Isitshayina Icelandic Guqulela

Inguqulelo Yesitshayina: Isikhokelo Esibanzi

I-China izele ngamathuba amashishini afuna ukuthumela ngaphandle iimveliso kunye neenkonzo zawo kwintengiso enkulu, ehlala ikhula. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobukhulu Be China kunye neelwimi zayo ezininzi, uninzi lwala mashishini lufuna iinkonzo zokuguqulela zasetshayina ezisemgangathweni. Kule nqaku, siza kubonelela ngesishwankathelo esibanzi senguqulelo Yesitshayina kwaye sixoxe ngezinye zezinto ekufuneka uziqwalasele xa ukhetha umboneleli wenkonzo yokuguqulela.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zolwimi oluthethwa E-China. Isimandarin, ekwabizwa Ngokuba Yimandarin, lulwimi olusemthethweni Lweriphabhlikhi Yabantu Base China kwaye lolona lwimi lusetyenziswa kakhulu kweli lizwe. Ezinye iindidi eziphambili zeelwimi zengingqi ziquka I-Wu (ulwimi lwengingqi yasejiangsu), Isicanton (ulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasehong Kong Nasemacau), Kunye Nemin (ulwimi lwephondo Lasefujian). Zonke ezi ntlobo zolwimi ziqondakala ngokulinganayo ukuya kwinqanaba, kodwa kukho umahluko owaneleyo phakathi kwazo ukuze zifune iinkonzo ezikhethekileyo zokuguqulela.

Xa ukhetha umnikezeli wenkonzo yokuguqulela, kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba baqhelene neentlobo zolwimi ozifunayo ziguqulelwe. Ababoneleli abaninzi banikezela ngeenkonzo zolwimi olubanzi, kodwa abanye bagxininisa kwiintlobo ezimbini okanye ezimbini zolwimi oluphambili. Kukwakho nokhetho lokuqesha umguquleli ozalelwe ngolwimi olunye kwaye aqeqeshwe ngobuchule kolunye – njengesithethi sendabuko Sasemandarin esikwaziyo ngesicanton.

Enye into ekufuneka uyiqwalasele xa ukhetha inkonzo yokuguqulela ngumgangatho wokuguqulela kwabo. Buza umboneleli wakho wezempilo ngemizekelo yomsebenzi wakho ukuvavanya ukuchaneka kunye nokungaguquguquki. Kukwabalulekile ukuba uqiniseke ukuba umboneleli wakho ulandela ezona ndlela zibalaseleyo zeshishini ukuqinisekisa imigangatho ephezulu yomgangatho, njengokubonelela ngeelwimi zexesha lokwenyani ngobuchule bezifundo kwiprojekthi nganye.

Okokugqibela, amaxabiso yinto ebalulekileyo ekufuneka uyigcine engqondweni xa ukhetha umboneleli ngenkonzo yokuguqulela. Ababoneleli abaninzi banikezela ngeephakheji zamaxabiso akhuphisanayo, abhetyebhetye kunye nezaphulelo kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu. Kubalulekile ukuba uxoxe ngohlahlo - lwabiwo mali kunye nomboneleli wakho kwaye uqiniseke ukuba iindleko zeprojekthi ziyinyani kwaye ziyafikeleleka.

Ukuqukumbela, uguqulelo Lwesitshayina lunokuba ngumsebenzi onzima kwaye unzima, kodwa ngomboneleli ofanelekileyo, unokuqinisekisa ukuguqulelwa okuchanekileyo nokuthembekileyo kuyo nayiphi na iprojekthi. Ngokuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeelwimi ezithethwa E-China, ukukhetha umboneleli wenkonzo yokuguqulela onikezela ngeenkonzo ezisemgangathweni, kunye nokuqwalasela amaxabiso, unokuqinisekisa ukuba ufumana eyona nguqulelo yesitshayina yeprojekthi yakho.

Ngawaphi Amazwe athetha Isitshayina?

Isitshayina sithethwa E-China, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Brunei, Philippines, nakwamanye amazwe anoluntu olukhulu Lwasetshayina.

Ziziphi iimbali Zamatshayina?

Ulwimi Lwasetshayina lolunye lweelwimi ezindala emhlabeni, kunye nembali ebhaliweyo ebuyela umva ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-3 500. Kukholelwa ukuba yavela kwiindlela zangaphambili Zesitshayina esithethiweyo kwaye inokulandelwa emva Kwe-Shang dynasty yamandulo (1766-1046 BC). Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, iilwimi ezahlukeneyo zaphuhliswa zaza zasasazeka kulo lonke ummandla, zikhokelela kulwimi oluqhelekileyo Lwesimandarin esiyaziyo namhlanje. Kuyo yonke imbali yayo, ukubhalwa Kwetshayina kuye kwaphenjelelwa kakhulu bububuddha Kunye Nobuconfucius, obuchaphazele kakhulu inkcubeko kunye noncwadi Lwasetshayina.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwasetshayina?

1. Uconfucius (551-479 BCE): ifilosofi yasetshayina kunye notitshala ubizwa ngokuba ngumsunguli wesikolo Sokucinga Sikaconfucius, esiphembelele kakhulu inkcubeko yasetshayina kunye nolwimi.
2. Uzheng He( 1371-1435): umhloli wamazwe owaziwayo Wasetshayina kunye nomphathi, uhambo Lukazheng He lokuhlola lwaseka unxibelelwano oluhlala luhleli phakathi kwabantu Basempuma Ekude Nakumbindi Mpuma abasabalulekile kulwimi Lwasetshayina namhlanje.
3. I-Lu Xun (1881-1936): Ulu Xun wayengumlobi Wasetshayina kunye noguquko olwandise kakhulu ukusetyenziswa Kwetshayina yolwimi ngokuchaseneyo neendlela ezisemthethweni zolwimi, ezibeka isigaba Sesitshayina esibhaliweyo.
4. Mao Zedong (1893-1976): Mao Zedong yaba inkokeli yezopolitiko Chinese ovelise inkqubo Pinyin Romanization for the Chinese ulwimi, leyo revolution ukufundisa nokufunda zombini ethethiweyo kunye ebhaliweyo Chinese.
5. Zhou Youguang (1906-2017): Zhou Youuguang waba linguist kwaye entrepreneur abo kwaphuhliswa Isitshayina ulwimi alphabet, eyaziwa njenge Hanyu Pinyin, nto leyo ngoku umgangatho ulwimi ukufundisa Kwi-China.

Ulwakhiwo Njani Ulwimi Chinese?

Ulwimi lwesitshayina lulwimi lwetoni, oko kuthetha ukuba igama elifanayo linokuba neentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kwithoni elithethwayo kuyo. I-Chinese nayo ilwimi yesilabhasi, kunye nesilabhasi nganye equlethe ingcamango enye epheleleyo okanye intsingiselo. Ukongeza, Ulwimi Lwesitshayina lwenziwe ngabalinganiswa (okanye i-hazi), abenziwe ngemivimbo nganye kunye ne-radicals.

Indlela yokufunda Isitshayina ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda iziseko: iitoni, ukubizwa, kunye neziseko zegrama Yasetshayina. 2. Chitha ixesha ufunda kwaye ukhumbule abalinganiswa abaqhelekileyo kunye namabinzana. 3. Ziqhelise yonke imihla ngekhosi ekwi-intanethi okanye isithethi somthonyama. 4. Mamela iipodcasts Zasetshayina okanye ubukele iimovie Zasetshayina ukuze uqhelane nokubizwa kwendabuko. 5. Fumana iqabane lokutshintshiselana ulwimi ukuze uziqhelanise rhoqo. 6. Ndwendwela Ichina okanye uye kwisikolo Solwimi Lwesitshayina ukuze uzicwilise ngolwimi. 7. Funda iincwadi, amaphephandaba kunye neemagazini Ngesitshayina. 8. Joyina uluntu lokufunda Ulwimi Lwasetshayina kwi-intanethi okanye ngokobuqu.

I-Icelandic yenye yeelwimi ezindala ezisathethwayo emhlabeni, kwaye incede ukuchaza inkcubeko kunye nobuni babantu Base-Icelandic kangangeenkulungwane. Ngenxa yoko, kubalulekile ukuba nabani na onxibelelana nabantu Base-Iceland, ezoshishino okanye ezolonwabo, abe nokufikelela kwinkonzo yokuguqulela yase-Iceland ethembekileyo nechanekileyo.

Abaguquleli Abaqeqeshiweyo Baseiceland bayayiqonda indlela oluthethwa ngayo olu lwimi, olunokuba lucelomngeni kakhulu, ekubeni ulwimi Lwaseiceland luyafana kodwa lwahlukile kwezinye iilwimi Zasescandinavia ezinjengesweden nesinorwegian. I-dialect ingahluka phakathi kwemimandla eyahlukeneyo Yase-Iceland, okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu kumntu ongeyena isithethi somthonyama. Umguquleli olungileyo uya kuthatha inkathalo ekhethekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba inguqulelo yabo ayithathi kuphela intsingiselo yokoqobo yesicatshulwa, kodwa nayo nayiphi na imeko yenkcubeko okanye yengingqi enokubaluleka.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iinkonzo zokuguqulela Zaseiceland ziye zafikeleleka ngakumbi. Iiarhente zokuguqulela ngoku zinikezela ngeenkonzo ukunceda abo banqwenela ukunxibelelana nabaphulaphuli Baseiceland zombini kwifom ebhaliweyo, njengamaxwebhu kunye neewebhusayithi, kunye neefom ezibonakalayo ezinjengevidiyo kunye nokurekhodwa komsindo. Iinkonzo ezinjalo zibaluleke ngakumbi kumashishini asebenza kumazwe aphesheya, apho uguqulelo oluchanekileyo noluthembekileyo lubalulekile.

Nangona kunjalo, iinkonzo zokuguqulela zesiicelandic nazo ziluncedo kuye nabani na ofuna ukunxibelelana ngolwazi, okanye ukusuka, kulwimi Lwesiicelandic. Ngokomzekelo, iincwadi nemibhalo-ngqangi ebhalwe Ngesiiceland inokuguqulelwa kubaphulaphuli abaninzi. Ngokufanayo, imisebenzi engeyiyo I-Icelandic inokwenziwa ifumaneke kwizithethi Zaseicelandic, zibavumela ukuba bafikelele kuncwadi, iindaba kunye nemibono evela kwihlabathi liphela.

Ngokubanzi, iinkonzo zokuguqulela Zesiicelandic zibonelela ngonxibelelwano oluxabisekileyo phakathi kwezithethi Zaseicelandic kunye nabaphulaphuli behlabathi. Ke ngoko, ezi nkonzo zibalulekile kuye nabani na onqwenela ukunxibelelana ngokufanelekileyo nabaphulaphuli Base-Iceland.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ulwimi Lwaseiceland?

I-Icelandic ithethwa E-Iceland kuphela, nangona abanye abaphambukeli Basemntla Melika baye baziwa ukuba bayisebenzise njengolwimi lwesibini.

Ziziphi iilwimi ezisemthethweni Zaseiceland?

Ulwimi Lwase-Iceland lulwimi Lwasemantla Ejamani olunobudlelwane Obusondeleyo Ne-Old Norse kwaye luthethwe ngabantu Base-Iceland ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-9th. Yaqala ukurekhodwa kwinkulungwane ye-12 Kwisagas Yaseiceland, eyabhalwa Kwi-Old Norse.
Ngenkulungwane ye-14, Isiiceland sasilulwimi oluphambili Lwaseiceland saza saqalisa ukwahluka kwiingcambu Zaso Ezindala Zasenorse, sivelisa igrama nesigama esitsha. Le nkqubo yakhawuleziswa Ngohlaziyo ngowe-1550, Xa Ubuluthere babulawula Eiceland, nto leyo eyaphumela ekungeneni kweendinyana zonqulo ezisuka kwisidanish nesijamani ezatshintsha olo lwimi ngokusisigxina.
Ngenkulungwane ye-19, Iiceland yaqalisa ukuba nemizi-mveliso emininzi yaza yamkela amagama athile avela kwisingesi nesidanish. Intshukumo yomgangatho wolwimi yaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kunye nohlaziyo lokuqala lokupela ngo-1907-1908. Oku kwakhokelela ekudalweni kolwimi Olumanyeneyo lwaseiceland ngowe-1908, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kubekho uhlaziyo olungakumbi.
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, olu lwimi luye lwenza iinguqulelo ezingakumbi, ngokubandakanywa kwamagama emali-mboleko anamhlanje kunye nemigaqo enxulumene netekhnoloji, kunye nokuqaliswa kwemigaqo engathathi cala ngokwesini kwiakhawunti yeentshukumo zamabhinqa. Namhlanje, ulwimi Lwase-Iceland luyaguquka kwaye luyaqhubeka nokuhlala lungatshintshi, ngelixa ukwamkela amagama amatsha ukubonisa inkcubeko eguqukayo kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesiicelandic?

1. Usnorri Sturluson (1178-1241): imbongi edumileyo Yaseiceland, umbhali-mbali, kunye nombhali-mbali onefuthe elinzulu kulwimi Lwaseiceland kunye noncwadi.
2. Ujónas Hallgrímsson (1807-1845): imbongi Yase-Iceland edla ngokubizwa ngokuba nguyise wemibongo yanamhlanje Yase-Iceland. Amazwi akhe abumba ulwimi lwangoku Lwesiicelandic aze avelise amagama namabinzana amatsha.
3. Ujónárnason (1819-1888): umphengululi Wase-Iceland owaqulunqa waza wapapasha i-first comprehensive dictionary yase-Iceland ngo-1852.
4. U-Einar Benediktsson (1864-1940): umbhali odumileyo Wase-Iceland kunye nembongi eyanceda ukubumba uncwadi lwangoku Lwase-Iceland kwaye yafaka izinto zenkcubeko yabantu.
5. Uklaus Von Seeck (1861-1951): ingcali yeelwimi yasejamani eyaba ngowokuqala ukuchaza isicelandic ngokubanzi kwaye ithelekise ulwimi Lwesicelandic nezinye iilwimi Zesijamani.

Njani ulwimi Lwesicelandic?

Ulwimi Lwaseicelandic Lulwimi Lwasemantla Ejamani oluvela Kwinorse Yakudala, ulwimi lwabahlali basescandinavia bokuqala kweli lizwe. Ubume bolwimi bubonisa iingcambu Zabo Zasejamani; isebenzisa umxholo-isenzi-into igama umyalelo kwaye ine-morphology enamandla. Inamadoda amathathu (ubudoda ,ubufazi kunye ne-neuter) kunye namatyala amane (ukutyunjwa, ukumangalela, i-dative, kunye ne-genitive). Ikwanobumbano lwegrama, olubonisa ukuba izibizo Zaseiceland, izenzi, kunye nezichazi zineendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: isinye kunye nesininzi. Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa kwe-deception kuqhelekile E-Iceland kwaye kusetyenziselwa ukubonisa inani, imeko,inkcazo, kunye nokufumana.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lwase-Iceland ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Yenza ukuzibophelela ekufundeni: Gqiba ukuba lingakanani ixesha ofuna ukuzinikela ekufundeni ulwimi kwaye uzibophelele kulo. Zibekele usukelo olusengqiqweni, njengokufunda igama elitsha okanye umthetho wegrama yonke imihla okanye uzimisele ukufunda iphepha elivela kwincwadi yesiicelandic suku ngalunye.
2. Fumana izibonelelo ezikusebenzelayo: zininzi izibonelelo ezikhoyo kwi-intanethi onokuzisebenzisa ukuphucula amava akho okufunda. Kungaluncedo ukufumana incwadi egxile kulwakhiwo lwegrama yolwimi kunye nokusebenzisa ukurekhodwa komsindo okanye iividiyo ukuphulaphula nokubiza amagama.
3. Ziqhelise rhoqo: ukuze ube nentembelo kulwimi uze uqiniseke ukuba akuzilibali izinto ozifundileyo, qiniseka ukuba uziqhelanisa rhoqo. Unokujoyina iklasi ekwi-intanethi, fumana iqabane lencoko Yase-Iceland kwi-intanethi okanye uziqhelanise nabahlobo.
4. Zifake kwinkcubeko Yase-Iceland: Ukubukela iifilimu Kunye nomabonwakude Wase-Iceland, ukufunda iincwadi kunye neemagazini, kunye nokuya kwimisitho yenkcubeko yase-Iceland zonke iindlela ezintle zokuqhelana nolwimi nenkcubeko.
5. Yonwaba kunye nayo: Ukufunda ulwimi kufuneka kube mnandi! Zama ukujija ulwimi Lwesiicelandic kunye nezicatshulwa okanye wonwabe ngokudlala imidlalo yolwimi ekwi-intanethi.