Isixhosa Isidutch Guqulela

Isingesi lolona lwimi luthethwayo kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye sisebenza njengebhulorho phakathi kweenkcubeko zabantu kwihlabathi liphela. Isidingo senguqulelo yesingesi siyanda, njengoko amashishini amaninzi nangakumbi, oorhulumente kunye nemibutho bayaliqonda ixabiso lokunxibelelana kwimiqobo yolwimi.

Inkqubo yokuguqulela isingesi ibandakanya ukuthatha uxwebhu lomthombo olubhalwe ngolunye ulwimi kwaye uliguqulele kolunye ulwimi ngaphandle kokuphulukana nentsingiselo yoqobo. Oku kunokuba lula njengokuguqulela ibinzana, okanye intsonkothile njengokudala inoveli yonke okanye ingcaciso edibeneyo kwiilwimi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo.

Abaguquleli besingesi baxhomekeke kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwenguqulelo. Kufuneka babe nolwazi olunzulu lweelwimi zombini kwaye bakwazi ukutolika ngokuchanekileyo amagama ngentsingiselo kunye nomxholo. Ukongeza, iingcali zeelwimi ezijolise kwinguqulelo yesingesi kufuneka zibe nokuqonda okunzulu kwesigama senkcubeko, iindawo kunye namasiko.

Kuthatha iminyaka yokufunda kunye nokuziqhelanisa ukuba ngumguquleli wesingesi osebenzayo, kwaye abaninzi bakhetha ukulandela isatifikethi ngemibutho yabaguquleli okanye iiyunivesithi. Esi siqinisekiso asibonisi kuphela ubuchule babo, kodwa siqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wabo uhlangabezana nemigangatho ethile yomgangatho kunye nokusebenza okubekwe ngumzimba oqeqeshiweyo. Ukuqinisekiswa kwakhona kunceda abaguquleli besingesi bahlale behlaziyekile kunye nophuhliso lwamva nje lweshishini.

Inguqulelo yesingesi sisakhono esibalulekileyo esivumela abantu abaneemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo ukuba banxibelelane kwaye babelane ngezimvo kunye namava. Njengoko ihlabathi liqhubeka likhula kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye lidibanisa, inguqulelo yesingesi yinto ebalulekileyo kwishishini, kwezentlalo nakwezopolitiko.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isingesi?

Isingesi lulwimi oluthethwa kakhulu kwaye lulwimi olusemthethweni kumazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanya I-United States, I-United Kingdom, I-Canada, I-Australia, I-Ireland, I-New Zealand, Ijamaica, Kunye namanye amazwe Kwiziqithi Zecaribbean Nasepacific. Isingesi lulwimi olusemthethweni Eindiya, Epakistan, Kwiiphilippines, nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi Eafrika Naseasia.

Yintoni imbali yolwimi lwesingesi?

Ulwimi lwesingesi luneengcambu zalo Kusapho Lweelwimi Zasentshona Jamani, ekukholelwa ukuba luvela kukhokho oqhelekileyo wazo zonke iilwimi Zasejamani, Iproto-Germanic. Kucingelwa ukuba olu lwimi luye lwaphuhliswa phakathi kwe-1000 no-500 BC kwindawo ngoku eyinorthern Germany Kunye Nescandinavia.
Ukususela apho, kwavela iziyelelane Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zasejamani ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ezinye zazo ekugqibeleni zaba Ngamangesi Namafrisian, isingesi Esidala Nesasaxon Esidala. I-Old English yayilulwimi oluthethwa Engilani kude kube malunga ne-1150 AD xa yaqala ukuguqukela kwinto ngoku ebizwa Ngokuba Yi-Middle English. Eli xesha lenguqu liphawulwe ngokuqaliswa kwamagama asefransi awamkelwa njengenxalenye Yenorman Conquest ngo-1066.
Ngexesha Likachaucer ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1300, isingesi Esiphakathi sasilulwimi oluphambili Lwasengilani kwaye sachukunyiswa kakhulu sisifrentshi nesilatini. Ekuqaleni kwee-1500, olu hlobo lwesingesi luye lwaguquka lwaba lulwimi olwamkelekileyo nolwamkelekileyo namhlanje Njengesingesi Sokuqala.
Isingesi samandulo Samanje sasingafani kwihlabathi lonke, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwahlukile kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla. Umzekelo, isingesi sokuqala Sasemelika saqala ukwahluka kakhulu kwisingesi sasebritane ngenkulungwane ye-17.
Namhlanje, amagama amaninzi amatsha kunye namabinzana afakiwe kulwimi lwesingesi ngenxa yeenguqu ezinkulu zenkcubeko kunye nezobuchwepheshe ukususela Kwi-Industrial Revolution. Ukongeza, itekhnoloji yonxibelelwano lwehlabathi evelayo kunye nokuhamba okwandayo kwamazwe aphesheya kuye kwakhokelela ekwamkelweni kwee-neologisms ezininzi. Ngenxa yoko, isingesi siye saba lolona lwimi lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesingesi?

1. Uwilliam Shakespeare - oyena mdlali odumileyo kwisingesi, Ushakespeare ubizwa ngokuqulunqwa kwamawaka amagama kunye namabinzana asasetyenziswa namhlanje.
2. Ugeoffrey Chaucer-omnye wababhali bokuqala owaziwayo ukuba abhale Ngesingesi Esiphakathi, imisebenzi yakhe ithathwa ngokunceda ukulungelelanisa ulwimi.
3. Usamuel Johnson-Obizwa Ngokuba nguyise weencwadi zesingesi, waqulunqa isichazi-magama sokuqala esibanzi sesingesi.
4. Ujohn Milton - Umbongo Wakhe obalaseleyo Iparadesi Elahlekileyo yenye yezona zinto zinempembelelo kwimibongo yesingesi.
5. Uwilliam Tyndale-oyena mntu uphambili Kwinguqulelo yesingesi, wayengumntu wokuqala ukuguqulela Ibhayibhile ngesingesi isuka kwimithombo yayo yantlandlolo yesihebhere neyesigrike.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi lwesingesi?

Isingesi lulwimi lokuhlalutya, oko kuthetha ukuba luphula amagama kwi-morphemes nganye, okanye iiyunithi ezinentsingiselo. Isebenzisa umyalelo wegama, kunokuba isini segrama okanye ukuphela, ukubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwamagama kwisivakalisi. Isingesi sinomzekelo oqinileyo we-syntax, kunye nomxholo-isenzi-into-umyalelo kwizivakalisi zayo. Ukongeza, isingesi sisebenzisa umyalelo ochanekileyo wesibizo xa izichazi ezininzi zisetyenziselwa ukuchaza isibizo esisodwa.

Indlela yokufunda isingesi ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Yenza isicwangciso. Thatha isigqibo sokuba zingaphi iiyure ngeveki onokuzinikezela ekufundeni isingesi, kwaye ufuna ukuchitha ixesha elingakanani kumsebenzi ngamnye.
2. Qala ngeziseko. Funda igrama nesigama esisisiseko esifunekayo ukuze uqalise ukuthetha nokuqonda ulwimi.
3. Iittala teema. Zama ukufumana iindlela zokuzijikeleza ngolwimi. Bukela iimuvi, umamele iingoma kunye neepodcasts, kwaye ufunde iincwadi kunye neemagazini ngesingesi.
4. Thetha nabantu. Cinga ngokujoyina iklasi yencoko okanye uluntu oluku-intanethi ukuze uziqhelanise nesingesi sakho kunye nezithethi zomthonyama.
5. Thatha izifundo online. Zininzi iikhosi ezikwi-intanethi kunye nezifundo ezinokukunceda ufunde isingesi ngendlela ehleliweyo neyonwabisayo.
6. Ziqhelise rhoqo. Bekela bucala ixesha lokuziqhelanisa nokuthetha nokubhala isingesi yonke imihla. Nokuba yimizuzu embalwa kuphela, qiniseka ukuba unamathela kwishedyuli yakho kwaye uqhubeke nokuziqhelanisa.

Inetherlands likhaya labantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-17, kwaye idatshi lulwimi olusemthethweni oluthethwa yinkoliso yaba bantu. Nokuba ujonge ukwenza ishishini Ewarsaw okanye ufuna nje ukwenza amava akho okuhamba abe mnandi ngakumbi, ukuqonda isidatshi kunokuba ngumsebenzi onzima.

Ngethamsanqa, kukho iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo zokuguqulela ezifumanekayo ukukunceda ufumane uninzi lweemfuno zakho zonxibelelwano zasedatshi. Nazi ezinye iingcebiso zokukunceda uthathe isigqibo sokuba loluphi ukhetho olulungele wena:

1. Iinguqulelo zomatshini:

Iinguqulelo zomatshini ezinje Ngegoogle Translate zinika iinguqulelo ezikhawulezayo, ezilula ngokuchaneka okufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, njengawo nawuphi na umatshini wokuguqulela, unokufuna ukulumkela iimpazamo zegrama kunye ne-syntax okanye ukutolika okungachanekanga kombhalo wakho wokuqala.

2. Abaguquleli abazimeleyo:

Abaguquleli abazimele banokunikela ngezinga eliphezulu lokuchaneka kwaye bahlala bebiza kakhulu ekuguquleleni amanani amancinci okubhaliweyo. Qiniseka ukuba ujonga umsebenzi odlulileyo wawo nawuphi na umguquleli onokubakho ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wabo uyahlangabezana nemigangatho yakho.

3. Iinkonzo zeelwimi zobungcali:

Ukuba ufuna isixa esikhulu sesicatshulwa esiguqulelwe ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo, ukuqesha inkampani yenkonzo yeelwimi kunokuba sisigqibo sobulumko. Ezi nkampani ziqesha abaguquleli abanamava kwaye zisebenzisa iinkqubo ezingqongqo zokuqinisekisa umgangatho ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umsebenzi ugqityiwe ngokuchanekileyo nangexesha.

Nokuba yeyiphi inkonzo yokuguqulela oyikhethayo, soloko ukhumbula ukusebenzisa isithethi somthonyama sasedatshi ukuba kunokwenzeka. Izithethi zomthonyama ziqhelene ngakumbi nokwahluka kwengingqi kulwimi, kwaye ziya kuba nokuqonda okungcono kweempawu zenkcubeko.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela zesidatshi zinokukunceda usebenzise onke amathuba Anokubonelelwa Yinetherlands. Nokuba ufuna ukuguqulela amaxwebhu eshishini, umxholo wewebhusayithi, okanye nayiphi na enye into, usebenzisa umboneleli ngenkonzo yolwimi oqeqeshiweyo unokuqinisekisa ukuba ufumana ezona nguqulelo zisemgangathweni.

Ziziphi iilwimi zesidatshi?

Ulwimi lwesidatshi luthethwa ikakhulu Enetherlands, Ebelgium Nasesuriname. Ikwathethwa kwiindawo Zasefransi Nasejamani, kunye nakumazwe ahlukeneyo Ecaribbean Nasepacific island, Njengearuba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, Saba, St. Eustatius, Kunye Ne-Dutch Antilles. Amaqela amancinci ezithethi zesidatshi anokufumaneka kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanya ecanada, Eunited States, Eostreliya, Enew Zealand, Eindonesia, Emzantsi Afrika, nangaphezulu.

Ziziphi iilwimi zesidatshi?

Ulwimi lwesidatshi Lulwimi Lwasentshona Jamani olusuka kwingingqi yakudala yasefrank yasefrisia. Inxulumene Ngokusondeleyo Nesijamani Esisezantsi nesingesi, kwaye isetyenziswe Enetherlands ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-12. Ifomu ebhaliweyo ebhaliweyo yesidatshi yaphuhliswa ngexesha le-16 leminyaka kwaye yasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngenkulungwane ye-17, yayisele ilolona lwimi luphambili kummandla wolwimi lwesidatshi, oquka Inetherlands, Iflanders ebelgium Nesuriname Emzantsi Merika. Ngexesha lobukoloniyali basedatshi ngenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18, ulwimi lwasasazeka kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi, kubandakanya I-Indonesia, Umzantsi afrika Kunye Necaribbean. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, amadatshi ayesebenza njengolwimi lwasempuma Indies nakumazibuko Asemzantsi Afrika. Emva Kwemfazwe YEHLABATHI II, ukufudukela kwamanye amazwe athetha isingesi kwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwesingesi Enetherlands, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni kwenani lezithethi zasedatshi. Nangona kunjalo, ulwimi luhlala luthethwa ngokubanzi, ngakumbi Enetherlands Nasebelgium, kwaye lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwe-European Union.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesidatshi?

1. Udesiderius Erasmus (1466-1536): wakhuthaza inguqulelo yolwimi lwesidatshi, kwaye unikwa imbeko ngokunceda ukuzisa Ixesha Legolide loncwadi lwesidatshi.
2. Ujoost van Den Vondel (1587-1679): wayengumdlali odlalayo owabhala kwiintlobo ezininzi, kwaye uthathwa njengenye yamanani abalulekileyo kwiincwadi zesidatshi.
3. Usimon Stevin (1548-1620): wabhala ngokubanzi kwimathematika kunye nobunjineli, kwaye wayedume ngomsebenzi wakhe wobuvulindlela ekudumiseni ulwimi lwesidatshi kunye nokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo.
4. Ujacob Cats (1577-1660): wayeyimbongi, imvumi kunye ne-statesman, kwaye wancedisa ukuphuhlisa ulwimi lwesidatshi ngokumisela igrama kunye ne-syntax.
5. Ujan de Witt (1625-1672): wayengumntu obalulekileyo kwezopolitiko Enetherlands, kwaye udunyiswa ngokuphuhlisa ulwimi lwezopolitiko lwasedatshi.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi Dutch?

Ubume bolwimi lwesidatshi yindibaniselwano yeempembelelo Zombini Zesijamani Kunye Nezothando. Lulwimi oluchaphazelekileyo olunamadoda amathathu egrama, amanani amathathu, kunye namatyala amane. Ifom yayo ebhaliweyo ilandela imigaqo efanayo ngokubanzi njengesijamani okanye isingesi, kunye nezivakalisi eziqukethe isihloko, isigidimi kunye nento. Nangona kunjalo, xa kuthethwa, ulwimi lwesidatshi ludla ngokufutshane, luxhomekeke kumyalelo wegama kunye nomxholo ukudlulisela intsingiselo.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwesidatshi ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda iziseko. Funda ialfabhethi yesidatshi, ukubiza amagama kwaye uqhelane namagama aqhelekileyo kunye namabinzana.
2. Mamela umculo wasedatshi, ubukele iimuvi zasedatshi kunye nemiboniso kamabonwakude, kwaye ufunde iincwadi zesidatshi kunye namaphephandaba ukuze uqhelane nolwimi.
3. Thatha ikhosi yamadatshi. Ukuthatha iklasi kuya kukunceda wakhe isiseko sakho kunye nokuzithemba ekuthetheni nasekuqondeni isidatshi.
4. Thatha ithuba lezixhobo zokufunda ezikwi-intanethi kunye neeapps ezinje Ngeduolingo Kunye Nerosetta Stone.
5. Ziqhelise ukuthetha nesithethi somthonyama kwaye ubacele ukuba balungise naziphi na iimpazamo ozenzayo. Le yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokufunda ukuthetha nokuqonda ulwimi ngokuchanekileyo.
6. Zibophelele ekusebenziseni ulwimi. Bekela bucala ixesha suku ngalunye lokuziqhelanisa nokufunda nokuthetha isidatshi.
7. Yonwaba! Ukufunda ulwimi olutsha kufuneka lube mnandi kwaye lube mnandi. Zama iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwaye ufumane ukuba yeyiphi esebenza ngcono kuwe.