Russian I-malayalam Guqulela

Isirashiya lulwimi oluntsonkothileyo olunegrama ekhethekileyo kunye nesivakalisi. Ulwimi olusemthethweni Lwaserussia Kunye Ne-Commonwealth Of Independent States (CIS), umbutho wengingqi weeriphabliki zangaphambili Zasesoviet. Isirashiya kuthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-180 emhlabeni jikelele kwaye enye yeelwimi ezili-10 ezithethwa kakhulu kwihlabathi. Ikwajongwa njengolwimi kwi-former Soviet Union, ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngediplomacy, urhwebo kunye netekhnoloji.

Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, uguqulelo ukuya nokubuya kwisirashiya bubuchule obubalulekileyo. Ifuna ukudlulisa ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo yoqobo ngelixa kuthathelwa ingqalelo izinto zenkcubeko kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka komxholo. Ngenxa yokuntsonkotha kwayo kunye nesidingo sokuqonda ngokunzulu ulwimi, umguquleli onamava oqeqeshiweyo uyafuneka kwiinguqulelo ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

Inguqulelo yaserussia ihlala ifuneka kwimisebenzi ephambili yeshishini efana nothethathethwano lwezomthetho, amaxwebhu anxulumene nemali, kunye nezinto zokuthengisa. Iinkampani ezisebenza Erashiya okanye kwamanye amazwe E-CIS zifuna uguqulelo oluchanekileyo kunxibelelwano olusebenzayo, ngakumbi kwiiwebhusayithi zabo kunye nentengiso yomxholo. Umguquleli onobuchule onobuchule kwicandelo unokuqinisekisa ukuba umyalezo ojoliswe kuwo udluliselwa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ufunyenwe.

Kwiinguqulelo ezincinci, ezinje ngeencoko ezingacwangciswanga, kukho izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezizenzekelayo ezikhoyo kwi-intanethi. Ezi zixhobo zinokubonelela ngokuqonda okusisiseko kolwimi, kodwa azinakho ukuchaneka kunye nokwazisa ngomxholo womguquleli oqeqeshiweyo. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuba uqwalasele injongo kunye nobunzima bezinto ngaphambi kokuthatha isigqibo sokuba loluphi uhlobo lweenkonzo zokuguqulela ekufuneka uzisebenzise.

Ukuqukumbela, uguqulelo oluchanekileyo noluthembekileyo lwesirashiya lubalulekile kunxibelelwano oluyimpumelelo phakathi kweenkampani nabantu abathetha isirashiya. Ukuqesha umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba umyalezo ocetywayo udluliselwa kwaye uqondwe, nokuba ngoweshishini, ubuqu, okanye ezinye iinjongo. Ukongeza, ukuntsonkotha kolwimi kugxininisa ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa iingcali ezifanelekileyo kuzo zonke iimfuno zokuguqulela.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isirashiya?

Ulwimi lwesirashiya luthethwa Erashiya, Ebelarus, Ekazakhstan, Ekyrgyzstan, Eukraine, E-Estonia, Elatvia, Elatvia, Emoldova, Etajikistan, Elithuania, Euzbekistan, Eazerbaijan, Earmenia, Eturkmenistan, Egeorgia Nase-Abkhazia.

Luluphi ulwimi oluthethwa ngesirashiya?

Ulwimi lwaserussia luneengcambu Zalo Kulwimi Lwasempuma Slavic, enye yeqela ezintathu zembali zeelwimi Zeslavic. Olu lwimi lwathethwa lwaza lwabhalwa zizizwe Zasempuma Slavic ezazihlala kwiindawo ezininzi ngoku zaserashiya, Eukraine Nasebelarus ngenkulungwane ye-9. Ngeli xesha, I-Church Slavonic yaqala ukukhonza njengolwimi olubhaliweyo kwiincwadi, iinjongo zonqulo nezolawulo, endaweni yesigrike nesilatini sokuqala.
Ngenkulungwane ye-10, Impuma Slavic ngokuthe ngcembe yaguqukela kulwimi lwangoku lwesirashiya, iphenjelelwa sisibulgaria nesiserbia, esasiphenjelelwa Kakhulu Yicawa Islavonic. Ngenkulungwane ye-11, umsebenzi omkhulu wokubhala wexesha Lasekievan Rus, Incwadi Yokuqala Yezikronike, yabhalwa Kwi-Old East Slavic.
Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ze-14 neye-15, Amarashiya aqhubeka esanda ummandla wawo, ekugqibeleni afikelela Kulwandlekazi Lwepasifiki, ngaloo ndlela edibana nezinye iilwimi neenkcubeko ezininzi. Amarashiya azibuyisa iimpembelelo ezivela kwezinye iilwimi aza azibandakanya kulwimi, esenza oko ngoku kwaziwa njengolwimi Lwaserussia Lwangoku.
Ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-17th, ulwimi lwaserussia lwaqala ukuvela ngakumbi ngomsebenzi wababhali abanempembelelo abanjengoalexander Pushkin Noivan Turgenev, ababhala ngolwimi olubizwa ngokuba "sisirashiya soncwadi". Olu hlobo lutsha, oluphucukileyo lolwimi lwasasazeka ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kungekudala lwaba lulwimi olukhethwayo lwezopolitiko, uncwadi, isayensi kunye nenkcubeko.
Namhlanje, isirashiya sesona silwimi Sisasazekayo kwislavic, sinezithethi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezili-145, kwaye yenye yeelwimi ezisemthethweni Zezizwe ezimanyeneyo.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesirashiya?

1. U-Ivan Turgenev (1818-1883) - umbhali wenoveli, imbongi kunye nombhali wokudlala owaphakamisa ukusetyenziswa kolwimi lwaserussia kwaye wanegalelo kuphuhliso loncwadi lwesizwe.
2. Ualexander Pushkin (1799-1837) - umsunguli weencwadi zanamhlanje zaserashiya kunye noyise weembongi zaserashiya.
3. Unikolai Karamzin (1766-1826) - imbongi kunye nombhali-mbali owabhala kakhulu ngolwimi lwaserussia kwaye wenza igalelo elininzi kwinkcubeko yaserussia.
4. Vladimir Dal' (1801-1872) - linguist, isichazi-magama kunye nomqulunqi wesichazi-magama sokuqala esibanzi solwimi lwaserussia.
5. Ualexander Blok (1880-1921) - enye yamanani aphambili kwindawo yoncwadi lwaserussia ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kunye nombhali weminye yemisebenzi edumileyo kwimibongo yaserussia.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi lwaserussia?

Ubume bolwimi lwaserussia ikakhulu lusekwe kwindibaniselwano yemigaqo yohlalutyo kunye nohlalutyo. I-Agglutination yinkqubo apho i-morphemes, okanye iinxalenye zamagama, zidibene kunye ukudala igama elilodwa elichaza ingcamango enye. Izakhi zohlalutyo zibandakanya ukwaphula ingqiqo enye ibe ngamagama ahlukeneyo ukwenza kube lula ukuyiqonda. Ngesirashiya, izimamva zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukubonisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo zegrama, ezinje ngesini, ityala, inani, umba, ixesha kunye nokuba nezinto. Izibizo kunye nezichazi zinokuba neemeko ezintandathu ezahlukeneyo ngesirashiya. I-syntax yolwimi nayo iyingqayizivele, kunye nenkqubo yezivakalisi ezingabonakaliyo, izigatshana ezingaphantsi kunye neefom ezinzima zesenzi.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwaserussia ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Zibekele usukelo olusengqiqweni nosukelo: Maxa wambi Ukuqonda ulwimi lwesirashiya kunokubonakala kunzima, kodwa unako ukuphumelela ukuba uzibekela ulindelo olusengqiqweni nosukelo olusengqiqweni. Phula ulwimi lwakho-ukufunda uhambo kwiziqa ezilawulwayo kwaye ube nomonde kuwe.
2. Fumana iqabane lokufunda Kwi-intanethi: Fumana iqabane lomfundi elikwi-intanethi okanye umhlobo othetha isirashiya onokukunceda ukuba uziqhelanise nokuthetha kwakho kunye nokubiza.
3. Zibhaptize kwinkcubeko yaserussia: Funda iincwadi, ubukele iifilimu kunye nemiboniso yetv, mamela iipodcasts kunye nomculo, kwaye uzame ukudibanisa phakathi kolwimi kunye nemeko yenkcubeko.
4. Thatha iklasi yolwimi lwaserussia: Ukuthatha umntu okanye iklasi yolwimi lwaserussia ekwi-intanethi kunokuba yindlela entle yokufunda iziseko kwaye ufumane ingxelo kutitshala okanye kwisithethi somthonyama.
5. Yenza i-flashcards: Yenza i-flashcards ngamagama aqhelekileyo kunye namabinzana ngesirashiya. Oku kunokunceda ukomeleza ulwimi nokwenza kube lula ukulukhumbula.
6. Sebenzisa usetyenziso lokufunda ulwimi: usetyenziso lokufunda Ulwimi olufana Neduolingo, Imemrise, Kunye Nerosetta Stone zizixhobo ezinkulu zokufunda isirashiya. Baya kukunika isakhiwo esithile kwaye bancede ukuphula ulwimi lube ngamaqhekeza alawulekayo.
7. Ukuziqhelanisa, ukuziqhelanisa, ukuziqhelanisa: ekuphela kwendlela yokuqonda ngokwenene ulwimi lwaserussia kukuluqhelanisa rhoqo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Funda, ubhale, uphulaphule kwaye uthethe rhoqo ukuze uphucule izakhono zakho.

Imalayalam lulwimi oluthethwa Eindiya olunelifa elityebileyo lenkcubeko. Olu lwimi luthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-35, Eindiya nakwamanye amazwe. Ngenxa yokwanda kokudityaniswa kwehlabathi, ukubaluleka kweenkonzo zokuguqulela Emalayalam akunakubaxwa. Njengoko isidingo sonxibelelwano lweelwimi ezininzi sisanda, imibutho ikhangela abantu abafanelekileyo ukuba banike iinguqulelo Zesimalayalam ezinokuthenjwa nezichanekileyo.

Imalayalam lulwimi Lwe-Dravidian, oluneskripthi sayo. Lulwimi olusemthethweni lwelizwe Laseindiya Ikerala, kwaye yenye yeelwimi ezingama-23 ezaziwa Njengolwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Lwaseindiya. Njengezinye iilwimi, Imalayalam ikwanazo neenguqulelo ezithile ngokuxhomekeke kwingingqi ethethwa kuyo. Ke ngoko, abo banqwenela ukungena kwicandelo lokuguqulela Lasemalayalam kufuneka, ke, babe nokuqonda okucokisekileyo kwezi nguqulelo zommandla.

Imfuno eyandayo yeenguqulelo Zemalayalam iqhutywa ngamashishini, imibutho yehlabathi, kunye neearhente zikarhulumente zonke ezifuna ukunxibelelana nabantu abakwimimandla ethetha Imalayalam. Oku kunokubandakanya nantoni na ukusuka ekudaleni izinto zokuthengisa Emalta, ukuguqulela amaxwebhu asemthethweni kunye nomxholo wewebhusayithi. Abaguquleli abafanelekayo Basemalayalam nabo banenzuzo eyongeziweyo ukuba baqonda izinto zenkcubeko ezinxulumene nolwimi, ngakumbi xa kuziwa kwishishini kunye nokuthengisa.

Ukuze ube ngumguquleli ofanelekileyo Wesimalayalam, umntu kufuneka abe nomyalelo ogqwesileyo kubo Bobabini Isimalayalam (kuzo zonke iintlobo zayo) kunye nolwimi ekujoliswe kulo. Ngaphezu koko, izakhono zonxibelelwano ezinamandla, ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha, kunye nokukwazi ukusebenza kunye nexesha elibekiweyo ziimpawu ezibalulekileyo. Ukuba awunayo i-fluency yomthonyama kuzo zombini iilwimi, iqondo lokuguqulela okanye iilwimi lingaba luncedo, nangona oku akusoloko kuyimfuneko.

Njengoko imibutho ijolise ekuboneleleni ngeelwimi ezininzi, imfuno yabaguquleli Besimalayalam iya kuqhubeka inyuka. Ngezi ziqinisekiso zilungileyo, nabani na unokuba yinxalenye yeli shishini lidlamkileyo kwaye abe negalelo ekwenzeni ihlabathi liqhagamshelane ngakumbi.

Luluphi ulwimi Oluthethwa Ngabantu Basemalayalam?

Imalayalam ithethwa ikakhulu Eindiya, kwilizwe Lasekerala, nakwimimandla engabamelwane Basekarnataka Nasetamil Nadu. Ikwathethwa yi-diaspora encinci Ebahrain, Efiji, Kwasirayeli, Emalaysia, Eqatar, Esingapore, E-United Arab Emirates Nase-United Kingdom.

Luluphi ulwimi Oluthethwa Ngabantu Basemalayalam?

Ubungqina bokuqala oburekhodiweyo bolwimi Lwesimalayalam bufumaneka kwimisebenzi yabaphengululi benkulungwane ye-9 abanjengo-Irayanman Thampi, owabhala Iramacharitam. Ngenkulungwane ye-12, oku kwaguqukela ekubeni lulwimi lokubhala olusetyenziswa kuncwadi olusekelwe Kwisisanskrit noluxhaphakileyo kwimimandla esemazantsi Ekerala yanamhlanje.
Ukuqala malunga nekhulu le-14 iimbongi ezifana Namamalwar Kunye Nekulashekhara Alvar basebenzisa Imalayalam kwiingoma zabo zokuzinikela. Olu lwimi lwakuqala lwahlukile Kwisisanskrit Nesitamil. Iquka amagama avela kwezinye iilwimi kuquka Isizulu Nesikannada.
Ngenkulungwane ye-16, inguqulelo Kathunchaththu Ezhuthachan Yeramayana Nemahabharata isuka Kwisisanskrit isiya Emalayalam yalukhulisa ngakumbi olu lwimi. Kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa ezalandelayo, ababhali babhala iincwadi ngeelwimi Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zasemalayalam. Oku kwakhokelela ekuveleni Kwemalayalam yanamhlanje eyathatha amagama avela kwisiphuthukezi, isingesi, isifrentshi kunye nesidatshi.
Ukususela ngoko, Imalayalam ibe lulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni ekerala kwaye isetyenziswa kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi, kubandakanya imfundo, urhulumente, amajelo eendaba kunye nenkolo. Ikwasetyenziselwa ukwenza iintlobo ezintsha zoncwadi, ezinje ngemibongo, imidlalo, kunye namabali amafutshane, kwaye iyaqhubeka nokuvela kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesimalayalam?

1. U-Ezhuthachan (owaziwa Nangokuthi Uthunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan) – Imbongi Yokuqala enkulu yolimi Lwasemalayalam futhi yatholakala ngokudala isisekelo sencwadi Yesimanje Yasemalayalam.
2. I-Kumaran Asan - enye yeembongi ze-triumvirate zoncwadi lwangoku Lwemalayalam. Uyaziwa ngemisebenzi yakhe enjenge - 'Veena Poova', 'Nalini' kanye no - 'Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala'.
3. I-Parameswar Iyer-imbongi eyaziwayo Yasemalayalam eyaziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe wokuqala opapashwe 'Kavyaanushasanam'. Ukwathe unikwe ithuba lokufaka amagowuli emdlalweni wanamhlanje.
4. I-Vallathol Narayana Menon - enye yeembongi ze-triumvirate zoncwadi lwangoku Lwemalayalam. Wabhala imisebenzi emininzi yeklasikhi enje ngo 'Khanda Kavyas' kunye 'Noduravastha'.
5. G Sankara Kurup-Eyaziwa ngemisebenzi yakhe efana ne - 'Oru Judha Malayalam' kunye ne 'Viswadarsanam', wayengumdlali wokuqala We-Jnanpith Award for Malayalam literature.

Luluphi ulwimi Oluthethwa Ngabantu Basemalayalam?

Ulwimi Lwesimalayalam lulwimi oluguqukayo, oko kuthetha ukuba lunenqanaba eliphezulu lokudityaniswa kunye notyekelo lokudibanisa amagama okanye amabinzana ukwenza amagama amatsha. Olu phawu lwenza ulwimi oluvakalayo, oluvumela isithethi ukuba sinxibelelane neengcamango ezinzima ngamagama ambalwa kunokuba kufuneka ngesingesi. I-Malayalam inomyalelo we-V2 wegama, oko kuthetha ukuba isenzi sibekwe kwindawo yesibini kwisivakalisi, kodwa oku akunyanzelekanga ngokungqongqo. Kukho nezinye izakhiwo zegrama, ezifana ne-participles kunye ne-gerunds, ezifumaneka kulwimi.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwesimalayalam ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokukhuphela iincwadi kunye nezinto ezibhalwe Emalayalam. Kulula ukufumana iipdf zasimahla, iincwadi kunye neefayile zomsindo kwi-intanethi.
2. Hlola ezinye Iindawo onokukhetha kuzo E-Malayalam speakers Ukumamela indlela izithethi zomthonyama ezibiza ngayo ulwimi yindlela ebalulekileyo yokufumana ngokutyibilikayo.
3. Sebenzisa iiwebhusayithi zokutshintshiselana ngolwimi olufana Nolwimi Lwam Ukutshintshiselana Okanye Incoko ukuze uziqhelanise nokuthetha nesithethi somthonyama.
4. Sebenzisa iikhosi zasimahla ezikwi-intanethi ezibonelelwa ziiyunivesithi ezinjengeyunivesithi Yasemadras okanye Ikairali Malayalam.
5. Cinga ngokubhalisa kwiklasi kwisikolo solwimi lwasekuhlaleni okanye kwiziko lokufunda.
6. Bukela Imiboniso bhanyabhanya Yasemalayalam kunye nemiboniso kamabonwakude ukuze ubonakale ngakumbi kulwimi.
7. Sebenzisa iiflashcards ukunceda ukukhumbula amagama abalulekileyo kunye namabinzana.
8. Gcina incwadana yamagama amatsha kunye nezivakalisi ozifundayo kwaye uzihlolisise rhoqo.
9. Thetha Emalayalam kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
10. Ekugqibeleni, fumana iindlela zokusebenzisa ulwimi kwincoko yakho yemihla ngemihla nabahlobo kunye nosapho.