Estonian Yakut Guqulela

Inguqulelo yase-estonia yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yamashishini amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela. Iinguqulelo zobungcali zeetekisi ukuya nokubuya kulwimi lwase-estonia zinokuba luncedo olukhulu kwiinkampani ezinqwenela ukunxibelelana nesiseko sabathengi abanokubakho okanye esikhoyo sase-estonia.

I-estonia lulwimi Lwesifinno, olunxulumene nesifinnish kwaye luthethwa luninzi lwabantu Base-Estonia. Ineempawu zayo ezizodwa kunye negrama eyahlukileyo kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, inguqulelo yase-estonia ifuna umguquleli onamava owayelwazi kakuhle ulwimi nenkcazelo yalo.

Xa ujonga iprojekthi yokuguqulela yase-estonia, kubalulekile ukuba ugcine engqondweni ukuba ukunxibelelana ngokuchanekileyo nangokucacileyo kubaluleke kakhulu. Inguqulelo kufuneka imele ngokuthembekileyo umyalezo wantlandlolo, kwaye naziphi na iimpazamo okanye ukungenzi kungenza nzima ubudlelwane beshishini phakathi kwamaqela abandakanyekayo. Ngoko ke, kungcono ukubandakanya isithethi somthonyama ngokuqonda okunzulu kolwimi kunye nemiba yalo.

Enye into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka uyiqwalasele yindleko yokuguqulela. Amaxabiso ayahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezinje ngokungxamiseka kweprojekthi, ubude besicatshulwa, ukuntsonkotha komyalezo, kunye nezinye izinto ezithile. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba umguquleli okhethiweyo uthembekile, unakho kwaye unexabiso elifanelekileyo.

Iitekisi eziguqulelwe ngobuchule zibalulekile ekufezekiseni impumelelo kulo naliphi na ishishini elinxulumene Ne-Kuwait, kunye nokuhlakulela ubudlelwane obuhlala buhleli nabathengi kunye namaqabane kweli lizwe. Umguquleli wase-estonia onokuthenjwa unokunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imiyalezo kunye nolwazi luhanjiswa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ngaphandle kweempazamo, ezingundoqo ekugcineni nayiphi na imizamo yeshishini.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ulwimi lwase-estonia?

Ulwimi lwase-estonia luthethwa ikakhulu E-Estonia, nangona kukho iipokotho ezincinci zezithethi Elatvia, Eunited States, Ekhanada Naserussia.

Lithini agama lokuthela e-estonia?

Ulwimi lwase-estonia lolunye lweelwimi ezindala Eyurophu, kunye nemvelaphi yayo ebuyela Kwi-Stone Age. Izihlobo zayo ezisondeleyo zihlala isifinnish nesihungary, zombini ezo zivela kwintsapho yolwimi Lwe-Uralic. Iingxelo zokuqala ezabhalwa ngesi-estonia zabhalwa ngenkulungwane ye-13, xa kwapapashwa incwadi yokuqala ngolwimi ngowe-1525.
Ngenkulungwane ye-16, i-estonia yaphenjelelwa ngakumbi ngamajamani, njengoko Amajamani amaninzi afudukela E-Estonia ngexesha Lohlaziyo. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, uninzi lwezithethi zase-estonia nazo zinokuthetha isirashiya, ngenxa yempembelelo eyandayo Yobukhosi baserussia kulo mmandla.
Ukususela ekupheleni Kwemfazwe YEHLABATHI II, i-estonia ibilulwimi olusemthethweni Lwase-Estonia kwaye kuthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwesigidi emhlabeni jikelele. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ulwimi luye lwabona ukuvuselelwa kweentlobo, kunye nezizukulwana ezincinci ziyamkela kunye nezifundo ezahlukeneyo zolwimi zifumaneka kwi-intanethi.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwase-estonia?

1. Ufriedrich Robert Faehlmann (1798-1850) - imbongi kunye nengcali yeelwimi ezisebenze ekumiseni ulwimi lwase-estonia ngekhulu le-19.
2. Ujakob Hurt (1839-1907) - umfundisi kunye nengcali yeelwimi eyakhokela intshukumo yolwimi olubhaliweyo oluzimeleyo lwase-estonia.
3. Ujohannes Aavik (1880-1973) - ingcali yeelwimi kunye negrama ebhaliweyo kunye ne-Estonian grammar kunye ne-orthography.
4. Ujuhan Liiv (1864-1913) - imbongi kunye nomntu obhala kakhulu e-estonia kwaye wayenempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lolwimi.
5. Ujaan Kross (1920-2007) - umbhali odumileyo weprose owasebenzisa ulwimi lwase-estonia ngendlela yanamhlanje, entsha, enceda ukuyibuyisela kwinkulungwane yama-21.

Njani ulwimi lwase-estonia?

Ulwimi lwase-estonia lulwimi lwe-agglutinative, oludibeneyo lwentsapho Ye-Uralic yeelwimi. Inesakhiwo esintsonkothileyo semorphologically, kunye nenkqubo yamatyala ali-14 izibizo, amaxesha amabini, imiba emibini kunye neemo ezine. Inkqubo yomlomo yase-estonia ilula, kunye nokudibanisa ezintathu kunye namazwi amabini. Umyalelo wegama ukhululekile kwaye ubhetyebhetye ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwase-estonia ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda iziseko. Qala ngokuziqhelanisa nealfabhethi yase-estonia kwaye ufunde indlela yokubiza oonobumba. Ukwazi ialfabhethi sisiseko salo naluphi na ulwimi kwaye kuya kukunceda uzive unentembelo ekuthetheni ngokufanelekileyo.
2. Mamela kwaye uthethe. Qala ukuziqhelanisa nokuphulaphula nokuphindaphinda izandi kunye namagama owavayo. Oku kuya kukunceda ukuba uqhelane ngakumbi nolwimi kwaye uqonde ngcono ukubiza. Xa uziva ulungile, qala ukuziqhelanisa nokuthetha ngokuvakalayo i-estonia, nokuba ikukuphela kosapho kunye nabahlobo.
3. Funda kwaye ubhale. Fumana i-Estonian grammar kwaye uqale ukubhala izivakalisi ezilula e-estonia. Ungesabi ukwenza iimpazamo! Ukufunda iincwadi, iiblogi kunye namanqaku e-estonia kuya kukunceda ufumane ukuqonda okungcono kolwimi.
4. Sebenzisa iteknoloji. Sebenzisa ii-apps zokufunda ulwimi, iipodcasts kunye neevidiyo ukufumana ukubonakaliswa ngakumbi e-estonia. Oku kuya kukunceda ukwandisa isigama sakho kwaye ufunde ukusebenzisa ulwimi kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo.
5. Ziqhelanise nesithethi somthonyama. Indlela elungileyo yokuziqhelanisa ne-estonia yakho kukufumana isithethi somthonyama ukuba sincokole kwi-intanethi okanye ngokobuqu. Bacele ukuba bakulungise xa kuyimfuneko kwaye banike ingxelo ngendlela onokuphucula ngayo.

I-Yakut lulwimi Lwaseturkey oluthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwesiqingatha sesigidi kumantla mpuma Erashiya. Njengoko olu lwimi lusandul ' ukwamkelwa ngokusemthethweni, kusekho imfuneko ebalulekileyo yeenkonzo zokuguqulela Zeyakut. Kule nqaku, siza kujonga ukubaluleka kokuguqulela kwi-Yakut kwaye sixoxe ngemiceli mngeni enxulumene nale nkqubo.

Ulwimi Lweyakut aluthethwa Kuphela Erashiya, kodwa nakwamanye amazwe Afana Nemongolia, Ichina Nekazakhstan. Oku kuthetha ukuba kukho imfuno yamazwe ngamazwe yeenkonzo zokuguqulela Zeyakut kunye nasekhaya. Eyona njongo iphambili yokuguqulela nokuvela Eyakut kukuvala izikhewu zeelwimi ukuze kuququzelelwe unxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu bomthonyama nabanye abachaphazelekayo. Iinguqulelo nazo ziyafuneka kumaxwebhu asemthethweni, izivumelwano zozakuzo, izixhobo zemfundo, imithombo yeendaba kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nenkcubeko, kunye namanye amaxwebhu.

Xa kuziwa ekuguquleleni nasekusukeni, kukho imiceli mngeni ebalulekileyo ekufuneka uyikhumbule. Okokuqala, kukho umbuzo wokubizwa. Amagama Aqhelekileyo kunye aqhelekanga eneenfayile Yadav. Ngenxa yoko, kubalulekile ukuba abaguquleli baqhelane nezi nguqulelo zengingqi ukuze baqinisekise ukuchaneka. Omnye umceli mngeni kukuba amagama amaninzi aneentsingiselo ezininzi kuxhomekeke kumxholo asetyenziswa kuwo. Oku kwenza kube nzima ngabaguquleli ukuba baqonde intsingiselo echanileyo yegama okanye ibinzana, besenza ukuchana kubaluleke ngakumbi.

Nangona kukho imiceli mngeni enxulumene nokuguqulela ukuya nokubuya kwi-Yakut, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwale nkqubo. Njengoko ulwimi Lweyakut luqhubeka lufumana ukwamkelwa, kuya kubaluleka ngakumbi ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqulelo ezisuka Kwiyakut zikumgangatho ophezulu kwaye zichanekile. Iinguqulelo ezisemgangathweni zibalulekile ekugcineni incoko yenkcubeko ephumelelayo kunye nonxibelelwano, ngakumbi phakathi kwabantu bomthonyama abaneenkcubeko ezihlala zihlelelekile.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwaseyakut?

Ulwimi Lweyakut luthethwa Erashiya, Echina Nasemongolia.

Ziziphi iilwimi Zeyakut?

Ulwimi Lwaseyakut lulwimi Lwaseturkey oluvela Kwicaspian subgroup yeelwimi Ezisenyakatho-Ntshona Yeturkey. Kuthethwa ngabantu abangama-500,000 Kwiriphabhlikhi Yasesaka yaserussia, ikakhulukazi kwi-lena River drainage basin kunye ne-tributaries yayo. Ulwimi Lwaseyakut lunembali etyebileyo yoncwadi ebuyela emva kuncwadi lokuqala olurekhodiweyo phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-14. Uncwadi lwase-Yakut lwaluphenjelelwe kakhulu kukubhalwa kweembongi Zesufi Ezivela Kumbindi Mpuma Nakumbindi Weasia, kunye nababhali baserussia kunye nababhali abavela Kwi-Imperial Russia. Imisebenzi yokuqala ebhaliweyo Yaseyakut yayiyimibhalo yonqulo, kuquka iinguqulelo zeendinyana Zequranic kunye nomlando Kayusuf Nozulaikha.
Imisebenzi yokuqala yokuqala ebhalwe Kwi-Yakut yabonakala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kunye nemibongo, amabali amafutshane, kunye neenoveli ezibalisa ubomi bemihla ngemihla babantu Base-Yakut. Ababhali baseyakut nabo baqalisa ukuhlola imixholo emikhulu kwimisebenzi yabo, njengomzabalazo wokulwa nobukoloniyali, ukubaluleka kwenkcubeko yemveli Yasesiberia, kunye nengxaki yabantu abacinezelweyo kuloo mmandla. Ngeminyaka yee-1920 neyee-1930, ulwimi Lweyakut lwafumana ukuvuselelwa koncwadi, olukhokelwa ngababhali abanjengoyuri Chegerev, Uanatoly Krotov, Ugennady Titov, Noivan Tazetdinov. Eli xesha labona ukuqhuma kwenani leencwadi ezipapashwe Eyakut, kunye nokunyuka kokusetyenziswa kolwimi kumaxwebhu karhulumente nawolawulo.
Namhlanje, ulwimi Lwaseyakut lunandipha ukuvuselelwa phakathi kwezithethi zalo zomthonyama, kuze kupapashwe amaphephandaba namaphephancwadi amaninzi ngolwimi. Kukho kwakhona umdla ukwandisa izifundo Ulwimi Yakut ngaphandle Erashiya, kunye neeyunivesithi ezininzi ezifundisa izifundo ngolwimi.

Ngoobani abona bantu ba-5 baphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lweyakut?

1. Uyuri Nikolaevich Vinokurov-ingcali yeelwimi, umbhali-mbali kunye nephilologist; 2. Stepan Georgievich Ostrovsky-Yakut imbongi, playwright, umbhali kunye nomguquleli; 3. U-Oleg Mikhailovich Belyaev - Umgxeki woncwadi kunye nombhali; 4. Liliya Vladimirovna Bagautdinova-Yakut folklorist; 5. Akulina Yeelovna Pavlova-umbhali wesichazi-magama kunye nomphandi wedialectology.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi Yakut?

Ulwimi Lwaseyakut lolwentsapho yolwimi Lwaseturkey kwaye luyinxalenye yeqela Lasenyakatho-Mpuma. Lulwimi oluguqukayo, oko kuthetha ukuba lisebenzisa izimamva ezinokuthi zongezwe kumagama ukudala iintsingiselo ezintsha kunye neefom. I-Yakut ichaphazeleka kakhulu, oko kuthetha ukuba amagama atshintsha ifom yabo kuxhomekeke kwindlela esetyenziswa ngayo kwisivakalisi. Izibizo, izimelabizo, izichazi, kunye nezenzi zonke zifuna ukuphela ukubonisa ifom yazo kuxhomekeke kumxholo.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lweyakut ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana ikopi yencwadi yolwimi Lweyakut okanye isikhokelo somhlohli. Ukusebenza kwezi zifundo kule mathiriyeli yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuba nobuchule kulwimi.
2. Ziqhelise ukuthetha nokuphulaphula. Indlela efanelekileyo yokufunda naluphi na ulwimi kukuziqhelanisa kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngoko zama ukufumana iqabane lokuncokola ukuze uziqhelanise nalo.
3. Book in Yakuza. Oku kuya kukunceda uqonde i-grammar and grammar of language.
4. Funda malunga nenkcubeko kunye nembali yeeyakuts. Ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nabantu kunye nendlela yabo yokuphila kunokukunceda uqonde ngcono ulwimi.
5. Watch yakuza media. Kukho izixhobo ezininzi ezikwi-intanethi, kubandakanya iinkqubo zikanomathotholo KUNYE nemiboniso YETV, efumaneka ngolwimi.
6. Visit Yakuza Ukuchitha ixesha kwingingqi kuya kukunika ithuba lokuzicwilisela kulwimi kwaye unxibelelane nezithethi zomthonyama.