Isixhosa Icelandic Guqulela

Isingesi lolona lwimi luthethwayo kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye sisebenza njengebhulorho phakathi kweenkcubeko zabantu kwihlabathi liphela. Isidingo senguqulelo yesingesi siyanda, njengoko amashishini amaninzi nangakumbi, oorhulumente kunye nemibutho bayaliqonda ixabiso lokunxibelelana kwimiqobo yolwimi.

Inkqubo yokuguqulela isingesi ibandakanya ukuthatha uxwebhu lomthombo olubhalwe ngolunye ulwimi kwaye uliguqulele kolunye ulwimi ngaphandle kokuphulukana nentsingiselo yoqobo. Oku kunokuba lula njengokuguqulela ibinzana, okanye intsonkothile njengokudala inoveli yonke okanye ingcaciso edibeneyo kwiilwimi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo.

Abaguquleli besingesi baxhomekeke kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwenguqulelo. Kufuneka babe nolwazi olunzulu lweelwimi zombini kwaye bakwazi ukutolika ngokuchanekileyo amagama ngentsingiselo kunye nomxholo. Ukongeza, iingcali zeelwimi ezijolise kwinguqulelo yesingesi kufuneka zibe nokuqonda okunzulu kwesigama senkcubeko, iindawo kunye namasiko.

Kuthatha iminyaka yokufunda kunye nokuziqhelanisa ukuba ngumguquleli wesingesi osebenzayo, kwaye abaninzi bakhetha ukulandela isatifikethi ngemibutho yabaguquleli okanye iiyunivesithi. Esi siqinisekiso asibonisi kuphela ubuchule babo, kodwa siqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wabo uhlangabezana nemigangatho ethile yomgangatho kunye nokusebenza okubekwe ngumzimba oqeqeshiweyo. Ukuqinisekiswa kwakhona kunceda abaguquleli besingesi bahlale behlaziyekile kunye nophuhliso lwamva nje lweshishini.

Inguqulelo yesingesi sisakhono esibalulekileyo esivumela abantu abaneemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo ukuba banxibelelane kwaye babelane ngezimvo kunye namava. Njengoko ihlabathi liqhubeka likhula kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye lidibanisa, inguqulelo yesingesi yinto ebalulekileyo kwishishini, kwezentlalo nakwezopolitiko.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isingesi?

Isingesi lulwimi oluthethwa kakhulu kwaye lulwimi olusemthethweni kumazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanya I-United States, I-United Kingdom, I-Canada, I-Australia, I-Ireland, I-New Zealand, Ijamaica, Kunye namanye amazwe Kwiziqithi Zecaribbean Nasepacific. Isingesi lulwimi olusemthethweni Eindiya, Epakistan, Kwiiphilippines, nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi Eafrika Naseasia.

Yintoni imbali yolwimi lwesingesi?

Ulwimi lwesingesi luneengcambu zalo Kusapho Lweelwimi Zasentshona Jamani, ekukholelwa ukuba luvela kukhokho oqhelekileyo wazo zonke iilwimi Zasejamani, Iproto-Germanic. Kucingelwa ukuba olu lwimi luye lwaphuhliswa phakathi kwe-1000 no-500 BC kwindawo ngoku eyinorthern Germany Kunye Nescandinavia.
Ukususela apho, kwavela iziyelelane Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zasejamani ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ezinye zazo ekugqibeleni zaba Ngamangesi Namafrisian, isingesi Esidala Nesasaxon Esidala. I-Old English yayilulwimi oluthethwa Engilani kude kube malunga ne-1150 AD xa yaqala ukuguqukela kwinto ngoku ebizwa Ngokuba Yi-Middle English. Eli xesha lenguqu liphawulwe ngokuqaliswa kwamagama asefransi awamkelwa njengenxalenye Yenorman Conquest ngo-1066.
Ngexesha Likachaucer ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1300, isingesi Esiphakathi sasilulwimi oluphambili Lwasengilani kwaye sachukunyiswa kakhulu sisifrentshi nesilatini. Ekuqaleni kwee-1500, olu hlobo lwesingesi luye lwaguquka lwaba lulwimi olwamkelekileyo nolwamkelekileyo namhlanje Njengesingesi Sokuqala.
Isingesi samandulo Samanje sasingafani kwihlabathi lonke, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwahlukile kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla. Umzekelo, isingesi sokuqala Sasemelika saqala ukwahluka kakhulu kwisingesi sasebritane ngenkulungwane ye-17.
Namhlanje, amagama amaninzi amatsha kunye namabinzana afakiwe kulwimi lwesingesi ngenxa yeenguqu ezinkulu zenkcubeko kunye nezobuchwepheshe ukususela Kwi-Industrial Revolution. Ukongeza, itekhnoloji yonxibelelwano lwehlabathi evelayo kunye nokuhamba okwandayo kwamazwe aphesheya kuye kwakhokelela ekwamkelweni kwee-neologisms ezininzi. Ngenxa yoko, isingesi siye saba lolona lwimi lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesingesi?

1. Uwilliam Shakespeare - oyena mdlali odumileyo kwisingesi, Ushakespeare ubizwa ngokuqulunqwa kwamawaka amagama kunye namabinzana asasetyenziswa namhlanje.
2. Ugeoffrey Chaucer-omnye wababhali bokuqala owaziwayo ukuba abhale Ngesingesi Esiphakathi, imisebenzi yakhe ithathwa ngokunceda ukulungelelanisa ulwimi.
3. Usamuel Johnson-Obizwa Ngokuba nguyise weencwadi zesingesi, waqulunqa isichazi-magama sokuqala esibanzi sesingesi.
4. Ujohn Milton - Umbongo Wakhe obalaseleyo Iparadesi Elahlekileyo yenye yezona zinto zinempembelelo kwimibongo yesingesi.
5. Uwilliam Tyndale-oyena mntu uphambili Kwinguqulelo yesingesi, wayengumntu wokuqala ukuguqulela Ibhayibhile ngesingesi isuka kwimithombo yayo yantlandlolo yesihebhere neyesigrike.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi lwesingesi?

Isingesi lulwimi lokuhlalutya, oko kuthetha ukuba luphula amagama kwi-morphemes nganye, okanye iiyunithi ezinentsingiselo. Isebenzisa umyalelo wegama, kunokuba isini segrama okanye ukuphela, ukubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwamagama kwisivakalisi. Isingesi sinomzekelo oqinileyo we-syntax, kunye nomxholo-isenzi-into-umyalelo kwizivakalisi zayo. Ukongeza, isingesi sisebenzisa umyalelo ochanekileyo wesibizo xa izichazi ezininzi zisetyenziselwa ukuchaza isibizo esisodwa.

Indlela yokufunda isingesi ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Yenza isicwangciso. Thatha isigqibo sokuba zingaphi iiyure ngeveki onokuzinikezela ekufundeni isingesi, kwaye ufuna ukuchitha ixesha elingakanani kumsebenzi ngamnye.
2. Qala ngeziseko. Funda igrama nesigama esisisiseko esifunekayo ukuze uqalise ukuthetha nokuqonda ulwimi.
3. Iittala teema. Zama ukufumana iindlela zokuzijikeleza ngolwimi. Bukela iimuvi, umamele iingoma kunye neepodcasts, kwaye ufunde iincwadi kunye neemagazini ngesingesi.
4. Thetha nabantu. Cinga ngokujoyina iklasi yencoko okanye uluntu oluku-intanethi ukuze uziqhelanise nesingesi sakho kunye nezithethi zomthonyama.
5. Thatha izifundo online. Zininzi iikhosi ezikwi-intanethi kunye nezifundo ezinokukunceda ufunde isingesi ngendlela ehleliweyo neyonwabisayo.
6. Ziqhelise rhoqo. Bekela bucala ixesha lokuziqhelanisa nokuthetha nokubhala isingesi yonke imihla. Nokuba yimizuzu embalwa kuphela, qiniseka ukuba unamathela kwishedyuli yakho kwaye uqhubeke nokuziqhelanisa.

I-Icelandic yenye yeelwimi ezindala ezisathethwayo emhlabeni, kwaye incede ukuchaza inkcubeko kunye nobuni babantu Base-Icelandic kangangeenkulungwane. Ngenxa yoko, kubalulekile ukuba nabani na onxibelelana nabantu Base-Iceland, ezoshishino okanye ezolonwabo, abe nokufikelela kwinkonzo yokuguqulela yase-Iceland ethembekileyo nechanekileyo.

Abaguquleli Abaqeqeshiweyo Baseiceland bayayiqonda indlela oluthethwa ngayo olu lwimi, olunokuba lucelomngeni kakhulu, ekubeni ulwimi Lwaseiceland luyafana kodwa lwahlukile kwezinye iilwimi Zasescandinavia ezinjengesweden nesinorwegian. I-dialect ingahluka phakathi kwemimandla eyahlukeneyo Yase-Iceland, okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu kumntu ongeyena isithethi somthonyama. Umguquleli olungileyo uya kuthatha inkathalo ekhethekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba inguqulelo yabo ayithathi kuphela intsingiselo yokoqobo yesicatshulwa, kodwa nayo nayiphi na imeko yenkcubeko okanye yengingqi enokubaluleka.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iinkonzo zokuguqulela Zaseiceland ziye zafikeleleka ngakumbi. Iiarhente zokuguqulela ngoku zinikezela ngeenkonzo ukunceda abo banqwenela ukunxibelelana nabaphulaphuli Baseiceland zombini kwifom ebhaliweyo, njengamaxwebhu kunye neewebhusayithi, kunye neefom ezibonakalayo ezinjengevidiyo kunye nokurekhodwa komsindo. Iinkonzo ezinjalo zibaluleke ngakumbi kumashishini asebenza kumazwe aphesheya, apho uguqulelo oluchanekileyo noluthembekileyo lubalulekile.

Nangona kunjalo, iinkonzo zokuguqulela zesiicelandic nazo ziluncedo kuye nabani na ofuna ukunxibelelana ngolwazi, okanye ukusuka, kulwimi Lwesiicelandic. Ngokomzekelo, iincwadi nemibhalo-ngqangi ebhalwe Ngesiiceland inokuguqulelwa kubaphulaphuli abaninzi. Ngokufanayo, imisebenzi engeyiyo I-Icelandic inokwenziwa ifumaneke kwizithethi Zaseicelandic, zibavumela ukuba bafikelele kuncwadi, iindaba kunye nemibono evela kwihlabathi liphela.

Ngokubanzi, iinkonzo zokuguqulela Zesiicelandic zibonelela ngonxibelelwano oluxabisekileyo phakathi kwezithethi Zaseicelandic kunye nabaphulaphuli behlabathi. Ke ngoko, ezi nkonzo zibalulekile kuye nabani na onqwenela ukunxibelelana ngokufanelekileyo nabaphulaphuli Base-Iceland.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ulwimi Lwaseiceland?

I-Icelandic ithethwa E-Iceland kuphela, nangona abanye abaphambukeli Basemntla Melika baye baziwa ukuba bayisebenzise njengolwimi lwesibini.

Ziziphi iilwimi ezisemthethweni Zaseiceland?

Ulwimi Lwase-Iceland lulwimi Lwasemantla Ejamani olunobudlelwane Obusondeleyo Ne-Old Norse kwaye luthethwe ngabantu Base-Iceland ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-9th. Yaqala ukurekhodwa kwinkulungwane ye-12 Kwisagas Yaseiceland, eyabhalwa Kwi-Old Norse.
Ngenkulungwane ye-14, Isiiceland sasilulwimi oluphambili Lwaseiceland saza saqalisa ukwahluka kwiingcambu Zaso Ezindala Zasenorse, sivelisa igrama nesigama esitsha. Le nkqubo yakhawuleziswa Ngohlaziyo ngowe-1550, Xa Ubuluthere babulawula Eiceland, nto leyo eyaphumela ekungeneni kweendinyana zonqulo ezisuka kwisidanish nesijamani ezatshintsha olo lwimi ngokusisigxina.
Ngenkulungwane ye-19, Iiceland yaqalisa ukuba nemizi-mveliso emininzi yaza yamkela amagama athile avela kwisingesi nesidanish. Intshukumo yomgangatho wolwimi yaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kunye nohlaziyo lokuqala lokupela ngo-1907-1908. Oku kwakhokelela ekudalweni kolwimi Olumanyeneyo lwaseiceland ngowe-1908, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kubekho uhlaziyo olungakumbi.
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, olu lwimi luye lwenza iinguqulelo ezingakumbi, ngokubandakanywa kwamagama emali-mboleko anamhlanje kunye nemigaqo enxulumene netekhnoloji, kunye nokuqaliswa kwemigaqo engathathi cala ngokwesini kwiakhawunti yeentshukumo zamabhinqa. Namhlanje, ulwimi Lwase-Iceland luyaguquka kwaye luyaqhubeka nokuhlala lungatshintshi, ngelixa ukwamkela amagama amatsha ukubonisa inkcubeko eguqukayo kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesiicelandic?

1. Usnorri Sturluson (1178-1241): imbongi edumileyo Yaseiceland, umbhali-mbali, kunye nombhali-mbali onefuthe elinzulu kulwimi Lwaseiceland kunye noncwadi.
2. Ujónas Hallgrímsson (1807-1845): imbongi Yase-Iceland edla ngokubizwa ngokuba nguyise wemibongo yanamhlanje Yase-Iceland. Amazwi akhe abumba ulwimi lwangoku Lwesiicelandic aze avelise amagama namabinzana amatsha.
3. Ujónárnason (1819-1888): umphengululi Wase-Iceland owaqulunqa waza wapapasha i-first comprehensive dictionary yase-Iceland ngo-1852.
4. U-Einar Benediktsson (1864-1940): umbhali odumileyo Wase-Iceland kunye nembongi eyanceda ukubumba uncwadi lwangoku Lwase-Iceland kwaye yafaka izinto zenkcubeko yabantu.
5. Uklaus Von Seeck (1861-1951): ingcali yeelwimi yasejamani eyaba ngowokuqala ukuchaza isicelandic ngokubanzi kwaye ithelekise ulwimi Lwesicelandic nezinye iilwimi Zesijamani.

Njani ulwimi Lwesicelandic?

Ulwimi Lwaseicelandic Lulwimi Lwasemantla Ejamani oluvela Kwinorse Yakudala, ulwimi lwabahlali basescandinavia bokuqala kweli lizwe. Ubume bolwimi bubonisa iingcambu Zabo Zasejamani; isebenzisa umxholo-isenzi-into igama umyalelo kwaye ine-morphology enamandla. Inamadoda amathathu (ubudoda ,ubufazi kunye ne-neuter) kunye namatyala amane (ukutyunjwa, ukumangalela, i-dative, kunye ne-genitive). Ikwanobumbano lwegrama, olubonisa ukuba izibizo Zaseiceland, izenzi, kunye nezichazi zineendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: isinye kunye nesininzi. Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa kwe-deception kuqhelekile E-Iceland kwaye kusetyenziselwa ukubonisa inani, imeko,inkcazo, kunye nokufumana.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lwase-Iceland ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Yenza ukuzibophelela ekufundeni: Gqiba ukuba lingakanani ixesha ofuna ukuzinikela ekufundeni ulwimi kwaye uzibophelele kulo. Zibekele usukelo olusengqiqweni, njengokufunda igama elitsha okanye umthetho wegrama yonke imihla okanye uzimisele ukufunda iphepha elivela kwincwadi yesiicelandic suku ngalunye.
2. Fumana izibonelelo ezikusebenzelayo: zininzi izibonelelo ezikhoyo kwi-intanethi onokuzisebenzisa ukuphucula amava akho okufunda. Kungaluncedo ukufumana incwadi egxile kulwakhiwo lwegrama yolwimi kunye nokusebenzisa ukurekhodwa komsindo okanye iividiyo ukuphulaphula nokubiza amagama.
3. Ziqhelise rhoqo: ukuze ube nentembelo kulwimi uze uqiniseke ukuba akuzilibali izinto ozifundileyo, qiniseka ukuba uziqhelanisa rhoqo. Unokujoyina iklasi ekwi-intanethi, fumana iqabane lencoko Yase-Iceland kwi-intanethi okanye uziqhelanise nabahlobo.
4. Zifake kwinkcubeko Yase-Iceland: Ukubukela iifilimu Kunye nomabonwakude Wase-Iceland, ukufunda iincwadi kunye neemagazini, kunye nokuya kwimisitho yenkcubeko yase-Iceland zonke iindlela ezintle zokuqhelana nolwimi nenkcubeko.
5. Yonwaba kunye nayo: Ukufunda ulwimi kufuneka kube mnandi! Zama ukujija ulwimi Lwesiicelandic kunye nezicatshulwa okanye wonwabe ngokudlala imidlalo yolwimi ekwi-intanethi.