Russian Basquename Guqulela

Isirashiya lulwimi oluntsonkothileyo olunegrama ekhethekileyo kunye nesivakalisi. Ulwimi olusemthethweni Lwaserussia Kunye Ne-Commonwealth Of Independent States (CIS), umbutho wengingqi weeriphabliki zangaphambili Zasesoviet. Isirashiya kuthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-180 emhlabeni jikelele kwaye enye yeelwimi ezili-10 ezithethwa kakhulu kwihlabathi. Ikwajongwa njengolwimi kwi-former Soviet Union, ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngediplomacy, urhwebo kunye netekhnoloji.

Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, uguqulelo ukuya nokubuya kwisirashiya bubuchule obubalulekileyo. Ifuna ukudlulisa ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo yoqobo ngelixa kuthathelwa ingqalelo izinto zenkcubeko kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka komxholo. Ngenxa yokuntsonkotha kwayo kunye nesidingo sokuqonda ngokunzulu ulwimi, umguquleli onamava oqeqeshiweyo uyafuneka kwiinguqulelo ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

Inguqulelo yaserussia ihlala ifuneka kwimisebenzi ephambili yeshishini efana nothethathethwano lwezomthetho, amaxwebhu anxulumene nemali, kunye nezinto zokuthengisa. Iinkampani ezisebenza Erashiya okanye kwamanye amazwe E-CIS zifuna uguqulelo oluchanekileyo kunxibelelwano olusebenzayo, ngakumbi kwiiwebhusayithi zabo kunye nentengiso yomxholo. Umguquleli onobuchule onobuchule kwicandelo unokuqinisekisa ukuba umyalezo ojoliswe kuwo udluliselwa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ufunyenwe.

Kwiinguqulelo ezincinci, ezinje ngeencoko ezingacwangciswanga, kukho izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezizenzekelayo ezikhoyo kwi-intanethi. Ezi zixhobo zinokubonelela ngokuqonda okusisiseko kolwimi, kodwa azinakho ukuchaneka kunye nokwazisa ngomxholo womguquleli oqeqeshiweyo. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuba uqwalasele injongo kunye nobunzima bezinto ngaphambi kokuthatha isigqibo sokuba loluphi uhlobo lweenkonzo zokuguqulela ekufuneka uzisebenzise.

Ukuqukumbela, uguqulelo oluchanekileyo noluthembekileyo lwesirashiya lubalulekile kunxibelelwano oluyimpumelelo phakathi kweenkampani nabantu abathetha isirashiya. Ukuqesha umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba umyalezo ocetywayo udluliselwa kwaye uqondwe, nokuba ngoweshishini, ubuqu, okanye ezinye iinjongo. Ukongeza, ukuntsonkotha kolwimi kugxininisa ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa iingcali ezifanelekileyo kuzo zonke iimfuno zokuguqulela.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isirashiya?

Ulwimi lwesirashiya luthethwa Erashiya, Ebelarus, Ekazakhstan, Ekyrgyzstan, Eukraine, E-Estonia, Elatvia, Elatvia, Emoldova, Etajikistan, Elithuania, Euzbekistan, Eazerbaijan, Earmenia, Eturkmenistan, Egeorgia Nase-Abkhazia.

Luluphi ulwimi oluthethwa ngesirashiya?

Ulwimi lwaserussia luneengcambu Zalo Kulwimi Lwasempuma Slavic, enye yeqela ezintathu zembali zeelwimi Zeslavic. Olu lwimi lwathethwa lwaza lwabhalwa zizizwe Zasempuma Slavic ezazihlala kwiindawo ezininzi ngoku zaserashiya, Eukraine Nasebelarus ngenkulungwane ye-9. Ngeli xesha, I-Church Slavonic yaqala ukukhonza njengolwimi olubhaliweyo kwiincwadi, iinjongo zonqulo nezolawulo, endaweni yesigrike nesilatini sokuqala.
Ngenkulungwane ye-10, Impuma Slavic ngokuthe ngcembe yaguqukela kulwimi lwangoku lwesirashiya, iphenjelelwa sisibulgaria nesiserbia, esasiphenjelelwa Kakhulu Yicawa Islavonic. Ngenkulungwane ye-11, umsebenzi omkhulu wokubhala wexesha Lasekievan Rus, Incwadi Yokuqala Yezikronike, yabhalwa Kwi-Old East Slavic.
Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ze-14 neye-15, Amarashiya aqhubeka esanda ummandla wawo, ekugqibeleni afikelela Kulwandlekazi Lwepasifiki, ngaloo ndlela edibana nezinye iilwimi neenkcubeko ezininzi. Amarashiya azibuyisa iimpembelelo ezivela kwezinye iilwimi aza azibandakanya kulwimi, esenza oko ngoku kwaziwa njengolwimi Lwaserussia Lwangoku.
Ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-17th, ulwimi lwaserussia lwaqala ukuvela ngakumbi ngomsebenzi wababhali abanempembelelo abanjengoalexander Pushkin Noivan Turgenev, ababhala ngolwimi olubizwa ngokuba "sisirashiya soncwadi". Olu hlobo lutsha, oluphucukileyo lolwimi lwasasazeka ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kungekudala lwaba lulwimi olukhethwayo lwezopolitiko, uncwadi, isayensi kunye nenkcubeko.
Namhlanje, isirashiya sesona silwimi Sisasazekayo kwislavic, sinezithethi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezili-145, kwaye yenye yeelwimi ezisemthethweni Zezizwe ezimanyeneyo.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesirashiya?

1. U-Ivan Turgenev (1818-1883) - umbhali wenoveli, imbongi kunye nombhali wokudlala owaphakamisa ukusetyenziswa kolwimi lwaserussia kwaye wanegalelo kuphuhliso loncwadi lwesizwe.
2. Ualexander Pushkin (1799-1837) - umsunguli weencwadi zanamhlanje zaserashiya kunye noyise weembongi zaserashiya.
3. Unikolai Karamzin (1766-1826) - imbongi kunye nombhali-mbali owabhala kakhulu ngolwimi lwaserussia kwaye wenza igalelo elininzi kwinkcubeko yaserussia.
4. Vladimir Dal' (1801-1872) - linguist, isichazi-magama kunye nomqulunqi wesichazi-magama sokuqala esibanzi solwimi lwaserussia.
5. Ualexander Blok (1880-1921) - enye yamanani aphambili kwindawo yoncwadi lwaserussia ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kunye nombhali weminye yemisebenzi edumileyo kwimibongo yaserussia.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi lwaserussia?

Ubume bolwimi lwaserussia ikakhulu lusekwe kwindibaniselwano yemigaqo yohlalutyo kunye nohlalutyo. I-Agglutination yinkqubo apho i-morphemes, okanye iinxalenye zamagama, zidibene kunye ukudala igama elilodwa elichaza ingcamango enye. Izakhi zohlalutyo zibandakanya ukwaphula ingqiqo enye ibe ngamagama ahlukeneyo ukwenza kube lula ukuyiqonda. Ngesirashiya, izimamva zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukubonisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo zegrama, ezinje ngesini, ityala, inani, umba, ixesha kunye nokuba nezinto. Izibizo kunye nezichazi zinokuba neemeko ezintandathu ezahlukeneyo ngesirashiya. I-syntax yolwimi nayo iyingqayizivele, kunye nenkqubo yezivakalisi ezingabonakaliyo, izigatshana ezingaphantsi kunye neefom ezinzima zesenzi.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwaserussia ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Zibekele usukelo olusengqiqweni nosukelo: Maxa wambi Ukuqonda ulwimi lwesirashiya kunokubonakala kunzima, kodwa unako ukuphumelela ukuba uzibekela ulindelo olusengqiqweni nosukelo olusengqiqweni. Phula ulwimi lwakho-ukufunda uhambo kwiziqa ezilawulwayo kwaye ube nomonde kuwe.
2. Fumana iqabane lokufunda Kwi-intanethi: Fumana iqabane lomfundi elikwi-intanethi okanye umhlobo othetha isirashiya onokukunceda ukuba uziqhelanise nokuthetha kwakho kunye nokubiza.
3. Zibhaptize kwinkcubeko yaserussia: Funda iincwadi, ubukele iifilimu kunye nemiboniso yetv, mamela iipodcasts kunye nomculo, kwaye uzame ukudibanisa phakathi kolwimi kunye nemeko yenkcubeko.
4. Thatha iklasi yolwimi lwaserussia: Ukuthatha umntu okanye iklasi yolwimi lwaserussia ekwi-intanethi kunokuba yindlela entle yokufunda iziseko kwaye ufumane ingxelo kutitshala okanye kwisithethi somthonyama.
5. Yenza i-flashcards: Yenza i-flashcards ngamagama aqhelekileyo kunye namabinzana ngesirashiya. Oku kunokunceda ukomeleza ulwimi nokwenza kube lula ukulukhumbula.
6. Sebenzisa usetyenziso lokufunda ulwimi: usetyenziso lokufunda Ulwimi olufana Neduolingo, Imemrise, Kunye Nerosetta Stone zizixhobo ezinkulu zokufunda isirashiya. Baya kukunika isakhiwo esithile kwaye bancede ukuphula ulwimi lube ngamaqhekeza alawulekayo.
7. Ukuziqhelanisa, ukuziqhelanisa, ukuziqhelanisa: ekuphela kwendlela yokuqonda ngokwenene ulwimi lwaserussia kukuluqhelanisa rhoqo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Funda, ubhale, uphulaphule kwaye uthethe rhoqo ukuze uphucule izakhono zakho.

Inguqulelo yasebasque yintsimi ekhethekileyo yokutolika apho amagama avela kulwimi Lwasebasque, ulwimi lwakudala oluthethwa ngabantu abancinci ngokusekwe Ikakhulu Kusingasiqithi Wase-Iberia Osemantla, aguqulelwa kolunye ulwimi. Ngelixa Ibasque ingathethwa ngokubanzi ngaphandle kwemimandla yayo yomthonyama, kukho iimfuno ezandayo zokuguqulela amaxwebhu kunye nonxibelelwano kolu lwimi kuzo zombini iinjongo zeshishini kunye nezobuqu.

Zininzi izinto ezenza inguqulelo Yebasque yahluke kwezinye iilwimi. Okokuqala, lulwimi olungelulo Olwe-Indo-European olungenazo izihlobo ezisondeleyo okanye olufana nolunye ulwimi ehlabathini. Oku kuthetha ukuba abaguquleli kufuneka babe nolwazi olunzulu lolwimi kwaye babe nobuchule obukhulu bokubonelela ngeenguqulelo ezichanekileyo. Okwesibini, Ulwimi Lwasebasque luneelwimi ezininzi kunye ne-accents ezingahluka kakhulu nakwindawo encinci yejografi. Oku kufuna inqanaba lolwazi lwenkcubeko ukuqonda ngokuchanekileyo izinto zolwimi.

Xa ufuna umguquleli Wasebasque, qiniseka ukuba baneziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo. Bafanele babe ne-fluency yolwimi, ulwazi olubanzi lwenkcubeko kunye namava entsimini. Ukongezelela, bafanele babe nolwazi olunzulu lwegrama, isivakalisi kunye nesigama solwimi. Oku kubalulekile ekuveliseni iinguqulelo ezichanekileyo kunye nokugcina intsingiselo yomthonyama yesicatshulwa.

Ukongeza ekutolikeni amaxwebhu, abaguquleli Basebasque banokubonelela ngeenkonzo zabo ekutolikeni iincoko eziphilayo, ukurekhodwa komsindo, kunye nezinye iindlela zonxibelelwano. Kwezinye iimeko, ukuguqulelwa kunokuba yimfuneko kwiindawo okanye izikhumbuzo ezifuna ulwazi olukhethekileyo.

Ekugqibeleni, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ulwimi Lwasebasque luyingqayizivele kwaye luyinkimbinkimbi. Ngenxa yoku, inguqulelo echanekileyo ifuna uncedo lweengcali ezinolwazi ngolwimi, inkcubeko kunye nolwimi lwabantu Basebasque. Ngoncedo lwabo, abantu kunye namashishini ngokufanayo banokuvala umsantsa wolwimi phakathi Kwebasque nolunye ulwimi, ukuvumela ukuqonda okungcono kunye nonxibelelwano oluphuculweyo.

Ngawaphi Amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwasebasque?

Ulwimi Lwasebasque luthethwa ikakhulu emantla Espain, Kwilizwe Lasebasque, kodwa ikwathethwa Enavarre (Espain) nakumaphondo Asebasque efrance.

Ziziphi iilwimi Zasebasque?

Ulwimi Lwasebasque lulwimi lwangaphambi kwembali, oluthethwa Kwilizwe Lasebasque nakwimimandla Yasenavarre yasespain Nasefrance amawaka eminyaka. Ulwimi Lwasebasque luhlukile; alunazo izihlobo zolwimi ngaphandle kweentlobo ezimbalwa Ze-Aquitanian eziphantse zaphela. Ukukhankanywa kokuqala kolwimi Lwasebasque kusuka kwi-5th century ad, kodwa kukho ubungqina bobukho bayo ngaphambi koko. Ebudeni Bamaxesha Aphakathi, Ibasque yayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengolwimi lwezorhwebo, kwaye amagama amaninzi emali-mboleko afakwe kwezinye iilwimi, ngakumbi ispanish nesifrentshi. Noko ke, ebudeni beenkulungwane ezalandelayo, ukusetyenziswa kolwimi kwaqalisa ukuhla. Ngekhulu lama-20, Ibasque yayiphelelwe ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo Ezininzi Zelizwe Lasebasque, kwaye kwezinye iindawo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwavalwa. Eli xesha lokwehla libuyiselwe umva ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, kunye nomdla ohlaziyiweyo kulwimi okhokelela ekubeni kwenziwe amanyathelo okukhusela nokukhuthaza ulwimi. Kwenziwe iinzame zokwandisa ukusetyenziswa Kwebasque ezikolweni nakwiinkonzo zikarhulumente, kwaye ngoku ifundiswa kwezinye izikolo Kwilizwe Lasebasque. Ulwimi lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumajelo eendaba,uncwadi kunye nobugcisa bokwenza. Ngaphandle kwezi nzame, ulwimi Lwasebasque lusengozini, kwaye kuphela malunga ne-33% yabantu Kwilizwe Lasebasque abakwaziyo ukuthetha namhlanje.

Ngoobani abantu aba-5 abaphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwasebasque?

1. Usabino Arana (1865-1903): Ibasque yesizwe, ipolitiki kunye nombhali. Wayenguvulindlela kwi-Basque language revival movement kwaye unikezelwa ngokudala inkqubo yokupela yasebasque.
2. Uvuko Umaría De Azkue (1864-1951): Ingcali Yeelwimi kunye nombhali wesichazi-magama owabhala isichazi-magama sokuqala Sasebasque-ispanish.
3. Ubernardo Estornés Lasa (1916-2008): uprofesa Obalaseleyo weencwadi Zebasque, umbhali kunye nembongi. Waqulunqa i-Orthography yokuqala Yasebasque.
4. Koldo Mitxelena (1915-1997): Ingcali Yeelwimi Kunye nonjingalwazi Webasque Philology. Wayengomnye wabasunguli beelwimi Zasebasque zanamhlanje.
5. Upello Erroteta (owazalwa ngo-1954): Umbhali Wenoveli, umbhali wokudlala kunye nonjingalwazi Woncwadi Lwasebasque. Ubhale ngokubanzi malunga nenkcubeko Yasebasque kwaye wakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwebasque kwiincwadi.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi Lwasebasque?

Ulwimi Lwasebasque lulwimi oludibeneyo, oku kuthetha ukuba longeza izimamva kunye nezimaphambili kumagama ukubonisa intsingiselo. Is syntax ikakhulu sisihloko-izimvo kulwakhiwo, apho isihloko siza kuqala kwaye umxholo ophambili ulandela. Kwakhona, kukho i-verticism yokuqala. I-Basque ine-inflection ezimbini zomlomo: enye yezinto ezikhoyo kunye neyexesha elidlulileyo, kunye neemeko ezintathu (ezibonisa, ukuzithoba, ukunyanzeliswa). Ukongeza, ulwimi luqulethe inani leeklasi zezibizo, ezigqitywe ngesikhamiso sokugqibela segama kunye nesini sesibizo.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwasebasque ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Ukutyala imali kwizixhobo zokufunda ezinjengeencwadi zezifundo okanye iikhosi ezikwi-intanethi. Ibasque yenye yeelwimi ezindala Eyurophu kwaye kunokuba nzima ukufunda ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezaneleyo.
2. Mamela iinkqubo zikanomathotholo, ubukele iinkqubo zikamabonwakude, kwaye ufunde ezinye iincwadi Ebasque. Oku kuya kukunika ukuqonda okungcono kolwimi kwaye kukubonise ngemizekelo yehlabathi lokwenyani yendlela esetyenziswa ngayo.
3. Thatha iiklasi. Iiyunivesithi zasekuhlaleni kunye nemibutho ngamanye amaxesha zibonelela ngeeklasi zolwimi okanye ukufundisa Ebasque. Ezi klasi zihlala zinika ithuba elihle lokuba neencoko kunye nezithethi zomthonyama kwaye ufumane amava asebenzayo.
4. Ziqhelise ukuthetha. Ukubiza ibasque kunokuba ngumceli mngeni. Ukuziqhelanisa rhoqo kunye nengxelo evela kwizithethi zomthonyama kunokukunceda ukuba ukhululeke ngakumbi ngolwimi.
5. Fumana iqabane lencoko. Fumana Umntu othetha Nebasque kwaye angathanda ukunxibelelana nawe ubuncinci kube kanye ngeveki. Ukuba neqabane lencoko kunokuba yindlela entle yokuhlala ukhuthazekile kwaye ufunde ulwimi kwimeko.