Isijamani Isi-indonesian Guqulela

Ukuba ufuna indlela yokunxibelelana nabathengi bamanye amazwe, okanye ukuba ufuna uncedo ekuguquleleni uxwebhu olubalulekileyo ukusuka kwisijamani ukuya kwisingesi, iinkonzo zokuguqulela isijamani zinokunceda. Isijamani yindlela ebalulekileyo ulwimi Kwi-Yurophu, zombini kuba ushishino kwaye personal unxibelelwano. Kuthethwa zizigidi zabantu Ejamani, Eostriya, Eswitzerland Naseluxembourg, nakwezinye iindawo zasebelgium, Eitali, Efransi nakwamanye amazwe. Ngenxa yoko, iinkonzo zokuguqulela zasejamani zifunwa kakhulu.

Xa kuziwa kwiinkonzo zokuguqulela zesijamani, kukho izinto ezininzi ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Okokuqala, kufuneka uthathe isigqibo malunga nenjongo yokuguqulela kwaye ukhethe umboneleli wenkonzo yokuguqulela. Umzekelo, uxwebhu olusemthethweni luya kufuna uhlobo olwahlukileyo lokuguqulela kunephepha lasekhaya kwiwebhusayithi. Umguquleli oguqulelayo kufuneka abe nakho ukubonelela abaguquleli abanamava kuhlobo oluthile lokuguqulela olifunayo. Kukwabalulekile ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kokuguqulelwa kunye nokufumaneka kwendawo. Inguqulelo ibandakanya ukudlulisela ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo yombhalo ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye, ngelixa ulwakhiwo lwasekhaya luthathela ingqalelo umahluko wengingqi kunye nenkcubeko onokuthi uhambelane noguqulelo.

Xa ukhetha umguquleli wasejamani, kubalulekile ukuba ukhangele umntu onamava okuguqulela amaxwebhu ukusuka kwisijamani ukuya kwisingesi. Iinkonzo zokuguqulela ngobuchule kufuneka zibandakanye ukuhlolwa okusisiseko kunye nokuhlelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba uxwebhu oluguqulelweyo luchanekile, lucacile, kwaye luhambelana nomthombo wokuqala. Xa ukhetha umboneleli wenkonzo yokuguqulela, kubalulekile ukujonga izingqinisiso kunye neziqinisekiso, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba umguquleli uqhelene neelwimi zesijamani kunye ne-colloquialisms.

Xa kuziwa ekuguquleleni amaxwebhu asejamani, kubalulekile ukuba unikele ingqalelo kuzo naziphi na iimfuno zokufomatha. Ukuba uxwebhu lubandakanya ukufomatha okukhethekileyo, njengetafile kunye noluhlu, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba zifomathiwe ngokufanelekileyo kwinguqulelo. Oku kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi luboniswa ngokucacileyo nangokusemthethweni kwinguqulelo eguqulelweyo.

Ngokuthatha ixesha lokukhetha iinkonzo zokuguqulela zasejamani, amashishini angaqinisekisa ukuba amaxwebhu abo aguqulelwe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye aphephe iimpazamo ezibizayo. Abaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo abanamava kwi-German-English translation banokunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaxwebhu aguqulelwe ngokucacileyo nangokuchanekileyo, ekuncedeni ukuququzelela unxibelelwano olusebenzayo kunye nabathengi bamanye amazwe kunye namaqabane.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isijamani?

Isijamani lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasejamani, Iaustria, Iswitzerland, Iliechtenstein, Iluxembourg, Nomzantsi Tyrol Eitali. Ikwayilwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Ebelgium (Kwingingqi Yeflemish), Kumantla Erhine-Westphalia, nakwezinye iindawo zasejamani. Isijamani sikwathethwa kwimimandla Yasempuma Yurophu, njengealsace Nelorraine Efransi, amaphondo athile Asepoland, Emzantsi Jutland Edenmark, Esilesia Kwiriphabliki yaseczech, neminye imimandla yomda Enetherlands Nasehungary. Ukongezelela, isijamani lulwimi oluthethwa ngabantu abambalwa kwiindawo Ezithile Eitali, Eromania, Ekazakhstan Nasenamibia.

Yintoni imbali yesijamani?

Ulwimi lwasejamani luyinxalenye Yentsapho Ye-Indo-European kwaye yenye yeelwimi ezindala Eyurophu. Kukholelwa ukuba ivela Kwiproto-Germanic, ulwimi lwakudala oluthethwa ngabantu Basejamani Basenyakatho Yurophu. Ngenkulungwane yesi-2 AD, yayisele ikhule yaba ziilwimi ezahlukeneyo, ezaqhubeka nokuvela ukutyhubela iinkulungwane.
Ngenkulungwane ye-9, izizwe Zasejamani zazimanyene phantsi Kwecharlemagne kwaye ulwimi lwazo lwaqala ukubonakala njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokunxibelelana. Kwinkulungwane ye-11th, iintlobo ezimbini Endala High German kwavela njengolwimi oluphambili uncwadi, uncwadi, nenkcubeko; Eliphakathi Eliphezulu German kwimimandla ephezulu Irhine Kunye Upper Saxony, Kunye Upper German Ebavaria Naseostriya.
Ngenkulungwane ye-14, ukuveliswa kokushicilela nokunyuka komatshini wokushicilela kwanceda ekumiseleni umgangatho wolwimi kwaza kwakhokelela ekupapashweni kwemisebenzi efana "Nomthetho Kagrimm," owamisela imithetho yokubhala nokuthetha ulwimi.
Ngexesha lokuhlola nokukhanyisa, ukuphuhliswa kwesijamani sanamhlanje kwaqala ngokuqaliswa kwesigama esitsha kunye negrama elula. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, ulwimi lwesijamani lwahlanganiswa, kunye Nolwimi Oluphakathi Noluphezulu lwesijamani lube lulwimi olusemthethweni lwelizwe. Ulwimi luyaqhubeka nokuphuhlisa kwaye luguquke namhlanje kwaye lolunye lweelwimi ezithethwa kakhulu kwihlabathi.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwasejamani?

1. Umartin Luther (1483-1546): Umartin Luther wayenoxanduva lokudala isiseko solwimi lwangoku lwesijamani ngokuguqulela Ibhayibhile kwisijamani kunye nokuphuhlisa uhlobo olutsha lokubhala olusebenzisa iziyelelane ezimbini eziphambili zasejamani ngelo xesha: Ijamani Ephezulu Kunye Ne-Lower Saxon. Impembelelo yakhe isavakalelwa namhlanje kulwakhiwo kunye nopelo lolwimi lwasejamani.
2. Ujohann Wolfgang Von Goethe (1749-1832): Ugoethe wayeyimbongi edumileyo, umbhali wokudlala, kunye nomlobi wenoveli owayesebenza ukumanyanisa iilwimi ezahlukeneyo zesijamani kulwimi olunye olumiselweyo. Waqulunqa amagama amaninzi asejamani afana ne" schadenfreude", "weltschmerz", kunye ne "landsknecht". Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, imisebenzi yakhe isafundwa zizithethi zasejamani kwihlabathi liphela.
3. Uheinrich Himmler (1900-1945): Uhimmler wayeligosa Elinempembelelo Yamanazi elalinegalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lolwimi lwasejamani. Wayedume ngokuqulunqa amagama amatsha kunye nokunika abantu abadala iintsingiselo ezintsha ukuqinisekisa ukuba zihambelana neengcamango Zamanazi, ngaloo ndlela ziqinisekisa ukuba ziya kuhlala ixesha elide nangemva kokuwa kolawulo.
4. U-Ulrich Ammon (1937-2006): U-Ammon wayengumlimi ofunda ukuphuhliswa kolwimi lwasejamani ngokuhamba kwexesha. Wabhala iincwadi zegrama kunye neencwadi zezifundo, wasungula umbutho Wedeutsche Sprache e. V, kwaye wakhonza njengomongameli Wombutho Wophando Lwezenzululwazi Kunye Namaxwebhu Olwimi lwasejamani ukusuka ngo-1982-2006.
5. Fritz (Frederic) Kempe (1945-): Kempe yi ulwimi isijamani othe wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo ulwimi isijamani, ingakumbi ngokwemiqathango syntax. Wabhala iincwadi ezininzi kwi-syntax yesijamani kwaye iingcamango zakhe ziye zaba nefuthe elikhulu kwindlela ulwimi lwesijamani olufundiswa ngayo ezikolweni.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi German?

Ulwimi lwesijamani lunokuchazwa njengolwimi oluqhelekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba isebenzisa izinto zombini zeelwimi zokuhlalutya kunye nezenziweyo, ezibangela ukuhlanganiswa kwayo, ubuninzi kunye nokuchasana okwenziwa ngokudibanisa iinxalenye ezininzi zamagama. Ukongeza, isijamani sinamatyala amane aphambili (ukutyunjwa, ukutyholwa, i-dative, kunye ne-genitive), kwaye izenzi zidibaniswa ngokomntu, inombolo, kunye nomoya.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwasejamani ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Zifake Ngokwakho: eyona ndlela ukufunda isijamani kukuba immerse ngokwakho kuyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Yenza umzamo wokunxibelelana ngesijamani nabantu, ubukele umabonwakude wasejamani kunye neefilimu, kwaye umamele unomathotholo wasejamani. Chitha ixesha kunye nezithethi zomthonyama zasejamani kwaye uzibandakanye neengxoxo kunye nabo ngesijamani.
2. Fumana Incwadi Elungileyo yesijamani: incwadi elungileyo yesikhokelo inokukunceda ngegrama kunye nesigama, kwaye inokukunika imithambo yokuziqhelanisa nezinto ozifundayo.
3. Sebenzisa Indlela Yakho Yokubiza: ukubizwa kwamagama kungundoqo ekuqondeni. Njengoko ufunda amagama amatsha kunye namabinzana, qiniseka ukuba uqhelisela ukubiza kwakho de uzive uqinisekile ngayo.
4. Sebenzisa Izixhobo Ezikwi-Intanethi: zininzi izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi zokukunceda ufunde isijamani. Khangela iiwebhusayithi kunye neeapps ezibonelela ngemithambo esebenzisanayo, ukurekhodwa kweaudiyo yezithethi zomthonyama zasejamani, kunye nezinye izixhobo zokukunceda ufunde kwaye uziqhelanise.
5. Sebenzisa Itekhnoloji: kukho zonke iintlobo zeapps, iipodcasts, kunye nezinye izixhobo ezisekwe kubuchwephesha ukukunceda uphucule izakhono zakho zolwimi. Zama ukusebenzisa enye okanye ezingaphezulu kwezi rhoqo, ukuze izifundo zakho zolwimi ziqinise iteknoloji.
6. Joyina Inkqubo Yokutshintshiselana Ngolwimi: iinkqubo zokutshintshiselana Ngeelwimi ngamathuba amahle okuziqhelanisa nokuthetha nezithethi zasejamani zomthonyama kunye nokuphucula ukubiza kwakho.

Inguqulelo Yesi-Indonesia: Isikhokelo Esibanzi

Ulwimi Lwaseindonesia sisixhobo esikhulu sonxibelelwano kwihlabathi namhlanje, kunye nezithethi zomthonyama ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-237. Ngaloo ndlela, iinkonzo zokuguqulela Zaseindonesia zifunwa kakhulu, kunye namashishini kunye nabantu ngokufanayo bajonge ukuguqulela umxholo wabo kulwimi lolunye lwezoqoqosho olukhulu emhlabeni. Kwesi sikhokelo sibanzi, siza kuphonononga konke okufuneka ukwazi malunga noguqulelo Lwaseindonesia, apho iilwimi zithethwa khona kwezona ndlela zilungileyo zokusebenza nabaguquleli Baseindonesia.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqonda iilwimi Ezahlukeneyo Zolwimi Lwaseindonesia. Nangona Ulwimi Lwaseburhulumenteni lusetyenziswa ngurhulumente kunye nemfundo, kukho iilwimi ezininzi zommandla ezithethwa ngabantu bemihla ngemihla. Umzekelo, Ijavanese lolona lwimi luxhaphakileyo Eindonesia, lusetyenziswa phantse kwisithathu sabemi, ngelixa Isundanese ithetha malunga ne-17%. Ezinye iilwimi zengingqi zibandakanya Ibetawi, Imadurese, Iminangkabau, Kunye Neacehnese.

Xa ukhangela umguquleli Waseindonesia, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkonzo oyisebenzisayo iqhelekile kulwimi oluthile olufunayo. Oku kuya kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba uguqulelo lwakho luchanekile kwaye aluchanekanga kunxibelelwano olubi. Ngaphezu koko, iiarhente ezininzi zokuguqulela ezinobuchule ziya kuba nabaguquleli abaziingcali kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo zommandla, ngoko qiniseka ukuba ufumana umguquleli ofanelekileyo weprojekthi yakho.

Nje ukuba ufumane umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo Waseindonesia, kukho iindlela ezimbalwa ezilungileyo ekufuneka uzilandele ukuqinisekisa ukuba ufumana okuninzi kwinkonzo yakho yokuguqulela. Okokuqala nokuphambili, nika umguquleli ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga neprojekthi yakho, kubandakanya imithombo yemithombo, nasiphi na isigama onokusisebenzisa, kunye nabaphulaphuli bakho ekujoliswe kubo. Umguquleli onamava uya kuba nakho ukusebenza nale ngcaciso ukukunika iinguqulelo ezichanekileyo nezifanelekileyo ngokwenkcubeko.

Enye into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka uyigcinile engqondweni kukubonelela umguquleli wakho ixesha elaneleyo lokwenza umsebenzi wabo. Umguquleli kufuneka anikwe ixesha elaneleyo lokufunda nokuphanda umthombo, kunye nokuphonononga uguqulelo. Ukuba uyangxama, iinguqulelo zakho zisenokubandezeleka.

Ke ngoko, kuhlala kungumbono olungileyo ukujonga uguqulelo kabini ngaphambi kokukhutshwa. Iqela lesibini lamehlo linokubamba naziphi na iintlobo okanye ukungaqondani okunokubakho ngaphambi kokuba basasazeke.

Ngokulandela la manyathelo, unokuqinisekisa ukuba inguqulelo Yakho Yesi-Indonesia ichanekile kwaye ifanelekile ngokwenkcubeko. Ngomguquleli ofanelekileyo, unokunxibelelana ngokuzithemba nehlabathi elithetha I-Indonesia. Ithamsanqa!

Ngawaphi Amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwase-Indonesia?

Isi-indonesia lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwaseindonesia, kwaye ikwathethwa Empuma Timor nakwimimandla Yasemalaysia.

Lithini agama Lokuthela E-Indonesia?

Ulwimi Lwaseindonesia, ekwabizwa ngokuba Yi-Bahasa Indonesia, lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwaseindonesia kwaye luneengcambu zalo kuhlobo oludala Lwesimalay. Ulwimi lwakuqala Lwesimalay, Olwaziwa Ngokuba Yi-Old Malay, lwalusetyenziswa kwiziqithi ezininzi Zasemalay ukusuka kwinkulungwane yesi-7 CE. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, urhwebo kunye nokusasazeka Kwamasilamsi kwaphembelela ngakumbi ulwimi kwaye ekugqibeleni lwahlulahlulwe lwaba ziilwimi Ezininzi Ezahlukeneyo Zesimalay kunye neziyelelane. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, oorhulumente bamadatshi bazisa amagama amaninzi okuboleka imali kulwimi, olwaziwa Ngokuba Sisimalaysia. Ekugqibeleni, ngenkulungwane yama-20, ulwimi lwaguqukela ngakumbi kwinto ngoku eyaziwa Ngokuba Sisithetha Sanamhlanje Saseindonesia. Ulwimi lwabhengezwa njengolwimi olusemthethweni lwesizwe Sase-Indonesian ngo-1945 emva kwenkululeko yelizwe, kwaye ukusukela ngoko, ulwimi luqhubekile nokuphuhlisa, kunye nesigama esitsha kunye nopelo olwamkelweyo.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwaseindonesia?

1. U-Amir Syarifuddin (1861-1916) wayesaziwa ngokuba Ngu 'Uyise Weencwadi Zaseindonesia' kwaye wabhala imisebenzi emininzi ephawulekayo, kuquka "Irangkaian Puisi dan Prosa" (Ikhonkco Lemibongo Kunye Neprose).
2. Uradenas Soewardi Soerjaningrat (1903-1959): uthathwa njengomseki wolwimi lwangoku Lwaseindonesia kwaye unoxanduva lokudala Isichazi-Magama Solwimi Lwase-Indonesian.
3. I-Pramoedya Ananta Toer (1925-2006): Utoer wayengumlobi owaziwayo Wase-Indonesia kunye nombhali-mbali owabhala iincwadi ezininzi ngesi-Indonesia nesidatshi. Kwakhona wancedisa ekuphuhliseni isitayela sanamhlanje sokubhala ngolwimi Lwase-Indonesia.
4. Umohammad Yamin (1903-1962): wayengumlobi wezopolitiko wase-Indonesia kunye nomlobi owadlala indima enkulu ekusekeni Iriphabhlikhi Yaseindonesia. Kwakhona wabhala ngokubanzi malunga nokuguqulwa kweelwimi, ekuncedeni ukudala ulwimi lwesizwe olufanayo.
5. U-Emha Ainun Nadjib (1937-): owaziwa nangokuthi 'Ugus Mus's', uyimbongi kunye nombhali wezincoko obhale ngokubanzi kuphuhliso loncwadi Lwase-Indonesia. Imisebenzi yakhe ihlala idunyiswa ngenxa yokuqonda kwabo okuhlekisayo kunye nefilosofi.

Luluphi ulwimi oluthethwa Ngabantu Baseindonesia?

Ulwakhiwo lolwimi Lwaseindonesia lusekwe kusapho lweelwimi Zase-Australia, elisebe leqela elikhulu Lolwimi Lwesimalayo Nolwesipolynesia. Ulwimi lwesifundo-isenzi-into kwaye ine-syntax elula kunye nemithetho embalwa yegrama. Uninzi lwamagama aluchaphazelekanga kwaye ixesha lesenzi liboniswa ngokusetyenziswa kwezenzi ezincedisayo. I-Indonesian nayo ilwimi lokuguga, kunye nezimamva ezininzi kunye nezimaphambili ezongezwe kwiindawo zayo ezahlukeneyo zentetho. Ulwimi alunawo umahluko ngokwesini, kwaye luneendlela ezintathu eziphambili zedilesi.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwase-Indonesia ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana incwadi elungileyo yolwimi Lwaseindonesia kwaye uyifunde ngokucokisekileyo. Qinisekisa ukusebenzisa isigama sakho, ukubiza, kunye nokudibanisa isenzi.
2. Thatha iklasi Yolwimi Lwaseindonesia ukuba kunokwenzeka. Inokukunceda ufunde igrama efanelekileyo kunye nokubiza amagama kwaye ikunike ithuba lokuziqhelanisa nokuthetha nezithethi zomthonyama.
3. Bukela iimovie zaseindonesia okanye iinkqubo zikamabonwakude ukuze ufumane isiphatho esingcono kulwimi.
4. Mamela Umculo Waseindonesia kunye neepodcasts. Oku kunokwenziwa ukusuka kwintuthuzelo yekhaya lakho kwaye kuya kukunika ukubonakaliswa ngakumbi kulwimi.
5. Bala Isi-Indonesia. Le yindlela entle yokuphucula ukuqonda kwakho ukufunda kunye nokwandisa isigama sakho.
6. Ukuthetha Nabantu base-Indonesia. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, yiya Eindonesia ukuze ufumane amava okuntywila kwaye ufumane amathuba okuziqhelanisa nezithethi zomthonyama.
7. Thatha ikhefu amaxesha ngamaxesha. Ukufunda naluphi na ulwimi kunokuba yirhafu, ke qiniseka ukuba uthatha ikhefu xa uyidinga kwaye ungalibali ukonwaba ngelixa ufunda!