Estonian Isi-indonesian Guqulela

Inguqulelo yase-estonia yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yamashishini amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela. Iinguqulelo zobungcali zeetekisi ukuya nokubuya kulwimi lwase-estonia zinokuba luncedo olukhulu kwiinkampani ezinqwenela ukunxibelelana nesiseko sabathengi abanokubakho okanye esikhoyo sase-estonia.

I-estonia lulwimi Lwesifinno, olunxulumene nesifinnish kwaye luthethwa luninzi lwabantu Base-Estonia. Ineempawu zayo ezizodwa kunye negrama eyahlukileyo kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, inguqulelo yase-estonia ifuna umguquleli onamava owayelwazi kakuhle ulwimi nenkcazelo yalo.

Xa ujonga iprojekthi yokuguqulela yase-estonia, kubalulekile ukuba ugcine engqondweni ukuba ukunxibelelana ngokuchanekileyo nangokucacileyo kubaluleke kakhulu. Inguqulelo kufuneka imele ngokuthembekileyo umyalezo wantlandlolo, kwaye naziphi na iimpazamo okanye ukungenzi kungenza nzima ubudlelwane beshishini phakathi kwamaqela abandakanyekayo. Ngoko ke, kungcono ukubandakanya isithethi somthonyama ngokuqonda okunzulu kolwimi kunye nemiba yalo.

Enye into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka uyiqwalasele yindleko yokuguqulela. Amaxabiso ayahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezinje ngokungxamiseka kweprojekthi, ubude besicatshulwa, ukuntsonkotha komyalezo, kunye nezinye izinto ezithile. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba umguquleli okhethiweyo uthembekile, unakho kwaye unexabiso elifanelekileyo.

Iitekisi eziguqulelwe ngobuchule zibalulekile ekufezekiseni impumelelo kulo naliphi na ishishini elinxulumene Ne-Kuwait, kunye nokuhlakulela ubudlelwane obuhlala buhleli nabathengi kunye namaqabane kweli lizwe. Umguquleli wase-estonia onokuthenjwa unokunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imiyalezo kunye nolwazi luhanjiswa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ngaphandle kweempazamo, ezingundoqo ekugcineni nayiphi na imizamo yeshishini.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ulwimi lwase-estonia?

Ulwimi lwase-estonia luthethwa ikakhulu E-Estonia, nangona kukho iipokotho ezincinci zezithethi Elatvia, Eunited States, Ekhanada Naserussia.

Lithini agama lokuthela e-estonia?

Ulwimi lwase-estonia lolunye lweelwimi ezindala Eyurophu, kunye nemvelaphi yayo ebuyela Kwi-Stone Age. Izihlobo zayo ezisondeleyo zihlala isifinnish nesihungary, zombini ezo zivela kwintsapho yolwimi Lwe-Uralic. Iingxelo zokuqala ezabhalwa ngesi-estonia zabhalwa ngenkulungwane ye-13, xa kwapapashwa incwadi yokuqala ngolwimi ngowe-1525.
Ngenkulungwane ye-16, i-estonia yaphenjelelwa ngakumbi ngamajamani, njengoko Amajamani amaninzi afudukela E-Estonia ngexesha Lohlaziyo. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, uninzi lwezithethi zase-estonia nazo zinokuthetha isirashiya, ngenxa yempembelelo eyandayo Yobukhosi baserussia kulo mmandla.
Ukususela ekupheleni Kwemfazwe YEHLABATHI II, i-estonia ibilulwimi olusemthethweni Lwase-Estonia kwaye kuthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwesigidi emhlabeni jikelele. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ulwimi luye lwabona ukuvuselelwa kweentlobo, kunye nezizukulwana ezincinci ziyamkela kunye nezifundo ezahlukeneyo zolwimi zifumaneka kwi-intanethi.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwase-estonia?

1. Ufriedrich Robert Faehlmann (1798-1850) - imbongi kunye nengcali yeelwimi ezisebenze ekumiseni ulwimi lwase-estonia ngekhulu le-19.
2. Ujakob Hurt (1839-1907) - umfundisi kunye nengcali yeelwimi eyakhokela intshukumo yolwimi olubhaliweyo oluzimeleyo lwase-estonia.
3. Ujohannes Aavik (1880-1973) - ingcali yeelwimi kunye negrama ebhaliweyo kunye ne-Estonian grammar kunye ne-orthography.
4. Ujuhan Liiv (1864-1913) - imbongi kunye nomntu obhala kakhulu e-estonia kwaye wayenempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lolwimi.
5. Ujaan Kross (1920-2007) - umbhali odumileyo weprose owasebenzisa ulwimi lwase-estonia ngendlela yanamhlanje, entsha, enceda ukuyibuyisela kwinkulungwane yama-21.

Njani ulwimi lwase-estonia?

Ulwimi lwase-estonia lulwimi lwe-agglutinative, oludibeneyo lwentsapho Ye-Uralic yeelwimi. Inesakhiwo esintsonkothileyo semorphologically, kunye nenkqubo yamatyala ali-14 izibizo, amaxesha amabini, imiba emibini kunye neemo ezine. Inkqubo yomlomo yase-estonia ilula, kunye nokudibanisa ezintathu kunye namazwi amabini. Umyalelo wegama ukhululekile kwaye ubhetyebhetye ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwase-estonia ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda iziseko. Qala ngokuziqhelanisa nealfabhethi yase-estonia kwaye ufunde indlela yokubiza oonobumba. Ukwazi ialfabhethi sisiseko salo naluphi na ulwimi kwaye kuya kukunceda uzive unentembelo ekuthetheni ngokufanelekileyo.
2. Mamela kwaye uthethe. Qala ukuziqhelanisa nokuphulaphula nokuphindaphinda izandi kunye namagama owavayo. Oku kuya kukunceda ukuba uqhelane ngakumbi nolwimi kwaye uqonde ngcono ukubiza. Xa uziva ulungile, qala ukuziqhelanisa nokuthetha ngokuvakalayo i-estonia, nokuba ikukuphela kosapho kunye nabahlobo.
3. Funda kwaye ubhale. Fumana i-Estonian grammar kwaye uqale ukubhala izivakalisi ezilula e-estonia. Ungesabi ukwenza iimpazamo! Ukufunda iincwadi, iiblogi kunye namanqaku e-estonia kuya kukunceda ufumane ukuqonda okungcono kolwimi.
4. Sebenzisa iteknoloji. Sebenzisa ii-apps zokufunda ulwimi, iipodcasts kunye neevidiyo ukufumana ukubonakaliswa ngakumbi e-estonia. Oku kuya kukunceda ukwandisa isigama sakho kwaye ufunde ukusebenzisa ulwimi kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo.
5. Ziqhelanise nesithethi somthonyama. Indlela elungileyo yokuziqhelanisa ne-estonia yakho kukufumana isithethi somthonyama ukuba sincokole kwi-intanethi okanye ngokobuqu. Bacele ukuba bakulungise xa kuyimfuneko kwaye banike ingxelo ngendlela onokuphucula ngayo.

Inguqulelo Yesi-Indonesia: Isikhokelo Esibanzi

Ulwimi Lwaseindonesia sisixhobo esikhulu sonxibelelwano kwihlabathi namhlanje, kunye nezithethi zomthonyama ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-237. Ngaloo ndlela, iinkonzo zokuguqulela Zaseindonesia zifunwa kakhulu, kunye namashishini kunye nabantu ngokufanayo bajonge ukuguqulela umxholo wabo kulwimi lolunye lwezoqoqosho olukhulu emhlabeni. Kwesi sikhokelo sibanzi, siza kuphonononga konke okufuneka ukwazi malunga noguqulelo Lwaseindonesia, apho iilwimi zithethwa khona kwezona ndlela zilungileyo zokusebenza nabaguquleli Baseindonesia.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqonda iilwimi Ezahlukeneyo Zolwimi Lwaseindonesia. Nangona Ulwimi Lwaseburhulumenteni lusetyenziswa ngurhulumente kunye nemfundo, kukho iilwimi ezininzi zommandla ezithethwa ngabantu bemihla ngemihla. Umzekelo, Ijavanese lolona lwimi luxhaphakileyo Eindonesia, lusetyenziswa phantse kwisithathu sabemi, ngelixa Isundanese ithetha malunga ne-17%. Ezinye iilwimi zengingqi zibandakanya Ibetawi, Imadurese, Iminangkabau, Kunye Neacehnese.

Xa ukhangela umguquleli Waseindonesia, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkonzo oyisebenzisayo iqhelekile kulwimi oluthile olufunayo. Oku kuya kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba uguqulelo lwakho luchanekile kwaye aluchanekanga kunxibelelwano olubi. Ngaphezu koko, iiarhente ezininzi zokuguqulela ezinobuchule ziya kuba nabaguquleli abaziingcali kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo zommandla, ngoko qiniseka ukuba ufumana umguquleli ofanelekileyo weprojekthi yakho.

Nje ukuba ufumane umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo Waseindonesia, kukho iindlela ezimbalwa ezilungileyo ekufuneka uzilandele ukuqinisekisa ukuba ufumana okuninzi kwinkonzo yakho yokuguqulela. Okokuqala nokuphambili, nika umguquleli ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga neprojekthi yakho, kubandakanya imithombo yemithombo, nasiphi na isigama onokusisebenzisa, kunye nabaphulaphuli bakho ekujoliswe kubo. Umguquleli onamava uya kuba nakho ukusebenza nale ngcaciso ukukunika iinguqulelo ezichanekileyo nezifanelekileyo ngokwenkcubeko.

Enye into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka uyigcinile engqondweni kukubonelela umguquleli wakho ixesha elaneleyo lokwenza umsebenzi wabo. Umguquleli kufuneka anikwe ixesha elaneleyo lokufunda nokuphanda umthombo, kunye nokuphonononga uguqulelo. Ukuba uyangxama, iinguqulelo zakho zisenokubandezeleka.

Ke ngoko, kuhlala kungumbono olungileyo ukujonga uguqulelo kabini ngaphambi kokukhutshwa. Iqela lesibini lamehlo linokubamba naziphi na iintlobo okanye ukungaqondani okunokubakho ngaphambi kokuba basasazeke.

Ngokulandela la manyathelo, unokuqinisekisa ukuba inguqulelo Yakho Yesi-Indonesia ichanekile kwaye ifanelekile ngokwenkcubeko. Ngomguquleli ofanelekileyo, unokunxibelelana ngokuzithemba nehlabathi elithetha I-Indonesia. Ithamsanqa!

Ngawaphi Amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwase-Indonesia?

Isi-indonesia lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwaseindonesia, kwaye ikwathethwa Empuma Timor nakwimimandla Yasemalaysia.

Lithini agama Lokuthela E-Indonesia?

Ulwimi Lwaseindonesia, ekwabizwa ngokuba Yi-Bahasa Indonesia, lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwaseindonesia kwaye luneengcambu zalo kuhlobo oludala Lwesimalay. Ulwimi lwakuqala Lwesimalay, Olwaziwa Ngokuba Yi-Old Malay, lwalusetyenziswa kwiziqithi ezininzi Zasemalay ukusuka kwinkulungwane yesi-7 CE. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, urhwebo kunye nokusasazeka Kwamasilamsi kwaphembelela ngakumbi ulwimi kwaye ekugqibeleni lwahlulahlulwe lwaba ziilwimi Ezininzi Ezahlukeneyo Zesimalay kunye neziyelelane. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, oorhulumente bamadatshi bazisa amagama amaninzi okuboleka imali kulwimi, olwaziwa Ngokuba Sisimalaysia. Ekugqibeleni, ngenkulungwane yama-20, ulwimi lwaguqukela ngakumbi kwinto ngoku eyaziwa Ngokuba Sisithetha Sanamhlanje Saseindonesia. Ulwimi lwabhengezwa njengolwimi olusemthethweni lwesizwe Sase-Indonesian ngo-1945 emva kwenkululeko yelizwe, kwaye ukusukela ngoko, ulwimi luqhubekile nokuphuhlisa, kunye nesigama esitsha kunye nopelo olwamkelweyo.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwaseindonesia?

1. U-Amir Syarifuddin (1861-1916) wayesaziwa ngokuba Ngu 'Uyise Weencwadi Zaseindonesia' kwaye wabhala imisebenzi emininzi ephawulekayo, kuquka "Irangkaian Puisi dan Prosa" (Ikhonkco Lemibongo Kunye Neprose).
2. Uradenas Soewardi Soerjaningrat (1903-1959): uthathwa njengomseki wolwimi lwangoku Lwaseindonesia kwaye unoxanduva lokudala Isichazi-Magama Solwimi Lwase-Indonesian.
3. I-Pramoedya Ananta Toer (1925-2006): Utoer wayengumlobi owaziwayo Wase-Indonesia kunye nombhali-mbali owabhala iincwadi ezininzi ngesi-Indonesia nesidatshi. Kwakhona wancedisa ekuphuhliseni isitayela sanamhlanje sokubhala ngolwimi Lwase-Indonesia.
4. Umohammad Yamin (1903-1962): wayengumlobi wezopolitiko wase-Indonesia kunye nomlobi owadlala indima enkulu ekusekeni Iriphabhlikhi Yaseindonesia. Kwakhona wabhala ngokubanzi malunga nokuguqulwa kweelwimi, ekuncedeni ukudala ulwimi lwesizwe olufanayo.
5. U-Emha Ainun Nadjib (1937-): owaziwa nangokuthi 'Ugus Mus's', uyimbongi kunye nombhali wezincoko obhale ngokubanzi kuphuhliso loncwadi Lwase-Indonesia. Imisebenzi yakhe ihlala idunyiswa ngenxa yokuqonda kwabo okuhlekisayo kunye nefilosofi.

Luluphi ulwimi oluthethwa Ngabantu Baseindonesia?

Ulwakhiwo lolwimi Lwaseindonesia lusekwe kusapho lweelwimi Zase-Australia, elisebe leqela elikhulu Lolwimi Lwesimalayo Nolwesipolynesia. Ulwimi lwesifundo-isenzi-into kwaye ine-syntax elula kunye nemithetho embalwa yegrama. Uninzi lwamagama aluchaphazelekanga kwaye ixesha lesenzi liboniswa ngokusetyenziswa kwezenzi ezincedisayo. I-Indonesian nayo ilwimi lokuguga, kunye nezimamva ezininzi kunye nezimaphambili ezongezwe kwiindawo zayo ezahlukeneyo zentetho. Ulwimi alunawo umahluko ngokwesini, kwaye luneendlela ezintathu eziphambili zedilesi.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwase-Indonesia ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana incwadi elungileyo yolwimi Lwaseindonesia kwaye uyifunde ngokucokisekileyo. Qinisekisa ukusebenzisa isigama sakho, ukubiza, kunye nokudibanisa isenzi.
2. Thatha iklasi Yolwimi Lwaseindonesia ukuba kunokwenzeka. Inokukunceda ufunde igrama efanelekileyo kunye nokubiza amagama kwaye ikunike ithuba lokuziqhelanisa nokuthetha nezithethi zomthonyama.
3. Bukela iimovie zaseindonesia okanye iinkqubo zikamabonwakude ukuze ufumane isiphatho esingcono kulwimi.
4. Mamela Umculo Waseindonesia kunye neepodcasts. Oku kunokwenziwa ukusuka kwintuthuzelo yekhaya lakho kwaye kuya kukunika ukubonakaliswa ngakumbi kulwimi.
5. Bala Isi-Indonesia. Le yindlela entle yokuphucula ukuqonda kwakho ukufunda kunye nokwandisa isigama sakho.
6. Ukuthetha Nabantu base-Indonesia. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, yiya Eindonesia ukuze ufumane amava okuntywila kwaye ufumane amathuba okuziqhelanisa nezithethi zomthonyama.
7. Thatha ikhefu amaxesha ngamaxesha. Ukufunda naluphi na ulwimi kunokuba yirhafu, ke qiniseka ukuba uthatha ikhefu xa uyidinga kwaye ungalibali ukonwaba ngelixa ufunda!