Isixhosa I-ukrainian Guqulela

Isingesi lolona lwimi luthethwayo kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye sisebenza njengebhulorho phakathi kweenkcubeko zabantu kwihlabathi liphela. Isidingo senguqulelo yesingesi siyanda, njengoko amashishini amaninzi nangakumbi, oorhulumente kunye nemibutho bayaliqonda ixabiso lokunxibelelana kwimiqobo yolwimi.

Inkqubo yokuguqulela isingesi ibandakanya ukuthatha uxwebhu lomthombo olubhalwe ngolunye ulwimi kwaye uliguqulele kolunye ulwimi ngaphandle kokuphulukana nentsingiselo yoqobo. Oku kunokuba lula njengokuguqulela ibinzana, okanye intsonkothile njengokudala inoveli yonke okanye ingcaciso edibeneyo kwiilwimi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo.

Abaguquleli besingesi baxhomekeke kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwenguqulelo. Kufuneka babe nolwazi olunzulu lweelwimi zombini kwaye bakwazi ukutolika ngokuchanekileyo amagama ngentsingiselo kunye nomxholo. Ukongeza, iingcali zeelwimi ezijolise kwinguqulelo yesingesi kufuneka zibe nokuqonda okunzulu kwesigama senkcubeko, iindawo kunye namasiko.

Kuthatha iminyaka yokufunda kunye nokuziqhelanisa ukuba ngumguquleli wesingesi osebenzayo, kwaye abaninzi bakhetha ukulandela isatifikethi ngemibutho yabaguquleli okanye iiyunivesithi. Esi siqinisekiso asibonisi kuphela ubuchule babo, kodwa siqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wabo uhlangabezana nemigangatho ethile yomgangatho kunye nokusebenza okubekwe ngumzimba oqeqeshiweyo. Ukuqinisekiswa kwakhona kunceda abaguquleli besingesi bahlale behlaziyekile kunye nophuhliso lwamva nje lweshishini.

Inguqulelo yesingesi sisakhono esibalulekileyo esivumela abantu abaneemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo ukuba banxibelelane kwaye babelane ngezimvo kunye namava. Njengoko ihlabathi liqhubeka likhula kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye lidibanisa, inguqulelo yesingesi yinto ebalulekileyo kwishishini, kwezentlalo nakwezopolitiko.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isingesi?

Isingesi lulwimi oluthethwa kakhulu kwaye lulwimi olusemthethweni kumazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanya I-United States, I-United Kingdom, I-Canada, I-Australia, I-Ireland, I-New Zealand, Ijamaica, Kunye namanye amazwe Kwiziqithi Zecaribbean Nasepacific. Isingesi lulwimi olusemthethweni Eindiya, Epakistan, Kwiiphilippines, nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi Eafrika Naseasia.

Yintoni imbali yolwimi lwesingesi?

Ulwimi lwesingesi luneengcambu zalo Kusapho Lweelwimi Zasentshona Jamani, ekukholelwa ukuba luvela kukhokho oqhelekileyo wazo zonke iilwimi Zasejamani, Iproto-Germanic. Kucingelwa ukuba olu lwimi luye lwaphuhliswa phakathi kwe-1000 no-500 BC kwindawo ngoku eyinorthern Germany Kunye Nescandinavia.
Ukususela apho, kwavela iziyelelane Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zasejamani ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ezinye zazo ekugqibeleni zaba Ngamangesi Namafrisian, isingesi Esidala Nesasaxon Esidala. I-Old English yayilulwimi oluthethwa Engilani kude kube malunga ne-1150 AD xa yaqala ukuguqukela kwinto ngoku ebizwa Ngokuba Yi-Middle English. Eli xesha lenguqu liphawulwe ngokuqaliswa kwamagama asefransi awamkelwa njengenxalenye Yenorman Conquest ngo-1066.
Ngexesha Likachaucer ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1300, isingesi Esiphakathi sasilulwimi oluphambili Lwasengilani kwaye sachukunyiswa kakhulu sisifrentshi nesilatini. Ekuqaleni kwee-1500, olu hlobo lwesingesi luye lwaguquka lwaba lulwimi olwamkelekileyo nolwamkelekileyo namhlanje Njengesingesi Sokuqala.
Isingesi samandulo Samanje sasingafani kwihlabathi lonke, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwahlukile kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla. Umzekelo, isingesi sokuqala Sasemelika saqala ukwahluka kakhulu kwisingesi sasebritane ngenkulungwane ye-17.
Namhlanje, amagama amaninzi amatsha kunye namabinzana afakiwe kulwimi lwesingesi ngenxa yeenguqu ezinkulu zenkcubeko kunye nezobuchwepheshe ukususela Kwi-Industrial Revolution. Ukongeza, itekhnoloji yonxibelelwano lwehlabathi evelayo kunye nokuhamba okwandayo kwamazwe aphesheya kuye kwakhokelela ekwamkelweni kwee-neologisms ezininzi. Ngenxa yoko, isingesi siye saba lolona lwimi lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesingesi?

1. Uwilliam Shakespeare - oyena mdlali odumileyo kwisingesi, Ushakespeare ubizwa ngokuqulunqwa kwamawaka amagama kunye namabinzana asasetyenziswa namhlanje.
2. Ugeoffrey Chaucer-omnye wababhali bokuqala owaziwayo ukuba abhale Ngesingesi Esiphakathi, imisebenzi yakhe ithathwa ngokunceda ukulungelelanisa ulwimi.
3. Usamuel Johnson-Obizwa Ngokuba nguyise weencwadi zesingesi, waqulunqa isichazi-magama sokuqala esibanzi sesingesi.
4. Ujohn Milton - Umbongo Wakhe obalaseleyo Iparadesi Elahlekileyo yenye yezona zinto zinempembelelo kwimibongo yesingesi.
5. Uwilliam Tyndale-oyena mntu uphambili Kwinguqulelo yesingesi, wayengumntu wokuqala ukuguqulela Ibhayibhile ngesingesi isuka kwimithombo yayo yantlandlolo yesihebhere neyesigrike.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi lwesingesi?

Isingesi lulwimi lokuhlalutya, oko kuthetha ukuba luphula amagama kwi-morphemes nganye, okanye iiyunithi ezinentsingiselo. Isebenzisa umyalelo wegama, kunokuba isini segrama okanye ukuphela, ukubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwamagama kwisivakalisi. Isingesi sinomzekelo oqinileyo we-syntax, kunye nomxholo-isenzi-into-umyalelo kwizivakalisi zayo. Ukongeza, isingesi sisebenzisa umyalelo ochanekileyo wesibizo xa izichazi ezininzi zisetyenziselwa ukuchaza isibizo esisodwa.

Indlela yokufunda isingesi ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Yenza isicwangciso. Thatha isigqibo sokuba zingaphi iiyure ngeveki onokuzinikezela ekufundeni isingesi, kwaye ufuna ukuchitha ixesha elingakanani kumsebenzi ngamnye.
2. Qala ngeziseko. Funda igrama nesigama esisisiseko esifunekayo ukuze uqalise ukuthetha nokuqonda ulwimi.
3. Iittala teema. Zama ukufumana iindlela zokuzijikeleza ngolwimi. Bukela iimuvi, umamele iingoma kunye neepodcasts, kwaye ufunde iincwadi kunye neemagazini ngesingesi.
4. Thetha nabantu. Cinga ngokujoyina iklasi yencoko okanye uluntu oluku-intanethi ukuze uziqhelanise nesingesi sakho kunye nezithethi zomthonyama.
5. Thatha izifundo online. Zininzi iikhosi ezikwi-intanethi kunye nezifundo ezinokukunceda ufunde isingesi ngendlela ehleliweyo neyonwabisayo.
6. Ziqhelise rhoqo. Bekela bucala ixesha lokuziqhelanisa nokuthetha nokubhala isingesi yonke imihla. Nokuba yimizuzu embalwa kuphela, qiniseka ukuba unamathela kwishedyuli yakho kwaye uqhubeke nokuziqhelanisa.

I-Ukrainian translation ibalulekile kumashishini amaninzi kunye nemibutho efuna ukunxibelelana nabantu abavela Okanye ngaphakathi E-Ukraine. Kukho uluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo ezikhoyo ukubanceda bafikelele kubaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo, ukusuka kubaguquleli abazimeleyo ukuya kwiinkampani ezikhethekileyo zokuguqulela. Isidingo sokuguqulela i-Ukrainian siyaqhubeka sikhula njengoko uqoqosho lwelizwe kunye nobudlelwane bamanye amazwe buqhubeka banda.

Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu xa kufikwa kwinguqulelo yesiukraine kukufumana umguquleli oneziqinisekiso eziyimfuneko kunye nobuchule bokuguqulela ngokuchanekileyo ukusuka kulwimi lomthombo ukuya kulwimi lwesiukraine. Ukongeza ekubeni nemfundo kuzo zombini iilwimi kunye neelwimi abaziguqulelayo, kufuneka babe nolwazi lwangaphambili kunye namava asebenza kwiiprojekthi zokuguqulela zaseukraine.

Umguquleli kufuneka abe nolwazi kakuhle kwiimpawu zolwimi lwaseukraine kunye naziphi na izingqinisiso zenkcubeko ezinokufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo. Iinguqulelo ezininzi zinokuchaphazeleka yimbali yelizwe, inkcubeko, kunye nemozulu yezopolitiko, ke kubalulekile ukusebenzisa umguquleli owaziyo ulwimi kwaye uyazi ngophuhliso lwamva Nje Eukraine.

Xa kuziwa ekusebenzeni nomguquleli oqeqeshiweyo waseukraine, kubalulekile ukuba ukhethe enye eneenkqubo ezichazwe kakuhle kunye namanyathelo okuqinisekisa umgangatho. Ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo, kuba ukuchaneka kunye nokungaguquguquki kubalulekile kunxibelelwano olusebenzayo. Ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho olungileyo kubandakanya ukujonga uguqulelo rhoqo ngokuchasene nomthombo wokuqala womthombo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba nakuphi na ukungangqinelani kuyaziswa kumguquleli ukuze aguqulelwe kwakhona.

Kwakhona kuluncedo ukusebenzisa inkampani ebonelela ngeenkonzo ezongezelelweyo ezinjengendawo yokuhlala, eqinisekisa ukuba uguqulelo lufanelekile ngokwenkcubeko nangolwimi kubaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo. Oku kuthetha ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwimi lulungelelaniswe nommandla othile, kusetyenziswa iilwimi zasekuhlaleni kunye nemifanekiso apho kuyimfuneko. Ikwaquka ukubonelela ngefomathi efanelekileyo kunye noyilo lobeko ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto eziguqulelweyo zijongeka ngokufanayo nemithombo yomthombo.

Eyona nto iphambili kuyo, inguqulelo yaseukraine imalunga nokudlulisa umyalezo ocetywayo ngokuchanekileyo, ngelixa iqinisekisa ukuba yonke imvakalelo yenkcubeko kunye nomxholo uphela uthathelwa ingqalelo. Ukufumana umguquleli okwaziyo ukwenza oku, kwaye ikwasebenza kwimigangatho ephezulu yobungcali kunye namanyathelo okuqinisekisa umgangatho, kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba ufumana ezona ziphumo zibalaseleyo.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isiukraine?

Ulwimi lwaseukraine luthethwa ikakhulu Eukraine nakwiindawo Zaserashiya, Ebelarus, Emoldova, Epoland, Eslovakia, Ehungary, Eromania nasebulgaria. Ikwasetyenziswa njengolwimi oluncinci Ekazakhstan, Eserbia, Egrisi Nasecroatia.

Ziziphi iilwimi ezisemthethweni zaseukraine?

Ulwimi lwase-ukraine lunembali ende kunye neyinkimbinkimbi yophuhliso. Ulwimi Lwasempuma Slavic, lilungu losapho olufanayo nesirashiya Nesibelarusian. Kuye kwathethwa Eukraine ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-11. Kwinkoliso yembali yayo yayiyinxalenye Yolwimi Lwesislavonic Lwecawa, olusetyenziswa kuncwadi nakwimibhalo yonqulo. Ukutyhubela inkoliso yenkulungwane ye-16 neye-19, yaqhubeka igqalwa njengolwimi lwesirashiya, phezu kwazo nje iimpawu ezithile ezahlukileyo.
Kwada kwafika ngekhulu le-19 ukuba isiukraine saqala ukufumana ukwamkelwa njengolwimi olwahlukileyo, njengenxalenye yokuvuselelwa koncwadi E-Ukraine. Isiseko Ukrainian lanamhlanje yasekwa ngeli xesha. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, isiukraine sasilulwimi lwabemi Abaninzi Baseukraine.
Ngo-1917, I-Ukraine yafumana inkululeko Kwirussia kwaye yamkela i-Ukrainian njengolwimi lwaseburhulumenteni. Oku kwaqalisa ixesha lokubekwa emgangathweni nokuphuhliswa kolwimi, izichazi-magama ezininzi, iincwadi zegrama, nezinto zemfundo ezipapashwayo ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwalo.
Ukususela kwinkululeko yayo kwi-1991, Ukrainian iye yavuka ngakumbi. Iye yaba lulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni lwesizwe, kwaye ifundiswa ngokubanzi ezikolweni kwaye isetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintlobo zonxibelelwano loluntu. Nangona ubukho Russian kwezinye iindawo zelizwe, Ukrainian uhlala ulwimi ephambili Ukraine.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwaseukraine?

1. U-Ivan Kotlyarevsky (1769-1838): Njengomsunguli weencwadi zanamhlanje zase-ukraine, Ukotlyarevsky wabhala inkondlo yokuqala yesizwe e-ukraine, E-Eneyida. Imisebenzi yakhe yanceda ukwandisa kunye nokubeka emgangathweni ulwimi.
2. Utaras Shevchenko (1814-1861): umntu ophambili kuncwadi lwaseukraine kunye nobugcisa, Ushevchenko ngamanye amaxesha ubizwa ngokuba "nguyise wolwimi lwaseukraine". Wayengumxhasi onamandla wokusetyenziswa kwe-Ukrainian kwiincwadi nakwinkcubeko kwaye wabhala inani lemibongo kunye neenoveli ngolwimi.
3. U-Ivan Franko (1856-1916): umbhali onempembelelo Kunye nembongi, Ufranko wabhala eminye yemisebenzi yokuqala yoncwadi lwangoku lwaseukraine. Kwakhona yaseka Ivan Franko National University of lviv, leyo liphuhlise iindlela zemfundo revolution egxininisa ukubaluleka ulwimi Ukrainian.
4. Uvolodymyr Vernadsky (1863-1945): umbhali-mbali obalaseleyo, isithandi sobulumko, kunye nesazi ngejoloji, Uvernadsky wayeyinkokeli ephambili kuphuhliso lwenkcubeko yanamhlanje yaseukraine. Wayengomnye wabasunguli Be-Shevchenko Scientific Society kwaye wabhala iincwadi ezininzi kunye neencoko kwizihloko ze-Ukrainian ngolwimi.
5. U-Oleksandr Oles (1884-1962): ingcali yeelwimi kunye ne-philologist, U-Oles wayengumkhosi omkhulu emva kokuphuhliswa kwegrama yase-ukraine. Wayengumbhali wemisebenzi emikhulu kulwimi, kubandakanya Ulwimi lwase-Ukrainian Kwizikolo Eziziiprayimari, kwaye wayelilungu elinempembelelo Kwi-Ukrainian Academy Of Sciences.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi Ukrainian?

Ulwimi lwase-ukraine lulwimi oluthethwa kakhulu Eukraine, apho luthethwa khona njengolwimi lwaseburhulumenteni. Inxulumene ngokusondeleyo Nebelarusian, isipolish kunye nesirashiya kunye nezinye iilwimi Zeslavic. I-alfabhethi yayo ivela Kwi-Cyrillic, kwaye igrama yayo ifana naleyo yezinye iilwimi Zeslavic, kunye nezibizo, izichazi, izenzi kunye nezihlomelo ezineenkcazo ezicacileyo kunye nokudibanisa. Umyalelo wegama ngokuqhelekileyo ngumxholo-isenzi-into, kodwa iyaguquguquka kwaye iyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kugxininiso lwesithethi.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwase-ukraine ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana ulwimi olulungileyo: Qala ngokufumana ikhosi yolwimi elungileyo egxile kulwimi lwaseukraine. Khangela into ebanzi kwaye ikufundisa igrama kunye nesigama solwimi.
2. Thenga iincwadi ezilungileyo zokufunda ulwimi: Iincwadi yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo xa kufikwa ekufundeni ulwimi. Khangela iincwadi ezijolise kulwimi lwaseukraine kungekuphela kwigrama kodwa nakwinkcubeko, imbali kunye nezaci.
3. Ziqhelanise! Eyona ndlela ingcono yokufunda ulwimi kukuluqhelanisa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Khangela ithuba lokuba neencoko kunye nezithethi zomthonyama, nokuba ezikwi-intanethi okanye kwindawo yakho. Mamela unomathotholo waseukraine kwaye ubukele iimovie ZASE-ukraine KUNYE nemiboniso YETV. Oku kuya kukunceda ukuba uqhelane ngakumbi nolwimi kwaye uluqonde ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi.
4. Sebenzisa iiapps kunye neewebhusayithi: zininzi iiapps kunye neewebhusayithi ezinokukunceda uphucule izakhono zakho zolwimi lwaseukraine. Khangela iiforamu ezikwi-intanethi, iibhlog kunye neewebhusayithi ezijolise ekufundiseni isiukraine.
5. Zicwilise: enye yeendlela ezilungileyo zokufunda ulwimi kukuhamba kwaye uzicwilise kwinkcubeko yendawo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ukuba uhambo Oluya Eukraine alukhethi kuwe, zama ukufumana iqela lokuhlangana lendawo okanye inkqubo yokutshintshiselana ngolwimi.