Isixhosa Burmesename Guqulela

Isingesi lolona lwimi luthethwayo kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye sisebenza njengebhulorho phakathi kweenkcubeko zabantu kwihlabathi liphela. Isidingo senguqulelo yesingesi siyanda, njengoko amashishini amaninzi nangakumbi, oorhulumente kunye nemibutho bayaliqonda ixabiso lokunxibelelana kwimiqobo yolwimi.

Inkqubo yokuguqulela isingesi ibandakanya ukuthatha uxwebhu lomthombo olubhalwe ngolunye ulwimi kwaye uliguqulele kolunye ulwimi ngaphandle kokuphulukana nentsingiselo yoqobo. Oku kunokuba lula njengokuguqulela ibinzana, okanye intsonkothile njengokudala inoveli yonke okanye ingcaciso edibeneyo kwiilwimi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo.

Abaguquleli besingesi baxhomekeke kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwenguqulelo. Kufuneka babe nolwazi olunzulu lweelwimi zombini kwaye bakwazi ukutolika ngokuchanekileyo amagama ngentsingiselo kunye nomxholo. Ukongeza, iingcali zeelwimi ezijolise kwinguqulelo yesingesi kufuneka zibe nokuqonda okunzulu kwesigama senkcubeko, iindawo kunye namasiko.

Kuthatha iminyaka yokufunda kunye nokuziqhelanisa ukuba ngumguquleli wesingesi osebenzayo, kwaye abaninzi bakhetha ukulandela isatifikethi ngemibutho yabaguquleli okanye iiyunivesithi. Esi siqinisekiso asibonisi kuphela ubuchule babo, kodwa siqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wabo uhlangabezana nemigangatho ethile yomgangatho kunye nokusebenza okubekwe ngumzimba oqeqeshiweyo. Ukuqinisekiswa kwakhona kunceda abaguquleli besingesi bahlale behlaziyekile kunye nophuhliso lwamva nje lweshishini.

Inguqulelo yesingesi sisakhono esibalulekileyo esivumela abantu abaneemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo ukuba banxibelelane kwaye babelane ngezimvo kunye namava. Njengoko ihlabathi liqhubeka likhula kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye lidibanisa, inguqulelo yesingesi yinto ebalulekileyo kwishishini, kwezentlalo nakwezopolitiko.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isingesi?

Isingesi lulwimi oluthethwa kakhulu kwaye lulwimi olusemthethweni kumazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanya I-United States, I-United Kingdom, I-Canada, I-Australia, I-Ireland, I-New Zealand, Ijamaica, Kunye namanye amazwe Kwiziqithi Zecaribbean Nasepacific. Isingesi lulwimi olusemthethweni Eindiya, Epakistan, Kwiiphilippines, nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi Eafrika Naseasia.

Yintoni imbali yolwimi lwesingesi?

Ulwimi lwesingesi luneengcambu zalo Kusapho Lweelwimi Zasentshona Jamani, ekukholelwa ukuba luvela kukhokho oqhelekileyo wazo zonke iilwimi Zasejamani, Iproto-Germanic. Kucingelwa ukuba olu lwimi luye lwaphuhliswa phakathi kwe-1000 no-500 BC kwindawo ngoku eyinorthern Germany Kunye Nescandinavia.
Ukususela apho, kwavela iziyelelane Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zasejamani ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ezinye zazo ekugqibeleni zaba Ngamangesi Namafrisian, isingesi Esidala Nesasaxon Esidala. I-Old English yayilulwimi oluthethwa Engilani kude kube malunga ne-1150 AD xa yaqala ukuguqukela kwinto ngoku ebizwa Ngokuba Yi-Middle English. Eli xesha lenguqu liphawulwe ngokuqaliswa kwamagama asefransi awamkelwa njengenxalenye Yenorman Conquest ngo-1066.
Ngexesha Likachaucer ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1300, isingesi Esiphakathi sasilulwimi oluphambili Lwasengilani kwaye sachukunyiswa kakhulu sisifrentshi nesilatini. Ekuqaleni kwee-1500, olu hlobo lwesingesi luye lwaguquka lwaba lulwimi olwamkelekileyo nolwamkelekileyo namhlanje Njengesingesi Sokuqala.
Isingesi samandulo Samanje sasingafani kwihlabathi lonke, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwahlukile kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla. Umzekelo, isingesi sokuqala Sasemelika saqala ukwahluka kakhulu kwisingesi sasebritane ngenkulungwane ye-17.
Namhlanje, amagama amaninzi amatsha kunye namabinzana afakiwe kulwimi lwesingesi ngenxa yeenguqu ezinkulu zenkcubeko kunye nezobuchwepheshe ukususela Kwi-Industrial Revolution. Ukongeza, itekhnoloji yonxibelelwano lwehlabathi evelayo kunye nokuhamba okwandayo kwamazwe aphesheya kuye kwakhokelela ekwamkelweni kwee-neologisms ezininzi. Ngenxa yoko, isingesi siye saba lolona lwimi lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesingesi?

1. Uwilliam Shakespeare - oyena mdlali odumileyo kwisingesi, Ushakespeare ubizwa ngokuqulunqwa kwamawaka amagama kunye namabinzana asasetyenziswa namhlanje.
2. Ugeoffrey Chaucer-omnye wababhali bokuqala owaziwayo ukuba abhale Ngesingesi Esiphakathi, imisebenzi yakhe ithathwa ngokunceda ukulungelelanisa ulwimi.
3. Usamuel Johnson-Obizwa Ngokuba nguyise weencwadi zesingesi, waqulunqa isichazi-magama sokuqala esibanzi sesingesi.
4. Ujohn Milton - Umbongo Wakhe obalaseleyo Iparadesi Elahlekileyo yenye yezona zinto zinempembelelo kwimibongo yesingesi.
5. Uwilliam Tyndale-oyena mntu uphambili Kwinguqulelo yesingesi, wayengumntu wokuqala ukuguqulela Ibhayibhile ngesingesi isuka kwimithombo yayo yantlandlolo yesihebhere neyesigrike.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi lwesingesi?

Isingesi lulwimi lokuhlalutya, oko kuthetha ukuba luphula amagama kwi-morphemes nganye, okanye iiyunithi ezinentsingiselo. Isebenzisa umyalelo wegama, kunokuba isini segrama okanye ukuphela, ukubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwamagama kwisivakalisi. Isingesi sinomzekelo oqinileyo we-syntax, kunye nomxholo-isenzi-into-umyalelo kwizivakalisi zayo. Ukongeza, isingesi sisebenzisa umyalelo ochanekileyo wesibizo xa izichazi ezininzi zisetyenziselwa ukuchaza isibizo esisodwa.

Indlela yokufunda isingesi ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Yenza isicwangciso. Thatha isigqibo sokuba zingaphi iiyure ngeveki onokuzinikezela ekufundeni isingesi, kwaye ufuna ukuchitha ixesha elingakanani kumsebenzi ngamnye.
2. Qala ngeziseko. Funda igrama nesigama esisisiseko esifunekayo ukuze uqalise ukuthetha nokuqonda ulwimi.
3. Iittala teema. Zama ukufumana iindlela zokuzijikeleza ngolwimi. Bukela iimuvi, umamele iingoma kunye neepodcasts, kwaye ufunde iincwadi kunye neemagazini ngesingesi.
4. Thetha nabantu. Cinga ngokujoyina iklasi yencoko okanye uluntu oluku-intanethi ukuze uziqhelanise nesingesi sakho kunye nezithethi zomthonyama.
5. Thatha izifundo online. Zininzi iikhosi ezikwi-intanethi kunye nezifundo ezinokukunceda ufunde isingesi ngendlela ehleliweyo neyonwabisayo.
6. Ziqhelise rhoqo. Bekela bucala ixesha lokuziqhelanisa nokuthetha nokubhala isingesi yonke imihla. Nokuba yimizuzu embalwa kuphela, qiniseka ukuba unamathela kwishedyuli yakho kwaye uqhubeke nokuziqhelanisa.

Xhosa: Ibhulorho Phakathi Kwenkcubeko

Kweli hlabathi lehlabathi liphela, ukuqonda iyantlukwano yeenkcubeko kunye neelwimi kubalulekile. Isiburmese yenye yeelwimi ezininzi ezithethwa Easia nakwihlabathi liphela, kwaye kumashishini amaninzi kunye nemibutho, kubalulekile ukuba ukwazi ukuqonda Isiburmese ukuze unxibelelane ngcono nabathengi okanye abathengi. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukukwazi ukufikelela kwinguqulelo Yesiburma echanileyo nethembekileyo kubalulekile.

Inguqulelo yesiburma inokunceda ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kwamashishini, imibutho kunye nabantu abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo, iinkcubeko kunye neelwimi. Idibanisa abantu, ibanceda ukuba banxibelelane, benze unxibelelwano, kwaye basebenzisane. Isiburmese lulwimi Lwasemyanmar, yaye sithetha ngabantu abazizigidi ezingama-33 ehlabathini lonke. Nangona Isiburmese lulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Emyanmar, ezinye iilwimi ezininzi zithethwa apho, Njengokaren, Umon, Ukachin, Urakhine, Ushan Nowa. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuba baqonde ezi ezinye iilwimi ukongeza Isiburma ukuba ufuna kuba nako zithungelana ngenene kunye abantu basekuhlaleni.

Ukuze ufumane eyona nguqulelo Yesiburma ichanileyo nethembekileyo, kubalulekile ukusebenza nenkonzo yokuguqulela yobungcali enamava Ngesiburma nezinye iilwimi ezisetyenziswa Emyanmar. Abaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo kufuneka baqinisekiswe kwaye babe nokuqonda kakuhle ulwimi Lwesiburma kunye nenkcubeko ekuthethwa ngayo. Kufuneka baqhelane nemiba yolwimi kunye nesilwimi. Oku kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba uguqulelo luchanekile kwaye luchanekile, kwaye neenkcukacha ezincinci aziphoswa.

Ukuba nokufikelela kwinguqulelo yobungcali Yesiburma kunceda amashishini kunye nemibutho ibhenela kubaphulaphuli abakhulu. Ngokuqonda inkcubeko kunye nolwimi, amashishini kunye nemibutho bayakwazi ukunxibelelana ngakumbi nabathengi babo kunye nabathengi, ukwandisa amathuba okwenza unxibelelwano oluhle kunye nokuvelisa iziphumo eziphumeleleyo.

Ngokubanzi, inguqulelo Yesiburma yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokwenza ishishini nabantu abavela Emyanmar nakwamanye amazwe apho kuthethwa Isiburma. Ngokuqonda ulwimi nenkcubeko, amashishini kunye nemibutho bayakwazi ukunxibelelana kwaye basebenzisane nabathengi okanye abathengi, ukunceda uqoqosho lwehlabathi lukhule kwaye luphumelele.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Isiburma?

Ulwimi Lwaseburhulumenteni Emyanmar (Eyayisaziwa Ngokuba Yiburma). Iyathethwa kwamanye amazwe kulo mmandla, kubandakanya Ibangladesh, I-India, Kunye Nethailand.

Luluphi ulwimi Oluthethwa Ngesiburma?

Ulwimi Lwaseburmese lulwimi Lwase-Indo-Arayan olunxulumene nezinye iilwimi Ezifana Netibeto-Burman Kunye Nemon-Khmer. Inemvelaphi yayo kwimpucuko Yepyu Kunye Nemon, eyayihlala kwindawo ngoku eyimyanmar ukusuka kwinkulungwane yesi-2 BC Isiburmese siphuhliswe kwezi lwimi kunye Nepali Nesisanskrit, ezaziswa ngabavangeli Bamabuddha ngenkulungwane ye-9 neye-10.
Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-11, Isiburma saba lulwimi lokubhala olusetyenziswa kwiinkundla ezininzi nakwiitempile. Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-14, olu lwimi lwaba lulwimi olusemthethweni lwenkundla yobukumkani Baseburma baseava. Kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa ezizayo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwasasazeka kulo lonke ilizwe, yaba lulwimi olusemthethweni lwedolophu enkulu Yasetungoo ngo-1511.
Ngenkulungwane ye-19, Inkqubo yokubhala Yaseburma yatshintshile kakhulu, kwaye ulwimi lwasetyenziswa kumaxwebhu aseburhulumenteni kunye nemibongo. Ngexesha lobukoloniyali Basebritane, isingesi saba lulwimi oluphambili kweli lizwe, kwaye uncwadi Lwaseburma lwaqalisa ukuxuba namabinzana olwimi lwesingesi. Kule minyaka, ulwimi luye lwaziqhelanisa namaxesha anamhlanje, ukongeza amagama amatsha kunye namagama avela kwimithombo yangaphandle, kubandakanya isingesi.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwaseburma?

1. Ugqr. Ko Aung: enye yeelwimi eziphezulu Zesiburma kunye nomphengululi obalaseleyo owabhala iincwadi ezininzi kunye namaphepha kulwimi Lwesiburma.
2. U-Chit Maung: U-Chit Maung wayengunozakuzaku Waseburma E-United Kingdom ukusukela ngo-1964 ukuya ku-1971, ngelo xesha wenza iinzame ezininzi zokukhuthaza ulwimi kunye nenkcubeko Yaseburma E-UK.
3. U Thant: u Thant wayengumongameli Waseburma, owayekhonza Njengonobhala-Jikelele wesithathu Wezizwe ezimanyeneyo. Umsebenzi wakhe uphawuleka ngokulondolozwa kunye nokukhuthazwa kolwimi Lwesiburma.
4. Daw Saw My Twin: Daw Saw My Twin ngumbhali Odumileyo Waseburma kunye nembongi, kunye nenani elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso kunye nokuthandwa kolwimi Lwaseburma.
5. U Thin Tin: U Thin tin wayeyingcali yeelwimi Zesiburma, owayesebenza ngenkuthalo ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa nokuqonda kolwimi Lwesiburma noncwadi lwaso.

Njani ulwimi Lwesiburma?

Ulwimi Lwesiburma lulwimi lwetoni, oluthetha ukuba igama elifanayo linokuba neentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kwithoni ethethwa kuyo. Lulwimi lokuhlalutya, oko kuthetha ukuba umyalelo wegama awubalulekanga njengamagama omxholo (izibizo kunye nezenzi) zokudlulisa intsingiselo. Isakhiwo sesilabhasi solwimi YI-CVC (i-consonant-vowel-consonant) kwaye ulwimi lubhalwa ngeskripthi esithile, esifana Neskripthi Sase-Indian Devanagari.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwesiburma ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngekhosi ekwi-intanethi: zininzi izifundo ezikwi-intanethi onokuzithatha ukuze ufunde Isiburmese, Njengerosetta Stone okanye Ipimsleur. Ezi zifundo zinika izifundo ezicwangcisiweyo kunye nayo yonke into ukusuka kwigrama ukuya kwisigama.
2. Fumana umhlohli: Ukuba ufuna ukufunda Isiburmese ngokukhawuleza kwaye uhambe ngaphaya kweziseko, cinga ngokufumana umhlohli wabucala. Umhlohli unokubonelela ngemfundo eyenzelwe wena, ekujoliswe kuyo kwaye akuncede ufunde ngesantya sakho.
3. Funda, umamele, kwaye ubukele: ukuze ube usazi kakuhle naluphi na ulwimi, kufuneka uziqhelanise nokufunda, ukumamela nokuthetha. Fumana iincwadi zesiburma neemagazini ukuze ufunde, ubukele imiboniso bhanyabhanya Yaseburma uze umamele iingoma Zesiburma.
4. Zibhaptize: Akukho Nto ibetha ukuntywiliselwa ngokupheleleyo kulwimi - Kwaye Isiburma ayikho ngaphandle. Cinga ngokundwendwela Iburma kunye nokuchitha ixesha kunye nezithethi zomthonyama ukwakha izakhono zakho zolwimi.