Isijalimane Itatar Humusha

Uma ufuna indlela yokuxhumana namakhasimende aphesheya, noma uma udinga usizo ekuhumusheni idokhumenti ebalulekile kusuka esijalimane kuya esingisini, khona-ke izinsizakalo zokuhumusha zesijalimane zingasiza. Isijalimane siwulimi olubalulekile Eyurophu, kokubili kwezamabhizinisi nakwezokuxhumana komuntu siqu. Kukhulunywa izigidi zabantu Ejalimane, e-Austria, Eswitzerland Naseluxembourg, kanye nasezingxenyeni ezithile zasebelgium, e-Italy, Efrance nakwamanye amazwe. Ngenxa yalokho, izinsizakalo zokuhumusha ezinembile zesijalimane zifunwa kakhulu.

Uma kuziwa ezinsizakalweni zokuhumusha zesijalimane, kunezici eziningana okufanele zicatshangelwe. Okokuqala, kumelwe unqume injongo yokuhumusha bese ukhetha umhlinzeki wenkonzo yokuhumusha ongcono kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, idokhumenti engokomthetho iyodinga uhlobo oluhlukile lokuhumusha kunekhasi lasekhaya kuwebhusayithi. Umhlinzeki wesevisi yokuhumusha ohlonishwayo kufanele akwazi ukunikeza abahumushi abanolwazi ngohlobo oluthile lokuhumusha olukufunayo. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kokuhumusha nokwenziwa kwendawo. Ukuhumusha kuhilela ukudlulisela ngokunembile incazelo yombhalo kusuka kolunye ulimi kuya kolunye, kuyilapho ukuhumusha kubheka umehluko wesifunda nowamasiko ongase ube nengxenye ekuhumusheni.

Lapho ukhetha umhumushi wesijalimane, kubalulekile ukufuna umuntu onolwazi lokuhumusha imibhalo esuka esijalimane iye esingisini. Izinsizakalo zokuhumusha ezisebenza ngokuzikhandla kufanele zihlanganise ukuhlola nokuhlela okuyisisekelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi idokhumenti ehunyushiwe isalungile, icacile, futhi ihambisana nomthombo wokuqala. Lapho ukhetha umhlinzeki wesevisi yokuhumusha, kubalulekile ukuhlola izinkomba neziqu, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi umhumushi ujwayelene nezilimi zesijalimane kanye nama-colloquialisms.

Uma kuziwa ekuhumusheni imibhalo yesijalimane, kubalulekile futhi ukunaka noma yiziphi izidingo ezithile zokufometha. Uma idokhumenti ihlanganisa ukufometha okukhethekile, njengamatafula nohlu, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zifomethiwe kahle ekuhumusheni. Lokhu kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukwaziswa kuvezwa ngokucacile nangokufundeka enguqulweni ehunyushiwe.

Ngokuthatha isikhathi sokukhetha izinsizakalo zokuhumusha ezifanele zesijalimane, amabhizinisi angaqinisekisa ukuthi imibhalo yawo ihunyushwa ngokunembile futhi agweme amaphutha abizayo. Abahumushi abangochwepheshe abanolwazi ekuhumusheni isijalimane nesingisi bangasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imibhalo ihunyushwa ngokucacile nangokunemba, okusiza ukwenza lula ukuxhumana okusebenzayo namakhasimende nabalingani bamazwe ngamazwe.

Yimaphi amazwe okukhulunywa kuwo isijalimane?

Isijalimane siwulimi olusemthethweni Ejalimane, e-Austria, Eswitzerland, Eliechtenstein, Eluxembourg Naseningizimu tyrol e-Italy. Futhi ulimi olusemthethweni Ebelgium (Esifundeni Saseflemish), Enorth rhine-westphalia, nakwezinye izingxenye Zasejalimane. Isijalimane sikhulunywa nasezingxenyeni ezithile Zasempumalanga Yurophu, Njenge-Alsace Nelorraine Efrance, ezifundazweni ezithile Epoland, Eningizimu Jutland Edenmark, Esilesia eczech Republic, nakwezinye izindawo ezisemngceleni Enetherlands Nasehungary. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isijalimane siwulimi oluncane olwaziwayo ezingxenyeni Ezithile Zase-Italy, Eromania, Ekazakhstan Nasenamibia.

Uyini umlando wolimi lwesijalimane?

Ulimi lwesijalimane luyingxenye yolimi lwesi-Indo-European futhi lungolunye lwezilimi ezindala Kunazo Zonke Eyurophu. Kukholakala ukuthi livela Olimini Lwesijalimane sokuqala, ulimi lwasendulo olwalukhulunywa abantu Basejalimane Basenyakatho Yurophu. Ngekhulu lesi-2 ad, lase likhule laba izilimi eziningana ezihlukene, ezaqhubeka ziguquka phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.
Ekhulwini lesi-9, izizwe Zamajalimane zahlanganiswa Ngaphansi Kukacharlemagne futhi ulimi lwazo lwaqala ukuvela njengendlela evamile yokuxhumana. Ngekhulu le-11, izinhlobo ezimbili zesijalimane Esidala Esiphakeme zavela njengolimi oluyinhloko lwezincwadi, izincwadi, namasiko; isijalimane Esiphakeme Esiphakathi ezifundeni eziphezulu Zaserhine Nase-Upper saxony, nesijalimane Esiphakeme Ebavariya nase-Austria.
Ekhulwini le-14, ukusungulwa kokunyathelisa nokwanda komshini wokunyathelisa kwasiza ekuvumelaniseni ulimi futhi kwaholela ekushicilelweni kwemisebenzi efana ne - "Grimm' s law", eyasungula imithetho yokubhala nokukhuluma ulimi.
Phakathi nenkathi yokuhlola nokukhanyiselwa, ukuthuthukiswa kwesijalimane sanamuhla kwaqala ngokwethula amagama amasha nohlelo lolimi olwenziwe lula. Ekhulwini le-19, ulimi lwesijalimane lwahlanganiswa, izilimi zesijalimane Esiphakathi nesiphezulu zaba ulimi olusemthethweni kuleli zwe. Lolu limi luyaqhubeka lukhula futhi lukhula nanamuhla futhi lungolunye lwezilimi ezikhulunywa kakhulu emhlabeni.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini lwesijalimane?

1. Umartin luther (14831546): Umartin luther wayephethe ukudala isisekelo solimi lwesijalimane lwanamuhla ngokuhumushela Ibhayibheli olimini lwesijalimane nokuthuthukisa uhlobo olusha lokubhala olwalusebenzisa izilimi ezimbili eziyinhloko zesijalimane ngaleso sikhathi: isijalimane Esiphakeme Nesisaxon Esiphansi. Ithonya lakhe lisazwakala nanamuhla ekwakhiweni nasekubhalweni kolimi lwesijalimane.
2. Ujohann wolfgang Von Goethe (17491832): Ugoethe wayengumbongi odumile, umbhali wemidlalo yaseshashalazini, nombhali wamanoveli owasebenza ukuhlanganisa izilimi ezihlukahlukene zesijalimane zibe ulimi olulodwa olujwayelekile. Wabuye wasungula amagama amaningi esijalimane "engokuthi "schadenfreude", "weltschmerz", nelithi "landsknecht". Kuze kube namuhla, imisebenzi yakhe isafundwa abantu abakhuluma isijalimane emhlabeni wonke.
3. Uheinrich himmler (19001945): Uhimmler wayeyisikhulu esinamandla Samanazi esaba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni ulimi lwesijalimane. Wayedume ngokuqamba amagama amasha nokunikeza amadala izincazelo ezintsha ukuze aqiniseke ukuthi ayavumelana nemibono Yamanazi, ngaleyo ndlela eqinisekisa ukuthi yayiyohlala isikhathi eside ngisho nangemva kokuwa kombuso.
4. U-Ulrich Ammon (1937-2006): U-Ammon wayengusosayensi wezilimi owafunda ukuthuthukiswa kolimi lwesijalimane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Wabhala izincwadi zohlelo lolimi nezincwadi, wasungula inhlangano Ideutsche Sprache E. V., futhi wakhonza njengomongameli Wenhlangano Yokucwaninga Kwezesayensi Nokubhalwa Kolimi lwesijalimane kusukela ngo-1982-2006.
5. Ufritz (Frederic) kempe (1945 -): Kempe uyisazi sezilimi sasejalimane esenze iminikelo ebalulekile olimini lwesijalimane, ikakhulukazi ngokuya nge-syntax. Ubhale izincwadi eziningi nge-syntax yesijalimane futhi imibono yakhe ibe nomthelela omkhulu ekutheni ulimi lwesijalimane lufundiswa kanjani ezikoleni.

Isakhiwo solimi lwesijalimane sinjani?

Isakhiwo solimi lwesijalimane singachazwa njengolimi lokuhlanganiswa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isebenzisa izakhi zezilimi zokuhlaziya nezokwenziwa, okuholela ekuhlanganisweni kwayo, ubuningi, nokwehla okwakhiwa ngokuhlanganisa izingxenye eziningi zamagama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isijalimane sinezimo ezine eziyinhloko (isimelabizo, isimelabizo, isimelabizo, nesimelabizo), futhi izenzi zihlanganiswa ngokomuntu, inombolo, nesimo sengqondo.

Indlela yokufunda ulimi lwesijalimane ngendlela efanele kakhulu?

1. Gxila: indlela engcono kakhulu yokufunda isijalimane ukucwilisa wena kuyo ngangokunokwenzeka. Yenza umzamo wokuxhumana nabantu ngesijalimane, ubuke ithelevishini namafilimu asejalimane, futhi ulalele umsakazo wasejalimane. Chitha isikhathi nabantu abakhuluma isijalimane futhi baxoxe nabo ngesijalimane.
2. Thola Incwadi Enhle German: incwadi enhle angakusiza nge lolimi kanye silulumagama, futhi angakunika umzimba ukuzijayeza lokho ufunda.
3. Prakthiza Pronunciation Yakho: Pronunciation kuyisihluthulelo ukuba baqonde. Njengoba ufunda amagama amasha nemishwana ,ureiseka ukuzijayeza pronunciation yakho uze uzizwe uzethemba nalo.
4. Sebenzisa Imithombo Online: Kukhona eziningi amathuluzi ezinkulu online ukukusiza ufunde isijalimane. Bheka amawebhusayithi nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinikeza izivivinyo ezisebenzisanayo, ukuqoshwa komsindo kwabakhuluma isijalimane bomdabu, nezinye izinsiza zokukusiza ufunde futhi usebenze.
5. Sebenzisa Ubuchwepheshe: kukhona zonke izinhlobo zokusebenza, ama-podcast, nezinye izinsiza ezisekelwe kwezobuchwepheshe ukukusiza uthuthukise amakhono akho olimi. Zama ukusebenzisa eyodwa noma ngaphezulu zalezi njalo, ukunikeza izifundo zakho zolimi umfutho kwezobuchwepheshe.
6. Joyina Uhlelo Language Exchange: izinhlelo language exchange kukhona amathuba amahle kakhulu ukuzijayeza ukukhuluma nge bomdabu izikhulumi German futhi ngcono pronunciation yakho.

Isitatar siwulimi olukhulunywa Kakhulu Eriphabhuliki Yasetatarstan, eyingxenye Yerussian federation. Luwulimi Lwesiturkic futhi luhlobene nezinye izilimi Zesiturkic ezinjengesiturkey, isi-Uzbek nesikazakh. Kukhulunywa nasezingxenyeni Ezithile Zase-Azerbaijan, E-Ukraine Nasekazakhstan. Isitatar siwulimi olusemthethweni Etatarstan futhi sisetshenziswa kwezemfundo nasekuphathweni kukahulumeni.

Ngokwanda Kombuso waserussia, ulimi lwesitatar lwaphoqeleka ukuba lufundwe ezikoleni ezisezindaweni ezaba ingxenye Yetatarstan. Lokhu kwaholela ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwalo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kodwa ngawo-1990, lolu limi lwavuselelwa njengoba kwenziwa imizamo yokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwalo.

Uma kuziwa ekuhumusheni, kunezinketho ezimbalwa ezitholakalayo kulabo abafuna ukuhumushela imibhalo olimini lwesitatar. Indlela evame kakhulu yokuqedela inguqulo yesitatar iwukuqasha umhumushi wesitatar onguchwepheshe. Lokhu kunenzuzo yokunemba, njengoba beyojwayelana nemininingwane ehlukahlukene yolimi. Abahumushi abangochwepheshe ngokuvamile banolwazi emikhakheni ethile, njengokuhumusha okungokomthetho, okungokwezokwelapha, nokungokwezimali, ukuze bakwazi ukuhumusha ngokunembile.

Enye indlela ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokuhumusha olusizwa nge-computer. Lezi zinhlelo zenzelwe ukusiza abantu abangakhulumi ulimi lwabo lwendabuko ukuba bahumushe imibhalo ngokushesha nangokunembile. Basebenzisa ama-algorithm ukuze bafanise amagama nemishwana kusuka kolunye ulimi kuya kolunye ngaphandle kokungenela komuntu. Nokho, lezi zinhlelo zingase zingabi ezinembile njengokuba umhumushi ahlole idokhumenti.

Kukhona nezinsizakalo zokuhumusha ezikuyi-internet ezingase zinikeze izinguqulo ezinembile ezisuka esingisini ziye olimini lwesitatar. Lezi zinsizakalo ngokuvamile ziyindlela eshibhe kunazo zonke, kodwa azikwazi ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi efanayo nomhumushi onguchwepheshe. Uma ufuna isixazululo esisheshayo nesingabizi kakhulu sokuhumusha isitatar, lokhu kungaba inketho enhle. Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi usebenzisa isevisi ehloniphekile ukuqinisekisa ukunemba.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi indlela oyithathayo ukuze uhumushe isitatar, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukunemba ukuze ugweme izinkinga ezingaba khona esikhathini esizayo. Ngokuvamile ukuba nenguqulo yobuchwepheshe kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokufeza lokhu, kodwa uma izindleko ziyinkinga, izinsizakalo zokuhumusha ezikuyi-internet noma izinhlelo ezisizwa nge-computer zingasiza.

Yiluphi ulimi lwesitatar olukhulunywa kuwo?

Ulimi lwesitatar lukhulunywa Kakhulu Erussia, kunabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-6 abakhuluma isitatar. Kukhulunywa nakwamanye amazwe Afana Ne-Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, turkey neturkmenistan.

Uyini umlando wolimi lwesitatar?

Ulimi lwesitatar, olwaziwa nangokuthi isikazan tatar, luwulimi Lwesiturkic lweqembu lekipchak olukhulunywa kakhulu Eriphabhulikhi yasetatarstan, isifunda saserussia federation. Kukhulunywa nakwezinye izingxenye Zaserussia, E-Uzbekistan Nasekazakhstan. Umlando wolimi lwesitatar uqala ngekhulu le-10 lapho Amabulgaria Asevolga amukela Ubusulumane futhi aba Amatatar anamuhla. Phakathi nenkathi Yegolden horde (ngekhulu le-13 kuya kwele-15), Amatatar ayebuswa amamongol futhi ulimi lwesitatar lwaqala ukuthonywa kakhulu izilimi zesimongolia nesipheresiya. Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, lolu limi luye lwashintsha kakhulu ngenxa yokuxhumana kwalo nezinye izilimi Zesiturkic, kanye nesi-arabhu nesipheresiya. Ngenxa yalokho, sekuwulimi oluyingqayizivele oluhlukile ezihlotsheni zalo eziseduze futhi kuye kwavela izilimi ezihlukahlukene zesifunda. Incwadi yokuqala eyabhalwa ngolimi lwesitatar yanyatheliswa ngo-1584, enesihloko esithi "Divân-i lügati 't-türk". Kusukela ngekhulu le-19, Ulimi lwesitatar luye lwaqashelwa Ngezinga elihlukahlukene Umbuso waserussia bese kuba Isoviet Union. Yanikezwa isikhundla esisemthethweni Etatarstan ngesikhathi Sesoviet, kodwa yabhekana nokucindezelwa ngesikhathi sikastalin. Ngo-1989, izinhlamvu zamagama zesitatar zashintshwa zisuka Olimini Lwesicyrillic zaya Olimini Lwesilatini kwathi Ngo-1998, Iriphabhuliki yasetatarstan yamemezela ukuthi ulimi lwesitatar luwulimi olusemthethweni. Namuhla, lolu limi lusakhulunywa abantu Abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-8 Erussia, ikakhulukazi emphakathini wamatatar.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini lwesitatar?

1. Ugabdulla tukay (18501913): imbongi nombhali wemidlalo yasetatar owabhala ngezilimi zase-Uzbek, isirashiya nesitatar futhi waba nesandla ekwandiseni ulimi nezincwadi zesitatar.
2. U-Äläskärä mirgäzizi (wekhulu le-17): umbhali ongumtatar owabhala uhlelo lolimi oluyingqopha-mlando lolimi lwesitatar futhi kuthiwa nguye owasungula isitayela esiyingqayizivele sokubhala izinkondlo.
3. Utegähirä Askänavi (18851951): isazi sezilimi nesitatar ucwaningo lwaso ngolimi lwesitatar lwalubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwalo.
4. Umäxämmädiar zarnäkäev (ngekhulu le-19): umbhali wesitatar kanye nembongi eyabhala isichazamazwi sokuqala sesitatar sanamuhla futhi yasiza ekuvumelaniseni ulimi lwesitatar.
5. U-Ildär faizi (1926-2007): umbhali nomlobi wezindaba wasetatar owabhala izindaba eziningi nezincwadi ngesitatar futhi waba negalelo elikhulu ekuvuseleleni ulimi lwezincwadi lwesitatar.

Isakhiwo solimi lwesitatar sinjani?

Isakhiwo solimi lwesitatar sihlelekile, sinendlela ejwayelekile yokuhlanganisa. Inamacala amane (okubizwa ngegama, okubizwa ngegama, okubizwa ngegama kanye nokubizwa kwegama) kanye nobulili obuthathu (obesilisa, obesifazane, nobungathathi.). Izenzo zihlanganiswa umuntu, inombolo, nesimo sengqondo, futhi amagama ayancipha ngesimo, ubulili, nenombolo. Ulimi lunesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokubeka amagama nezinhlayiya ezingabonisa izici ezinjengesici, isiqondiso, nendlela.

Indlela yokufunda ulimi Tatar ngendlela efanele kakhulu?

1. Makeiseka ukuthi unayo ukufinyelela material quality-Kukhona eziningi omuhle kakhulu tatar ulimi learning imithombo kuyatholakala inthanethi futhi ezitolo zezincwadi, ngakhoureiseka ukuthi ukufinyelela material best kungenzeka.
2. Zijwayeze alfabhethi-Njengoba Tatar kulotshiwe cyrillic script ,ureiseka ukuthi ujwayelene alfabhethi esiyingqayizivele ngaphambi ungena ekufundeni ulimi.
3. Funda pronunciation and stress-Tatar isebenzisa uhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi izinguquko onkamisa nokugcizelela on imisho, kanjalo abenza pronunciation yakho futhi bafunde ukuqaphela umehluko phakathi onkamisa kugcizelelwe futhi unstressed.
4. Ukujwayelana nemithetho eyisisekelo yohlelo lolimi nesakhiwo – ukuqonda kahle uhlelo lolimi oluyisisekelo nesakhiwo somusho kuyisihluthulelo uma kuziwa ekufundeni noma yiluphi ulimi.
5. Lalela, watch and funda-Ukulalela, ukubukela nokufunda in Tatar kuzokusiza ukuba uthole ukujwayela umsindo ulimi, kanye akunike umkhuba silulumagama nemishwana.
6. Yiba nezingxoxo-Ukuba nezingxoxo njalo nomuntu okhuluma isitatar kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokufunda noma yiluphi ulimi. Zama ukukhuluma kancane futhi ngokucacile ekuqaleni futhi ungesabi ukwenza amaphutha.