Russian Isialbania Guqulela

Isirashiya lulwimi oluntsonkothileyo olunegrama ekhethekileyo kunye nesivakalisi. Ulwimi olusemthethweni Lwaserussia Kunye Ne-Commonwealth Of Independent States (CIS), umbutho wengingqi weeriphabliki zangaphambili Zasesoviet. Isirashiya kuthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-180 emhlabeni jikelele kwaye enye yeelwimi ezili-10 ezithethwa kakhulu kwihlabathi. Ikwajongwa njengolwimi kwi-former Soviet Union, ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngediplomacy, urhwebo kunye netekhnoloji.

Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, uguqulelo ukuya nokubuya kwisirashiya bubuchule obubalulekileyo. Ifuna ukudlulisa ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo yoqobo ngelixa kuthathelwa ingqalelo izinto zenkcubeko kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka komxholo. Ngenxa yokuntsonkotha kwayo kunye nesidingo sokuqonda ngokunzulu ulwimi, umguquleli onamava oqeqeshiweyo uyafuneka kwiinguqulelo ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

Inguqulelo yaserussia ihlala ifuneka kwimisebenzi ephambili yeshishini efana nothethathethwano lwezomthetho, amaxwebhu anxulumene nemali, kunye nezinto zokuthengisa. Iinkampani ezisebenza Erashiya okanye kwamanye amazwe E-CIS zifuna uguqulelo oluchanekileyo kunxibelelwano olusebenzayo, ngakumbi kwiiwebhusayithi zabo kunye nentengiso yomxholo. Umguquleli onobuchule onobuchule kwicandelo unokuqinisekisa ukuba umyalezo ojoliswe kuwo udluliselwa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ufunyenwe.

Kwiinguqulelo ezincinci, ezinje ngeencoko ezingacwangciswanga, kukho izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezizenzekelayo ezikhoyo kwi-intanethi. Ezi zixhobo zinokubonelela ngokuqonda okusisiseko kolwimi, kodwa azinakho ukuchaneka kunye nokwazisa ngomxholo womguquleli oqeqeshiweyo. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuba uqwalasele injongo kunye nobunzima bezinto ngaphambi kokuthatha isigqibo sokuba loluphi uhlobo lweenkonzo zokuguqulela ekufuneka uzisebenzise.

Ukuqukumbela, uguqulelo oluchanekileyo noluthembekileyo lwesirashiya lubalulekile kunxibelelwano oluyimpumelelo phakathi kweenkampani nabantu abathetha isirashiya. Ukuqesha umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba umyalezo ocetywayo udluliselwa kwaye uqondwe, nokuba ngoweshishini, ubuqu, okanye ezinye iinjongo. Ukongeza, ukuntsonkotha kolwimi kugxininisa ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa iingcali ezifanelekileyo kuzo zonke iimfuno zokuguqulela.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isirashiya?

Ulwimi lwesirashiya luthethwa Erashiya, Ebelarus, Ekazakhstan, Ekyrgyzstan, Eukraine, E-Estonia, Elatvia, Elatvia, Emoldova, Etajikistan, Elithuania, Euzbekistan, Eazerbaijan, Earmenia, Eturkmenistan, Egeorgia Nase-Abkhazia.

Luluphi ulwimi oluthethwa ngesirashiya?

Ulwimi lwaserussia luneengcambu Zalo Kulwimi Lwasempuma Slavic, enye yeqela ezintathu zembali zeelwimi Zeslavic. Olu lwimi lwathethwa lwaza lwabhalwa zizizwe Zasempuma Slavic ezazihlala kwiindawo ezininzi ngoku zaserashiya, Eukraine Nasebelarus ngenkulungwane ye-9. Ngeli xesha, I-Church Slavonic yaqala ukukhonza njengolwimi olubhaliweyo kwiincwadi, iinjongo zonqulo nezolawulo, endaweni yesigrike nesilatini sokuqala.
Ngenkulungwane ye-10, Impuma Slavic ngokuthe ngcembe yaguqukela kulwimi lwangoku lwesirashiya, iphenjelelwa sisibulgaria nesiserbia, esasiphenjelelwa Kakhulu Yicawa Islavonic. Ngenkulungwane ye-11, umsebenzi omkhulu wokubhala wexesha Lasekievan Rus, Incwadi Yokuqala Yezikronike, yabhalwa Kwi-Old East Slavic.
Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ze-14 neye-15, Amarashiya aqhubeka esanda ummandla wawo, ekugqibeleni afikelela Kulwandlekazi Lwepasifiki, ngaloo ndlela edibana nezinye iilwimi neenkcubeko ezininzi. Amarashiya azibuyisa iimpembelelo ezivela kwezinye iilwimi aza azibandakanya kulwimi, esenza oko ngoku kwaziwa njengolwimi Lwaserussia Lwangoku.
Ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-17th, ulwimi lwaserussia lwaqala ukuvela ngakumbi ngomsebenzi wababhali abanempembelelo abanjengoalexander Pushkin Noivan Turgenev, ababhala ngolwimi olubizwa ngokuba "sisirashiya soncwadi". Olu hlobo lutsha, oluphucukileyo lolwimi lwasasazeka ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kungekudala lwaba lulwimi olukhethwayo lwezopolitiko, uncwadi, isayensi kunye nenkcubeko.
Namhlanje, isirashiya sesona silwimi Sisasazekayo kwislavic, sinezithethi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezili-145, kwaye yenye yeelwimi ezisemthethweni Zezizwe ezimanyeneyo.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesirashiya?

1. U-Ivan Turgenev (1818-1883) - umbhali wenoveli, imbongi kunye nombhali wokudlala owaphakamisa ukusetyenziswa kolwimi lwaserussia kwaye wanegalelo kuphuhliso loncwadi lwesizwe.
2. Ualexander Pushkin (1799-1837) - umsunguli weencwadi zanamhlanje zaserashiya kunye noyise weembongi zaserashiya.
3. Unikolai Karamzin (1766-1826) - imbongi kunye nombhali-mbali owabhala kakhulu ngolwimi lwaserussia kwaye wenza igalelo elininzi kwinkcubeko yaserussia.
4. Vladimir Dal' (1801-1872) - linguist, isichazi-magama kunye nomqulunqi wesichazi-magama sokuqala esibanzi solwimi lwaserussia.
5. Ualexander Blok (1880-1921) - enye yamanani aphambili kwindawo yoncwadi lwaserussia ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kunye nombhali weminye yemisebenzi edumileyo kwimibongo yaserussia.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi lwaserussia?

Ubume bolwimi lwaserussia ikakhulu lusekwe kwindibaniselwano yemigaqo yohlalutyo kunye nohlalutyo. I-Agglutination yinkqubo apho i-morphemes, okanye iinxalenye zamagama, zidibene kunye ukudala igama elilodwa elichaza ingcamango enye. Izakhi zohlalutyo zibandakanya ukwaphula ingqiqo enye ibe ngamagama ahlukeneyo ukwenza kube lula ukuyiqonda. Ngesirashiya, izimamva zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukubonisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo zegrama, ezinje ngesini, ityala, inani, umba, ixesha kunye nokuba nezinto. Izibizo kunye nezichazi zinokuba neemeko ezintandathu ezahlukeneyo ngesirashiya. I-syntax yolwimi nayo iyingqayizivele, kunye nenkqubo yezivakalisi ezingabonakaliyo, izigatshana ezingaphantsi kunye neefom ezinzima zesenzi.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwaserussia ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Zibekele usukelo olusengqiqweni nosukelo: Maxa wambi Ukuqonda ulwimi lwesirashiya kunokubonakala kunzima, kodwa unako ukuphumelela ukuba uzibekela ulindelo olusengqiqweni nosukelo olusengqiqweni. Phula ulwimi lwakho-ukufunda uhambo kwiziqa ezilawulwayo kwaye ube nomonde kuwe.
2. Fumana iqabane lokufunda Kwi-intanethi: Fumana iqabane lomfundi elikwi-intanethi okanye umhlobo othetha isirashiya onokukunceda ukuba uziqhelanise nokuthetha kwakho kunye nokubiza.
3. Zibhaptize kwinkcubeko yaserussia: Funda iincwadi, ubukele iifilimu kunye nemiboniso yetv, mamela iipodcasts kunye nomculo, kwaye uzame ukudibanisa phakathi kolwimi kunye nemeko yenkcubeko.
4. Thatha iklasi yolwimi lwaserussia: Ukuthatha umntu okanye iklasi yolwimi lwaserussia ekwi-intanethi kunokuba yindlela entle yokufunda iziseko kwaye ufumane ingxelo kutitshala okanye kwisithethi somthonyama.
5. Yenza i-flashcards: Yenza i-flashcards ngamagama aqhelekileyo kunye namabinzana ngesirashiya. Oku kunokunceda ukomeleza ulwimi nokwenza kube lula ukulukhumbula.
6. Sebenzisa usetyenziso lokufunda ulwimi: usetyenziso lokufunda Ulwimi olufana Neduolingo, Imemrise, Kunye Nerosetta Stone zizixhobo ezinkulu zokufunda isirashiya. Baya kukunika isakhiwo esithile kwaye bancede ukuphula ulwimi lube ngamaqhekeza alawulekayo.
7. Ukuziqhelanisa, ukuziqhelanisa, ukuziqhelanisa: ekuphela kwendlela yokuqonda ngokwenene ulwimi lwaserussia kukuluqhelanisa rhoqo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Funda, ubhale, uphulaphule kwaye uthethe rhoqo ukuze uphucule izakhono zakho.

Ialbania ekumbindi Mpuma Yurophu, isialbania iye yaba yenye yezona lwimi zithethwa kakhulu kulo mmandla. Olu lwimi lulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni lweli lizwe kwaye luthethwa ngabemi abaqhelekileyo kunye nabasebenzi bamashishini kunye nabasebenzi bakarhulumente. Ekubeni iingcambu zayo zibuyela kwinkulungwane ye-10 yaye abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezisi-7,2 abathetha olu lwimi, iinkonzo zokuguqulela zesialbania ziye zaba yinto efunekayo kumashishini nakumaziko amaninzi.

Iinguqulelo zesialbania zinika uluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo, ezinje ngeenguqulelo zamaxwebhu asemthethweni, ukwenziwa kwewebhusayithi, iinguqulelo ezifungelweyo, kunye nokunye. Kunokuba nzima kumashishini nakwimibutho ukuba inxibelelane ngokufanelekileyo xa isebenzisa ulwimi lwabo lwenkobe, ke iinkonzo zetoliki kunye nomguquleli zibaluleke kakhulu. Iitoliki zibonelela ngeenguqulelo zexesha lokwenyani, zivumela iingcali ukuba zinxibelelane ngolwimi olukhethileyo. Kwelinye icala, abaguquleli bathabatha amaxwebhu abhaliweyo baze bawaguqulele kolunye ulwimi, benikela ngeenguqulelo ezinokusetyenziselwa iinjongo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Xa uqwalasela nayiphi na inkonzo yokuguqulela, ubani umele aqale acinge ngeziqinisekiso namava awo. Iitoliki eziqinisekisiweyo kunye nabaguquleli kufuneka bazi ngokutyibilikayo isingesi nesialbania, kunye nolwazi malunga neenkcubeko kunye namasiko asekuhlaleni. Iingcali eziqinisekisiweyo nazo kufuneka zibe nolwazi olunzulu malunga nomxholo abaguqulela kuwo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kunye nomgangatho kwiinguqulelo.

Amashishini kunye namaziko afuna ukusebenzisa iinkonzo zokuguqulela zesialbania kufuneka afune iingcali zeelwimi ezinezakhono ezingapheleli nje ekubeni nobuchule kulwimi kodwa kunye namava ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo abaziguqulelayo. Olu lwazi kunye nolwazi lubalulekile kuguqulelo oluchanekileyo. Ukongeza, amashishini kufuneka aqwalasele ngokusondeleyo iminikelo yenkonzo yobuqu yenkampani, irekhodi lokoneliseka kwabathengi, kunye namaxabiso afanelekileyo.

Inguqulelo yobungcali yezixhobo ezibhaliweyo sisixhobo esibaluleke kakhulu kumashishini anqwenela ukuvala umqobo wolwimi kwaye afikelele kubathengi ngolwimi lwabo lweenkobe. Nokuba yeyentengiso, intengiso, okanye amaxwebhu, iinguqulelo ezichanekileyo zezinto zasealbania zixabiseke kakhulu kuyo nayiphi na intlangano yezizwe ngezizwe.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isialbania?

Ulwimi lwasealbania luthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezisi-7 njengolwimi lomthonyama, ikakhulu Ealbania Nasekosovo, nakweminye imimandla Yebalkans, kubandakanya imimandla Esemantla Emacedonia, Emontenegro, Egrisi Naseitali.

Liliphi igama isialbania livela phi?

Ulwimi lwesialbania lunembali ende kwaye intsonkothile. Abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba iyinzala yolwimi lwentlambo yamandulo, eyaziwa Ngokuba Yi-Illyrian, eyathethwa kwingingqi Yebalkans ngaphambi kwexesha Lamaroma. Ialbania ingqinwa okokuqala kwiirekhodi ezibhaliweyo ngexesha lamaxesha Aphakathi, kodwa iingcambu zayo zibuyela umva ngakumbi. Ebudeni bexesha Lama-ottoman, ngokuyintloko isialbania sasilulwimi oluthethwayo, yaye ukusetyenziswa kwalo kuncwadi lwalulinganiselwe kwivesi neengoma zabantu. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, kwaphuhliswa kwaza kwasetyenziswa uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwesialbania ezikolweni, kumaphephandaba nakwiincwadi zonqulo. Ukususela ekufumaneni inkululeko Kubukhosi base-Ottoman ngo-1912, Ialbania iye yaqaphela isialbania njengolwimi lwaseburhulumenteni.

Ngoobani abona bantu ba-5 baphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesialbania?

1. Ugjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg (malunga no – 1405-1468): iqhawe lesizwe lasealbania kunye nomphathi-mkhosi okhulule Ialbania kulawulo Lwase-Ottoman. Wabhala imisebenzi emininzi ngesialbania, enika ulwimi ukuthembeka.
2. Upashko Vasa (1764-1824): Patriot kunye nombhali owabhala enye yeencwadi zokuqala ezaziwayo ealbania, "Umthendeleko weenkomo".
3. Usami Frashëri (1850-1904): imbongi nombhali Owaziwayo owayenegalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso loncwadi lwangoku lwasealbania.
4. Luigj Gurakuki (1879-1925): educationalist abadumileyo albania, linguist kunye umbhali ngubani nempembelelo enkulu ekumgangatho kunye nokumanyana kweelwimi albania.
5. Unaim Frashëri (1846-1900): Imbongi, idrama kunye nombhali owayenegalelo kuphuhliso loncwadi lwangoku lwasealbania.

Luluphi ulwimi oluthethwa ngabantu basealbania?

Isialbania lulwimi lwentsapho Yase-Indo-European, inxalenye Ye-Balkan sprachbund. Izihlobo zayo ezisondeleyo zezinye iilwimi Zasebalkan sprachbund ezifana nesigrike nesimacedonia. Isiseko sasealbania sineelwimi ezimbini, I-Gheg Kunye Ne-Tosk, ezenziwe ngamacandelwana kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Olu lwimi lunezandi ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka isialbania esibizwa ngokuba sisibindi. Ikwasebenzisa inkqubo entsonkothileyo yesibizo sokuhla, ukudityaniswa kwesenzi, kunye nesivumelwano phakathi kwezichazi kunye nezibizo. Isialbania lulwimi oluchaphazeleke kakhulu, olune-morphology etyebileyo kunye ne-syntax.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwasealbania ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokuthenga ikhosi yolwimi olusisiseko lwesialbania okanye incwadi yesifundo kwaye uyifunde. Oku kuya kukunika isiseko esomeleleyo kwiziseko zolwimi.
2. Ziqhelise rhoqo. Qiniseka ukuba uthetha, uphulaphule, ufunde kwaye ubhale ngesialbania rhoqo.
3. Joyina ulwimi. Mamela iingoma zesialbania, bukela imiboniso kamabonwakude yasealbania kunye neemovie, kwaye ufumane izithethi zomthonyama zasealbania ukuba zincokole nazo.
4. Sebenzisa izibonelelo ezikwi-intanethi. Joyina iforamu ekwi-intanethi yabafundi bolwimi, sebenzisa izifundo ezikwi-intanethi, kwaye ujonge amagama kunye nemithetho yegrama kwi-intanethi.
5. Thatha iklasi. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, cinga ngokuthatha iklasi yolwimi lwesialbania. Oku kunokuba yindlela enhle yokufumana uncedo kumfundisi onamava.