Isihindi Isilithuania Guqulela

Isihindi lulwimi oluthethwa ngabantu abaqikelelwa kwizigidi ezingama-500 Eindiya nakumazwe amaninzi ahlukeneyo kwihlabathi liphela. Yenye yeelwimi ezisemthethweni Zaseindiya, kunye nesingesi kunye nezinye iilwimi zommandla. Inguqulelo yesihindi iye yabaluleka ngakumbi kule minyaka idlulileyo njengoko isidingo sonxibelelwano phakathi kwesihindi nesingesi sikhula.

Ulwimi Lwesihindi luyinkimbinkimbi kwaye lunoluhlu lweelwimi. Olu lwimi luquka amagama ahlukahlukeneyo avela kwisisanskrit, Isiurdu, kunye nemithombo yasepersi, ukudala umxube okhethekileyo weelwimi. Ukuguqulela ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye kunokuba nzima kakhulu kwaye kuchitha ixesha, ngakumbi xa kufikwa ekuguquleleni amaxwebhu abhaliweyo okanye amaphepha ewebhu. Ngenxa yoko, iinkonzo zokuguqulela Isihindi zobungcali zifunwa kakhulu, zivumela amashishini kunye nabantu ukuba baguqule ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo amaxwebhu kunye neetekisi Zibe Sisihindi.

Xa ukhetha umguquleli Wesihindi, kubalulekile ukuba ukhethe umntu oqonda izinto zolwimi, kunye neelwimi zayo ezahlukeneyo. Abaguquleli abanamava baya kuluqonda ngokunzulu ulwimi negrama yalo, nto leyo ebalulekileyo ekuveliseni iinguqulelo ezichanileyo. Baya kuqhelana nesigama esisetyenziswe kumashishini athile kunye neemeko, ukwenzela ukuba isicatshulwa singalahlekelwa nayiphi na intsingiselo yaso yokuqala kwinkqubo yokuguqulela. Ukongeza, umguquleli olungileyo wesihindi uya kuba nolwazi malunga nemigaqo yenkcubeko enxulumene nolwimi kwaye aqinisekise ukuba naziphi na izinto eziguqulelweyo ziyazithathela ingqalelo ezi zinto.

Inguqulelo yesihindi sisakhono esikhethekileyo, kwaye kubalulekile ukuqesha abaguquleli abanamava, abaqeqeshiweyo. Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeenkonzo zokuguqulela kwi-intanethi ezinokubonelela ngeenkonzo zokuguqulela Zesihindi, kodwa kubalulekile ukuvavanya ezi nkampani ngononophelo ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kunye nomgangatho. Iinguqulelo ezingcono ziya kubamba umoya wolwimi, kunokuba zibonelele ngenguqulelo yokoqobo yamagama.

Inguqulelo yesihindi sisixhobo esixabisekileyo sokuvala umsantsa wonxibelelwano phakathi kwesihindi nesingesi. Ngoncedo lwabaguquleli abaziingcali, amashishini anokunxibelelana ngokuchanekileyo nangempumelelo nabathengi bawo beelwimi ezimbini, ngelixa abantu banokunxibelelana nosapho kunye nabahlobo ngolwimi lwabo lweenkobe.

Ngawaphi Amazwe athetha Isihindi?

Isihindi sithethwa ikakhulu Eindiya Nasenepal, kodwa ikwathethwa nakwamanye amazwe kubandakanya Ibangladesh, Iguyana, Imauritius, Ipakistan, Itrinidad Netobago, Isuriname, Iuganda, Iunited Arab Emirates, Iunited Kingdom, Iunited States, Kunye Neyemen.

Yintoni i-hindi language history?

Ulwimi Lwesihindi luneengcambu zalo kulwimi Lwesisanskrit Lwakudala Lwaseindiya olwavela ngexesha Levedic (malunga ne – 1500-500 BCE). Isihindi yinxalenye Ye-Indo-Aryan okanye usapho lolwimi Lwaseindiya, kwaye yenye yeelwimi ezisemthethweni Zaseindiya.
Ngenkulungwane ye-14 impembelelo yamapersi yayibalulekile kwiindawo ezisemantla Eindiya kwaye yabangela ukuphuhliswa kolwimi Lwekhariboli, ukhokho wamahindu anamhlanje. Ngenkulungwane ye-16, Ubukhosi Basemughal basasaza impembelelo yabo Kulo Lonke Elaseindiya kwaye oku kwaphumela ekusasazeni ulwimi Lwesiurdu, olusuka kwisiarabhu nasepersia oluxubene nolwimi lwekhariboli lomthonyama. Olu lwimi luxubeneyo lwalusetyenziselwa injongo yoncwadi nolawulo kwaye lwaziwa ngokuba Yihindustani ethathwa njengengaphambili kuzo Zombini Iurdu Nesihindi.
I-British Raj yaba negalelo kuphuhliso oluqhubekayo Lwamahindu. Imibhalo Yamahindu yaguqulelwa kwiskripthi Sedevanagari, iskripthi esisasetyenziswa nanamhlanje. Ngexesha lolawulo lwabo, Amabritane akhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwesingesi abantu abaninzi bamkela isingesi njengolwimi lwabo oluthandayo. Nangona kunjalo izikolo ezifundiswe kwi-devanagari script, zikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa Kwesihindi.
Ngowe-1949, kwaqatshelwa iindidi ezimbini ezahlukahlukeneyo zesihindustani: Isihindi, esibhalwe kwiskripthi Sedevanagari Nesiurdu, esibhalwe kwiskripthi sesipersi nesiarabhu. Isihindi sele sithandwa kakhulu Kwaye ngoku lolona lwimi luthethwayo Eindiya.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesihindi?

1. U-Amir Khusro: imbongi enkulu Yesufi kunye nomculi, owabhala ngesipersi, isiarabhu nesihindi, udunyiswa ngokudala isimbo esahlukileyo somculo We-indian classical owaziwa ngokuba yiqawwali. Ukwathweswe icala lokuduma kokusetshenziswa kolimi lwesihindustani oluhlanganisa izakhamuzi namapersi.
2. U-Subhadra Kumari Chauhan: udla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi "nightingale Yaseindiya" ngenxa yombongo wakhe odumileyo "Ujhani ki Rani" osebenza njengokhuthazo kumfazi waseindiya wanamhlanje.
3. Uhazari Prasad Dwivedi: wayengumlobi obalaseleyo, umphengululi kunye nomgxeki obhala ngokubanzi malunga neencwadi Zesihindi. Usolwa ngokuduma kwezinhlelo zoncwadi i - 'chhayawadi'ezifuna ukuphuhlisa isitayela soncwadi Samahindu.
4. Umahadevi Vera: imbongi eyaziwayo, wayengomnye woovulindlela bechhayawadi. Wayesaziwa ngemibongo yakhe yobufazi kwaye imibhalo yakhe yayiluhlobo lokuqhankqalaza ngokuchasene nemilinganiselo yobuothodoki.
5. I-Premchand: uthathwa njengoyena mbhali ubalaseleyo Waseindiya Kunye nombhali wamabali amafutshane. Iinoveli zakhe zinika ukuqonda ngobomi kwi-Indian-independence, kwaye imisebenzi yakhe isafundwa ngokubanzi kwaye iyanconywa.

Yintoni i-hindu language structure?

Isakhiwo solwimi Lwesihindi sisekelwe kwi-SOV (umxholo-isenzi-isenzi) umyalelo. Ikwasebenzisa iskripthi Sedevanagari ekubhaleni. Isihindi lulwimi oluxinzelelekileyo olune-morphology etyebileyo equka izimamva, izimaphambili kunye nokudibanisa. Kukwakho nokudityaniswa okusekwe kwisini kunye nenani.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwesihindi ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Bukela Ama-movie Ama-Hindi nge-subtitles Ukubukela iimovie Zesihindi yindlela entle yokuziqhelanisa nolwimi nenkcubeko, kunye nokufunda amagama amatsha kunye namabinzana. Fumana ifilimu enomdla kuwe, ubeke izihloko kwaye uqale ukufunda.
2. Mamela iipodcasts kunye nonomathotholo. Ukumamela yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokufunda naluphi na ulwimi. Mamela iipodcasts, iinkqubo zikanomathotholo Zaseindiya, kunye nomculo ukuze uziqhelanise nezandi Zesihindi.
3. Practice ukubhala. Ukubhala yindlela entle yokuziqhelanisa negrama kunye nopelo lwakho. Qiniseka ukuba ubhala kuzo zombini iskripthi Se-Devanagari kunye neskripthi sesilatini.
4. Thatha iklasi okanye usebenzise isifundo esikwi-intanethi. Ukuthatha iklasi okanye ukusebenzisa isifundo se-intanethi kunokukunceda ufumane intshayelelo kwiziseko zegrama Yesihindi kunye nesigama.
5. Sebenzisa usetyenziso lweselfowuni okanye umdlalo. Kukho ezininzi mobile apps kwaye imidlalo ezikhoyo ukuba uza kukunceda ukufunda Isihindi ngendlela fun kwaye interactive indlela.
6. Gxininisa kwingxoxo. Nje ukuba uqonde iziseko ezisisiseko, eyona ndlela yokuphucula Isihindi sakho kukuziqhelanisa nokuthetha. Fumana iqabane lolwimi, thetha nabantu bendawo xa undwendwela I-India, okanye ujoyine uluntu oluthetha Isihindi kwi-intanethi.

Lithuania yi ilizwe elincinane ebekwe kwi-I-Baltic mmandla, emntla Yurophu. Likhaya lolwimi olwahlukileyo kunye nenkcubeko ebijikeleze iinkulungwane. Ngenxa yoko, iinkonzo zokuguqulela zaselithuania zifunwa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela, njengoko unxibelelwano lwehlabathi luye lubaluleke ngakumbi.

Ilithuania ithathwa njengolwimi lwakudala, kwaye yabhalwa kuqala kwiincwadi zekhulu le-16. Oku kuthetha ukuba yenye yeelwimi ezindala ezibhaliweyo Eyurophu. Olu lwimi luchazwa njengenxalenye yesebe Lasebaltic losapho Lweelwimi Zase-Indo-European, oluquka ilatvia Neprussia. I-Lithuanian yabelana ngeendlela ezifanayo kunye nezi lwimi, ezifana negrama kunye nesigama esifanayo.

Kulabo bafuna ukuguqulela izinto ukusuka elithuania ukuya kwezinye iilwimi, kukho iinkampani ezininzi ezibonelela ngeenkonzo ezizodwa. Abaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo banokusingatha yonke into ukusuka kumaxwebhu asemthethweni ukuya kwiinguqulelo zeshishini. Ukongeza, ezinye iinkampani zibonelela ngeenguqulelo zesingesi eziqinisekisiweyo zamaxwebhu asemthethweni. Uninzi lweenkonzo zokuguqulela zaselithuania zikwagxile kwiinguqulelo zonyango nezemali, kunye newebhusayithi kunye nesoftware yendawo.

Xa ukhetha inkampani yeenkonzo zokuguqulela zaselithuania, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaguquleli abasebenzela inkampani banamava kwaye banolwazi malunga nolwimi. Umgangatho wokuguqulela awuxhomekeke kuphela ekuchanekeni kolwimi lomguquleli, kodwa kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukuqonda inkcubeko kunye neelwimi zendawo.

Ngeeprojekthi ezinkulu, kunokuba luncedo ukuqesha iqela lonke labaguquleli abakwaziyo ukusebenza kunye ukubonelela ngeziphumo ezilungileyo. Oku kuvumela abaguquleli ukuba baphonononge umsebenzi womnye nomnye, baqinisekise ukuba imveliso egqityiweyo ihlangabezana nemigangatho ephezulu yokuchaneka kunye nomgangatho.

Nokuba ufuna ukuguqulela uxwebhu olusemthethweni okanye iwebhusayithi, iinkonzo zoguqulo lwaselithuania zinokuqinisekisa ukuba iprojekthi yakho igqityiwe ngokuchanekileyo nangokufanelekileyo. Ukuba unenkampani efanelekileyo, unokuqiniseka ukuba uya kufumana uguqulelo oluphezulu oluya kuqondakala ngokwenene kubaphulaphuli bakho.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ilithuania?

Ulwimi lwaselithuania luthethwa ikakhulu Elithuania, Naselatvia, E-Estonia, kwiindawo Zasepoland, nakwingingqi Yasekaliningrad Yaserussia.

Lithuanian imbali izinga lotshintshiselwano

Imbali yolwimi lwaselithuania yaqala kwingingqi Yebaltic eyaqala ngo-6500 bc iingcambu zayo zembali kukholelwa ukuba zithathwe kulwimi Lwe-Proto-Indo-European, ebelulwimi lwezinyanya lweelwimi Ezininzi Zaseyurophu. Ilithuania kukholelwa ukuba yenye yeelwimi zakudala E-Indo-European, kunye nezihlobo zayo ezisondeleyo yisanskrit nesilatini.
Imizekelo yakudala yesilithuania ebhaliweyo inokulandelwa kwinkulungwane ye-16. Kwaphuhliswa ngoko ziingcali zeelwimi kunye nabavangeli basemazweni abasebenzisa i-Latin alfabhethi ukudala inkqubo yokubhala yolwimi. Le nkqubo yaphuhliswa ngakumbi Ngumartynas Mažvydas phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-16. Incwadi yokuqala ngesi Lithuanian, esihloko sithi "Catechismus", yapapashwa ngo-1547.
Ukususela ngekhulu le-18, ilithuania iye yafumana ukuguqulwa okukhulu kwigrama, isipelingi kunye nesigama. Ulwimi lwamkela amagama amaninzi avela kwezinye iilwimi Zesislavic Kunye Nesijamani, phakathi kwabanye. Ngexesha Lesoviet, ezinye iinkalo zolwimi zatshintshwa kakhulu, njengokulula kwesenzi.
Namhlanje, ilithuania ithethwa ngokwendalo ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3. Ikwayenye yeelwimi ezisemthethweni Ze-European Union, kunye nolwimi olusemthethweni Elithuania, Latvia, Kunye Nezizwe ezimanyeneyo.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwaselithuania?

1. U-Adomas Jakštas ( 1895-1975) - umbhali-mlando woncwadi, i-philologist kunye nomlobi owayengomnye wamanani anempembelelo ekuphuhlisweni kolwimi lwaselithuania kunye nomgangatho walo.
2. Ujonas Jablonskis (1860-1930) - ingcali yeelwimi eyaziwa ngokudala ulwimi lwangoku lwaselithuania olusekelwe kwiilwimi zesamogitian kunye Neaukštaitija.
3. Uaugustinas Janulaitis (1886-1972) - inani elikhulu kwiilwimi zaselithuania ezifunda imbali, isakhiwo kunye neelwimi zolwimi.
4. Uvincas Krusvevičius (1882-1954) - umbhali onolwazi oluninzi owabhala ngokubanzi malunga nenkcubeko kunye nolwimi lwaselithuania kuzo zombini iifom eziqhelekileyo kunye nolwimi.
5. I-cygimantas Kuzminskis ( 1898-1959) - ingcali yeelwimi ezidumileyo ezisebenza ukuguqula ulwimi lwaselithuania, ukuphuhlisa imigaqo yegrama, kunye nokwenza isichazi-magama sokuqala esibanzi solwimi.

Uluphi ulwimi lwaselithuania?

Ulwimi lwaselithuania lulilungu losapho Lweelwimi Zasebaltic. Lulwimi oluchaphazelekileyo olusebenzisa isibizo kunye nokungena kwesichazi, kunye nokudityaniswa kwezenzi ezahlukeneyo. Kwakhona kukho inani elikhulu le-morphology ye-agglutinative eyakhelwe kulwimi. Umyalelo wegama elisisiseko ngumxholo-isenzi-into.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwaselithuania ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana ikhosi elungileyo okanye inkqubo: Khangela inkqubo yokuntywila eya kukunika ithuba lokuntywila ngokwenyani kulwimi. Cinga ngokuthatha iklasi kwikholeji yasekuhlaleni, ukuya kwisikolo solwimi Elithuania, okanye ukuzama ikhosi ye-intanethi.
2. Thenga incwadi yokufunda ulwimi: Ukutyala imali kwincwadi yokufunda ulwimi kuya kukunceda uhambisane nazo zonke iziseko zegrama yaselithuania kunye nesigama.
3. Mamela umculo waselithuania kwaye ubukele iimovie: Ziqhelanise nezandi kunye nokubizwa kolwimi lwaselithuania ngokumamela umculo waselithuania, ukubukela imiboniso kamabonwakude, kunye neefilimu ngesilithuania.
4. Ziqhelise ukubiza kwakho: Ukuziqhelanisa kwenza ugqibelele! Qhubeka uqhelisela ukubiza kwakho ukuze uphucule ukuqonda kwakho kunye nokutyibilika. Unokusebenzisa izixhobo ezifana Ne-Forvo okanye I-Rhinospike ukuva indlela abantu bomthonyama ababiza ngayo amagama ahlukeneyo.
5. Fumana izithethi zomthonyama kwaye uziqhelanise nokuthetha: Zama ukujoyina iiwebhusayithi zokutshintshiselana ngeelwimi okanye ukuhlangana kolwimi lokusingatha ukufumana izithethi zomthonyama zaselithuania ezinokukunceda uziqhelanise nezakhono zakho zokuncokola.
6. Sebenzisa izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo: Sukuzibekela umda kwimithombo enye. Sebenzisa iiapps kunye neewebhusayithi ukongeza amava akho okufunda, Dueduolingo okanye Ibabbel. Unokufumana kwakhona iipodcasts eziluncedo kunye neevidiyo Zeyoutube ezixoxa ngolwimi lwelithuania kunye nenkcubeko.