu yokufunda noma yiluphi ulimi iwukuzicwilisa emasikweni. Lalela umculo Telugu, ukubukela amabhayisikobho, ukuya imicimbi kanye nemikhosi, futhi wenze ubungane telugu izikhulumi ukuba babe ngokushelelayo ngolimi.

Ukuhumusha isimacedonia kuyinkonzo edingekayo esetshenziswayo lapho ufuna ukuxhumana ngokunembile ngolimi lwesimacedonia. Ulimi lwesislavic, olukhulunywa Kakhulu Enyakatho Macedonia futhi lungolunye lwezilimi ezisemthethweni zezwe. Abantu bavame ukufuna izinsizakalo zokuhumusha zesimacedonia lapho kudingeka baxhumane ngokunembile nangempumelelo namakhasimende, ozakwabo, noma abalingani bebhizinisi ngolimi.

Izinsizakalo zokuhumusha zesimacedonia zinikezwa izinkampani eziningi zokuhumusha ezikhethekile ekuhumusheni imibhalo, amawebhusayithi, nezinye izinto ngesimacedonia. Abahumushi abangochwepheshe bangahumusha zonke izinhlobo zemibhalo, kuhlanganise nemibhalo yezomthetho neyezimali, izinto zokumaketha noma zebhizinisi, imibhalo yezobuchwepheshe nokunye. Izinsizakalo zokuhumusha zingadala nokuqukethwe okwenziwa endaweni yezilaleli ezikhuluma isimacedonia. Uma kuziwa ekuhumusheni iwebhusayithi, abahumushi abangochwepheshe baqinisekisa nokuthi iwebhusayithi ehunyushiwe ibukeka futhi izwakala njengomthombo wokuqala. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzisi banokuhlangenwe nakho okuhle lapho behamba ngewebhusayithi ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko.

Izinguqulo zesimacedonia ezinembile neziphumelelayo zidinga ukuqonda ngokujulile ulimi namasiko.. Abahumushi abangochwepheshe babhekana nenqubo eqinile yokukhetha ngaphambi kokuba baqashwe ukuba baqedele umsebenzi wokuhumusha. Le phrojekthi ibuye ihlolwe kahle ngabahleli ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba. Abahumushi abangochwepheshe bajwayelene nemininingwane ehlukahlukene yolimi, okusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuhumusha akuyona nje into enembile, kodwa futhi kufanelekile ngokwenkolo.

Ukuqasha umhumushi wasemacedonia onguchwepheshe kungaba usizo uma kuziwa ekwakheni ukuba khona okuphumelelayo kwamazwe ngamazwe. Izinguqulo ezenziwa uchwepheshe zicacile futhi ziphelele, zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi umyalezo wakho uvela ngokucacile futhi ngaphandle kokungaqondani. Ukutshala imali kumhumushi wasemacedonia onguchwepheshe kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi idokhumenti noma iwebhusayithi yakho ihunyushelwe kahle olimini okuhloswe ngalo. Kubonisa nokuthi unendaba nokunikeza imikhiqizo noma izinsizakalo ezisezingeni eliphakeme kumakhasimende akho akhuluma isimacedonia.

Yiluphi ulimi olukhulunywa emakedoniya?

Ulimi lwesimacedonia lukhulunywa kakhulu Eriphabhuliki Yasenyakatho Macedonia, Eserbia Nase-Albania. Kukhulunywa nasezingxenyeni ezithile zasebulgaria, Egrisi Nasemontenegro, kanye nasemiphakathini yabafuduki E-Australia, Ecanada, Ejalimane nase-United States.

Uyini umlando wolimi lwasemakedoniya?

Umlando wolimi lwasemacedonia ungahle ulandelwe emuva ngekhulu lesi-9 ad lapho lalisetshenziswa ngesimo solimi Lwesislavonic Sesonto Elidala. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kwazalwa izilimi eziningi zesibulgaria Nesimontenegro. Ekhulwini le-11, Isislavonic Esidala Sesonto sanikeza indlela yesilimi sasemakedoniya ephakathi. Phakathi nenkathi Yama-Ottoman, ulimi lwaluthonywe amagama esiturkey nesi-arabhu. Ekhulwini le-19, ngemva kokusungulwa Kwe-Bulgarian Exarchate, kwavela uhlobo olujwayelekile lolimi manje olwaziwa ngokuthi ulimi lwesimacedonia lwanamuhla. Ngemva Kwempi Yamabalkan ka-1912-13, isimacedonia samenyezelwa njengolimi olusemthethweni Lombuso waseserbia ngaleso sikhathi, kamuva owaba Yiyugoslavia. Ngemva Kwempi Yezwe II, Imakedoniya yazibiza ngokuthi iyiriphabhuliki futhi ngokushesha yamukela isimakedoniya njengolimi lwayo olusemthethweni. Lokhu kwaqashelwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1993 ngokusungulwa Kweriphabhuliki Yasemakedoniya.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini lwesimacedonia?

1. Ukrste misirkov (18741926) isazi sezilimi nesazi sefilosofi esabhala incwadi Ngezindaba zasemacedonia, okubhekwa njengomsebenzi wokuqala wezincwadi ohlanganisa ulimi lwesimacedonia lwanamuhla.
2. Ukuzman Shapkarev (18801966) isazi esacwaninga kabanzi ngolimi lwasemacedonia sakha isisekelo solimi olusemthethweni lwasemacedonia lwanamuhla.
3. Ublaže koneski (1921-1993) isazi sezilimi kanye nembongi owayengumholi womnyango wezilimi zasemacedonia E – Institute of macedonian literature Eskopje futhi engomunye wabakhi abakhulu bolimi lwesimacedonia lwanamuhla.
4. Ugjorgji pulevski (18921966) isazi sezinto eziningi nesazi esabhala incwadi yokuqala yohlelo lolimi oluphelele ngolimi lwasemacedonia futhi sahlanganisa imithetho eminingi yalo.
5. Ukoco racin (19081943) – imbongi ebhekwa njengobaba wezincwadi zesimanje zasemacedonia. Wabhala eminye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu esebenzisa ulimi lwasemacedonia futhi ungumuntu obalulekile emlandweni wesizwe namasiko aso.

Ulimi lwasemakedoniya lwakhiwa kanjani?

Ulimi lwesimacedonia luwulimi Lwesislavic Saseningizimu, futhi isakhiwo salo sifana nezinye izilimi zomndeni ezifana nesibulgaria Nesiserbo-croatian. Inomyalelo womusho Wesihloko-Into-Isenzo futhi isebenzisa kakhulu ukuguqulwa kwesenzo. Ulimi lusebenzisa izinhlobo Zokwenziwa nezokuhlaziya zokwehla nokuhlanganiswa. Amagama anezimo eziyisikhombisa nobulili obubili, futhi kunezikhathi ezine zesenzo. Izibizo ziyavumelana namagama eziwaguqulayo ngokobulili, ngenombolo nangesimo.

Indlela yokufunda ulimi lwesimacedonia ngendlela efanele kakhulu?

1. Thola incwadi enhle yolimi lwasemacedonia futhi uzicwilise olimini. Thola incwadi lolimi umzimba ukuthi ungasebenzisa ukuzijayeza futhi ufunde ulimi.
2. Lalela umculo Macedonian futhi ubuke amavidiyo noma amabhayisikobho in Macedonian. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukuba ujwayelane ulimi kanye pronunciation yayo.
3. Khuluma nabantu abakhuluma isimacedonia. Lokhu kuzokunikeza isipiliyoni sangempela futhi kukusize ufunde ngokushesha. Ungathola izikhulumi zomdabu online noma ngokusebenzisa meetups wendawo noma imiphakathi.
4. Prakthiza ukubhala ngesimacedonia. Ukubhala kukusiza ukuba uqonde kangcono uhlelo lolimi, ukwakheka, nokupela ulimi.
5. Gcina iphephabhuku lolimi lwasemacedonia. Rekhoda amazwi, imishwana, futhi izingxoxo ukuthi uhlangabezana ekufundeni kwakho. Buyekeza njalo silulumagama nohlelo lolimi umzimba.
6. Sebenzisa imithombo yolimi lwasemacedonia eku-inthanethi efana nezinhlelo zokusebenza namawebhusayithi. Kunezinhlelo eziningi ze-inthanethi ezitholakalayo ezinikeza izifundo ezisebenzisanayo nokuzivocavoca ukukusiza ufunde.