Russian I-croatian Guqulela

Isirashiya lulwimi oluntsonkothileyo olunegrama ekhethekileyo kunye nesivakalisi. Ulwimi olusemthethweni Lwaserussia Kunye Ne-Commonwealth Of Independent States (CIS), umbutho wengingqi weeriphabliki zangaphambili Zasesoviet. Isirashiya kuthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-180 emhlabeni jikelele kwaye enye yeelwimi ezili-10 ezithethwa kakhulu kwihlabathi. Ikwajongwa njengolwimi kwi-former Soviet Union, ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngediplomacy, urhwebo kunye netekhnoloji.

Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, uguqulelo ukuya nokubuya kwisirashiya bubuchule obubalulekileyo. Ifuna ukudlulisa ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo yoqobo ngelixa kuthathelwa ingqalelo izinto zenkcubeko kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka komxholo. Ngenxa yokuntsonkotha kwayo kunye nesidingo sokuqonda ngokunzulu ulwimi, umguquleli onamava oqeqeshiweyo uyafuneka kwiinguqulelo ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

Inguqulelo yaserussia ihlala ifuneka kwimisebenzi ephambili yeshishini efana nothethathethwano lwezomthetho, amaxwebhu anxulumene nemali, kunye nezinto zokuthengisa. Iinkampani ezisebenza Erashiya okanye kwamanye amazwe E-CIS zifuna uguqulelo oluchanekileyo kunxibelelwano olusebenzayo, ngakumbi kwiiwebhusayithi zabo kunye nentengiso yomxholo. Umguquleli onobuchule onobuchule kwicandelo unokuqinisekisa ukuba umyalezo ojoliswe kuwo udluliselwa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ufunyenwe.

Kwiinguqulelo ezincinci, ezinje ngeencoko ezingacwangciswanga, kukho izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezizenzekelayo ezikhoyo kwi-intanethi. Ezi zixhobo zinokubonelela ngokuqonda okusisiseko kolwimi, kodwa azinakho ukuchaneka kunye nokwazisa ngomxholo womguquleli oqeqeshiweyo. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuba uqwalasele injongo kunye nobunzima bezinto ngaphambi kokuthatha isigqibo sokuba loluphi uhlobo lweenkonzo zokuguqulela ekufuneka uzisebenzise.

Ukuqukumbela, uguqulelo oluchanekileyo noluthembekileyo lwesirashiya lubalulekile kunxibelelwano oluyimpumelelo phakathi kweenkampani nabantu abathetha isirashiya. Ukuqesha umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba umyalezo ocetywayo udluliselwa kwaye uqondwe, nokuba ngoweshishini, ubuqu, okanye ezinye iinjongo. Ukongeza, ukuntsonkotha kolwimi kugxininisa ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa iingcali ezifanelekileyo kuzo zonke iimfuno zokuguqulela.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isirashiya?

Ulwimi lwesirashiya luthethwa Erashiya, Ebelarus, Ekazakhstan, Ekyrgyzstan, Eukraine, E-Estonia, Elatvia, Elatvia, Emoldova, Etajikistan, Elithuania, Euzbekistan, Eazerbaijan, Earmenia, Eturkmenistan, Egeorgia Nase-Abkhazia.

Luluphi ulwimi oluthethwa ngesirashiya?

Ulwimi lwaserussia luneengcambu Zalo Kulwimi Lwasempuma Slavic, enye yeqela ezintathu zembali zeelwimi Zeslavic. Olu lwimi lwathethwa lwaza lwabhalwa zizizwe Zasempuma Slavic ezazihlala kwiindawo ezininzi ngoku zaserashiya, Eukraine Nasebelarus ngenkulungwane ye-9. Ngeli xesha, I-Church Slavonic yaqala ukukhonza njengolwimi olubhaliweyo kwiincwadi, iinjongo zonqulo nezolawulo, endaweni yesigrike nesilatini sokuqala.
Ngenkulungwane ye-10, Impuma Slavic ngokuthe ngcembe yaguqukela kulwimi lwangoku lwesirashiya, iphenjelelwa sisibulgaria nesiserbia, esasiphenjelelwa Kakhulu Yicawa Islavonic. Ngenkulungwane ye-11, umsebenzi omkhulu wokubhala wexesha Lasekievan Rus, Incwadi Yokuqala Yezikronike, yabhalwa Kwi-Old East Slavic.
Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ze-14 neye-15, Amarashiya aqhubeka esanda ummandla wawo, ekugqibeleni afikelela Kulwandlekazi Lwepasifiki, ngaloo ndlela edibana nezinye iilwimi neenkcubeko ezininzi. Amarashiya azibuyisa iimpembelelo ezivela kwezinye iilwimi aza azibandakanya kulwimi, esenza oko ngoku kwaziwa njengolwimi Lwaserussia Lwangoku.
Ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-17th, ulwimi lwaserussia lwaqala ukuvela ngakumbi ngomsebenzi wababhali abanempembelelo abanjengoalexander Pushkin Noivan Turgenev, ababhala ngolwimi olubizwa ngokuba "sisirashiya soncwadi". Olu hlobo lutsha, oluphucukileyo lolwimi lwasasazeka ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kungekudala lwaba lulwimi olukhethwayo lwezopolitiko, uncwadi, isayensi kunye nenkcubeko.
Namhlanje, isirashiya sesona silwimi Sisasazekayo kwislavic, sinezithethi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezili-145, kwaye yenye yeelwimi ezisemthethweni Zezizwe ezimanyeneyo.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesirashiya?

1. U-Ivan Turgenev (1818-1883) - umbhali wenoveli, imbongi kunye nombhali wokudlala owaphakamisa ukusetyenziswa kolwimi lwaserussia kwaye wanegalelo kuphuhliso loncwadi lwesizwe.
2. Ualexander Pushkin (1799-1837) - umsunguli weencwadi zanamhlanje zaserashiya kunye noyise weembongi zaserashiya.
3. Unikolai Karamzin (1766-1826) - imbongi kunye nombhali-mbali owabhala kakhulu ngolwimi lwaserussia kwaye wenza igalelo elininzi kwinkcubeko yaserussia.
4. Vladimir Dal' (1801-1872) - linguist, isichazi-magama kunye nomqulunqi wesichazi-magama sokuqala esibanzi solwimi lwaserussia.
5. Ualexander Blok (1880-1921) - enye yamanani aphambili kwindawo yoncwadi lwaserussia ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kunye nombhali weminye yemisebenzi edumileyo kwimibongo yaserussia.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi lwaserussia?

Ubume bolwimi lwaserussia ikakhulu lusekwe kwindibaniselwano yemigaqo yohlalutyo kunye nohlalutyo. I-Agglutination yinkqubo apho i-morphemes, okanye iinxalenye zamagama, zidibene kunye ukudala igama elilodwa elichaza ingcamango enye. Izakhi zohlalutyo zibandakanya ukwaphula ingqiqo enye ibe ngamagama ahlukeneyo ukwenza kube lula ukuyiqonda. Ngesirashiya, izimamva zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukubonisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo zegrama, ezinje ngesini, ityala, inani, umba, ixesha kunye nokuba nezinto. Izibizo kunye nezichazi zinokuba neemeko ezintandathu ezahlukeneyo ngesirashiya. I-syntax yolwimi nayo iyingqayizivele, kunye nenkqubo yezivakalisi ezingabonakaliyo, izigatshana ezingaphantsi kunye neefom ezinzima zesenzi.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwaserussia ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Zibekele usukelo olusengqiqweni nosukelo: Maxa wambi Ukuqonda ulwimi lwesirashiya kunokubonakala kunzima, kodwa unako ukuphumelela ukuba uzibekela ulindelo olusengqiqweni nosukelo olusengqiqweni. Phula ulwimi lwakho-ukufunda uhambo kwiziqa ezilawulwayo kwaye ube nomonde kuwe.
2. Fumana iqabane lokufunda Kwi-intanethi: Fumana iqabane lomfundi elikwi-intanethi okanye umhlobo othetha isirashiya onokukunceda ukuba uziqhelanise nokuthetha kwakho kunye nokubiza.
3. Zibhaptize kwinkcubeko yaserussia: Funda iincwadi, ubukele iifilimu kunye nemiboniso yetv, mamela iipodcasts kunye nomculo, kwaye uzame ukudibanisa phakathi kolwimi kunye nemeko yenkcubeko.
4. Thatha iklasi yolwimi lwaserussia: Ukuthatha umntu okanye iklasi yolwimi lwaserussia ekwi-intanethi kunokuba yindlela entle yokufunda iziseko kwaye ufumane ingxelo kutitshala okanye kwisithethi somthonyama.
5. Yenza i-flashcards: Yenza i-flashcards ngamagama aqhelekileyo kunye namabinzana ngesirashiya. Oku kunokunceda ukomeleza ulwimi nokwenza kube lula ukulukhumbula.
6. Sebenzisa usetyenziso lokufunda ulwimi: usetyenziso lokufunda Ulwimi olufana Neduolingo, Imemrise, Kunye Nerosetta Stone zizixhobo ezinkulu zokufunda isirashiya. Baya kukunika isakhiwo esithile kwaye bancede ukuphula ulwimi lube ngamaqhekeza alawulekayo.
7. Ukuziqhelanisa, ukuziqhelanisa, ukuziqhelanisa: ekuphela kwendlela yokuqonda ngokwenene ulwimi lwaserussia kukuluqhelanisa rhoqo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Funda, ubhale, uphulaphule kwaye uthethe rhoqo ukuze uphucule izakhono zakho.

Xhosa: Ukuvala ulwimi Edit

Icroatia lulwimi olusemthethweni Ecroatia Nasebosnia-Herzegovina, kodwa ikwathethwa ngabantu abancinci abambalwa basecroatia Eserbia, Emontenegro, kumazwe angabamelwane, nakwihlabathi liphela. Yingakho abaninzi abantu kunye namashishini baguqulela iinkonzo zokuguqulela zasecroatia ukuvala umsantsa wolwimi.

Icroatia lulwimi Lwasemzantsi Slavic kwaye iboleka kakhulu kwiingcambu zesilatini Nesijamani. Ulwimi Lwaseburhulumenteni Ecroatia kunye nolwimi olusemthethweni oluncinci Ebosnia-Herzegovina. Icroatia yinxalenye Yosapho Lweelwimi Zase-Indo-European kwaye yabelana ngengcambu eqhelekileyo nezinye iilwimi Zeslavic ezinje ngesirashiya, isipolish, kunye nesiczech.

Ngenxa yeengcambu zayo ezabelwana ngazo, isicroatia kulula ukuba izithethi zezinye iilwimi Zeslavic zifunde. Yabelana ngokufana okuninzi kwigrama kunye nesakhiwo sesivakalisi. Kukho kanjalo ezininzi yenkcubeko similarities phakathi Slavic amazwe ukuba yenza ukuqonda Croatian lula kuba abo kunye ulwazi Ezinye Slavic iilwimi.

Kulabo abangenawo amava kunye nezinye iilwimi zeslavic, isicroatia sisenokuba lula ukuyifumana. Ngenxa yempembelelo yayo yenkcubeko eyahlukeneyo, icroatia iboleka amagama kwezinye iilwimi kwaye inenani elikhulu lemali mboleko. I-croatia ine-alfabhethi yefowuni, eyenza kube lula ukufunda kunezinye iilwimi.

Icroatia nayo ineelwimi ezininzi ezahlukileyo ngokusekwe kwindawo ekuyo, kunye nezinto zentlalo kunye nenkcubeko. Ezi lwimi zinokwahluka ngesigama nangesibizo ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni zithethwa nini yaye phi.

Eyona ndlela ingcono yokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwiinguqulelo zesicroatia kukusebenzisa umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo otyibilikayo kulwimi kwaye aqhelene neziyelelane. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba uguqulelo luchanekile, luyaqondakala kwaye alunazimpazamo. Abaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo banokubonelela ngomxholo owongezelelweyo kunye nolwazi lwenkcubeko ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqulelo ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zabaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela zasecroatia zinokunceda ukuvala umsantsa wolwimi kwaye zizise ishishini lakho okanye imveliso kwiimarike ezintsha. Nokuba ufuna ukuguqulela amaxwebhu, iincwadana, iiwebhusayithi, okanye umxholo, ingcali efanelekileyo inokukunceda ufikelele kubaphulaphuli bakho ekujoliswe kubo. Abaguquleli abaziingcali banokukunceda uqonde inkcubeko kunye namasiko asekuhlaleni ukuze ukwazi ukunxibelelana kakuhle nabathengi kunye namaqabane kwimarike yakho entsha.

Ngokuvula ulwimi Lweadriatic ngenguqulelo yesicroatia, unokuvula amathuba amatsha okukhula kunye nempumelelo. Iinkonzo zokuguqulela zasecroatia zinokukunceda ukuvala izikhewu zolwimi nezenkcubeko ukuze wabelane ngomyalezo wakho nehlabathi.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ulwimi lwasecroatia?

Ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Ecroatia, Ebosnia Naseherzegovina, nakwiindawo Zaseserbia, Emontenegro Naseslovenia. Ikwathethwa ngokubanzi kwiindawo ezithile ezincinci Eostriya, Ehungary, E-Itali Naseromania.

Ziziphi iilwimi ezisemthethweni zasecroatia?

Ulwimi lwasecroatia Lulwimi Lwasemzantsi Slavic oluneengcambu zalo kwinkulungwane ye-11. Yayisetyenziswa ngamacroats okuqala, Abantu Basemzantsi Slavic abahlala kwindawo ngoku eyicroatia Kumaxesha Aphakathi. Ulwimi oluvela Kwicawa Yakudala Islavonic, ulwimi lwembali olusetyenziswa ngabantu Baseslavic Basempuma Yurophu.
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, icroatia yaqalisa ukuthabatha uhlobo olwahlukileyo yaye kamva yasetyenziswa kuncwadi, nakwezinye iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngenkulungwane ye-16, icroatia yafumana umlinganiselo othile wokubekwa emgangathweni ngokupapashwa kwesichazi-magama esibalulekileyo sasecroatia.
Ekugqibeleni, icroatia yakha inxalenye Yobukhosi Base-Austria-Hungarian kwaye yafumana umgangatho ophezulu ngexesha le-19th century, ifana kakhulu nolwimi lwaseserbia. Emva kwemfazwe yehlabathi I, kwasekwa Ubukumkani baseserbia, Basecroats naseslovenes, kamva ababebizwa Ngokuba Yiyugoslavia. Icroatia yahlala ingatshintshanga de yaba lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasecroatia ngo-1991 kunye nesibhengezo sobu-independence.
Ukususela ngoko, ulwimi luye lwaqhubeka luguquka, kunye neenguqu ezenziwe ukupela, iziphumlisi, kunye namagama amatsha afakwe kwisichazi-magama. Namhlanje, icroatia kuthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezi-5.5 abahlala Ecroatia, Ebosnia Naseherzegovina, Eserbia, Eostriya, Ehungary, Eitali Naseswitzerland.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwasecroatia?

1. Umarko Marulić (1450-1524) - Ithathelwa Ingqalelo ukuba ibe nguyise weencwadi zanamhlanje zasecroatia kwaye ingqalelo yokuqala enkulu umbhali wasecroatia, Umarulić waqulunqa imisebenzi kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo kuquka imibongo,idrama, kunye nenkolo. Owona msebenzi wakhe udumileyo Ngujudita, umbongo obalaseleyo osekwe Kwincwadi Yetestamente Endala Kajudith.
2. U-Ivan Gundulić ( 1589-1638) - imbongi eyaziwayo eyabhala i-national epic Osman, kunye ne-play dubravka. Wayengomnye wababhali bokuqala basecroatia ukubandakanya izinto zolwimi lwasecroatia kwimisebenzi yakhe.
3. Držić (1508-1567) - Držić widely lunxulumano njengoko wokuqala Croatian dramatist kwaye umseki we-Croatian theatre. Imidlalo yakhe ihlala ibonisa uburharha obumnyama, i-satire, kunye nemvakalelo enamandla yokuqonda kwesizwe.
4. Umatija Antun Riković (1735-1810) - Uriković ubizwa ngokuba ngowokuqala ukubhala ngolwimi lwesicroatia, okwenza kube lula ukuba abantu baqonde kwaye bafunde. Kwakhona wabhala iincwadi ezininzi, amaphecana, namanqaku athetha ngemixholo eyahlukahlukeneyo efana nesayensi, intanda-bulumko nezobupolitika.
5. Petar Preradović (1818-1872) - Preradović ubekwa ngokubanzi njenge "Croatian Byron" kwimibongo yakhe yothando kunye nemibongo yokuthand ' izwe. Ukhunjulwa ngokukhuthaza umanyano lwesizwe, ngakumbi phakathi kwamacandelo amabini Ecroatia, kunye negalelo lakhe kuphuhliso lolwimi lwasecroatia.

Njani ulwimi lwesicroatia?

Ulwimi lwasecroatia lulwimi Lwase-Indo-European kwaye luyinxalenye Yeqela Lolwimi Lwasemzantsi Slavic. Inesakhiwo esifanayo nezinye iilwimi Zeslavic, ezinje ngesibulgaria, isiczech, isipolish nesirashiya. Izenzi zasecroatia zidibaniswa ngokomntu kunye nexesha elide, izibizo kunye nezichazi ziyancitshiswa ngokwesini, inombolo kunye necala, kwaye kukho iimeko ezintandathu zegrama. Isebenzisa ialfabhethi yesilatini kwaye inkqubo yayo yokubhala ifonemic, oko kuthetha ukuba unobumba ngamnye uhambelana nesandi esinye.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwasecroatia ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngeziseko: kubalulekile ukuba nolwazi olusisiseko lwegrama, ukubizwa kwamagama kunye noonobumba besicroatia ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukufunda ulwimi. Qala ngencwadi elungileyo okanye ikhosi, njengepimsleur okanye Uzifundise isicroatia.
2. Mamela i-podcasts yasecroatia: Ukumamela iipodcasts zasecroatia kunye nemiboniso yenye yeendlela ezilungileyo zokufunda kunye nokuqhelana nolwimi. Zininzi iividiyo Zeyoutube ezinezifundo ezithile ngokubiza kunye negrama-bukela kangangoko unako!
3. Ukuziqhelanisa nesithethi somthonyama: Ukuthetha nesithethi somthonyama yenye yeendlela eziluncedo nezonwabisayo zokufunda ulwimi. Unokufumana ngokulula iqabane lolwimi kwi-intanethi okanye kwisixeko sakho.
4. Funda iincwadi zasecroatia: Fumana iincwadi, amanqaku kunye neemagazini ngesicroatia kwaye uzifunde rhoqo. Zama ukufumana uhlobo olukufaneleyo kwaye uqale ukufunda!
5. Sebenzisa ii-flashcards ukuze ufunde isigama: Ii-Flashcards ziyithuluzi elihle xa kuziwa ekufundeni amagama amatsha, ngokukodwa kwiilwimi ezifana nesicroatia apho kukho amagama amaninzi ahlukeneyo kwinto efanayo.
6. Zibhaptize: eyona ndlela yokuqonda ulwimi kukuzifaka kuyo-yiya Ecroatia ukuba unako, okanye ubukele iimovie kwaye umamele umculo ecroatia.
7. Ukufunda i-croatia kunokuba ngamava amnandi kwaye anomvuzo - qiniseka ukuba uyayonwabela inkqubo kwaye ungabeki uxinzelelo olukhulu kuwe.