I-lao Tatar Guqulela

I-Lao lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwaselaos kwaye luthethwa zizigidi zabantu kumazantsi Mpuma Easia. Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwayo okukhulayo ekhaya nakumazwe aphesheya, iinkonzo zokuguqulela I-Lao ezithembekileyo ziya zixhaphaka kwaye zifunwa.

Kumashishini asebenza E-Laos okanye e-Laos, iinguqulelo Ezichanekileyo Ze-Lao zibalulekile kunxibelelwano olusebenzayo, ukuthengisa, kunye nokuthotyelwa komthetho. Ukuguqulela amaxwebhu kulwimi Lwelao kunokuvula iindlela kwiimarike zalapha ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ukunceda ekujoliseni abathengi abatsha, kunye nokwakha ubudlelwane obuqinileyo namaqabane kunye nabachaphazelekayo. Kwakhona, iinguqulelo zobungcali Ze-Lao zinokunceda imibutho ukuba ithobele imithetho yendawo, imigaqo, kunye nolawulo lweshishini, ukubonelela ngenkonzo ebalulekileyo kwabo benza ishishini E-Laos.

Kwizithethi Zelao ezifuna amaxwebhu aguqulelwe kwisingesi okanye kwezinye iilwimi, kukho uluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo zokuguqulela zobungcali ezikhoyo. Umboneleli olungileyo kufuneka abe nabaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo abanamava ekuguquleleni I-Lao kwaye baqhelene nolwimi. Kufuneka bazi malunga nenkcubeko Yaselaos kunye neecolloquialisms ezithile kunye namagama asetyenziswa kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Enoba ufuna umntu ukuguqulela Ukusuka Lao ukuya isingesi okanye Ukusuka isingesi Ukuya Lao, kukho iinketho ezininzi ezikhoyo. Iiarhente ezithembekileyo zihlala zibonelela ngamaxabiso okhuphiswano kunye namaxesha okutshintsha ngokukhawuleza, kunye nenkxaso yabathengi esemgangathweni kunye nokuqinisekiswa ukuba zonke iiprojekthi ziphathwa ngononophelo kunye nobungcali.

Ngokufutshane, i-Lao translation services iya isiba ibaluleke ngakumbi kumashishini asebenza Kumazantsi Mpuma Easia nangaphaya. Ngeengcali ezifanelekileyo, imibutho inokuqiniseka ukuba iinguqulelo zayo ziya kubonisa izinto ezibonakalayo kunye nobutyebi Belao, ngelixa zihlala zichanekile kwaye zithembekile.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwelao?

Ulwimi Lwelao luthethwa Ikakhulu Elaos nakwimimandla Yasethailand, Ekhambodiya, Eburma, Evietnam Nasechina.

Lithini igama Lolwimi Lwelao?

Ulwimi Lwaselaou lulwimi lwentsapho Yolwimi Lwesitai-Kadai, oluthethwa ikakhulu Elaos nakwezinye iindawo zasethailand. Inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nezinye iilwimi Zesitai-Kadai, kubandakanya Isithai Kunye Nesishan.
Imvelaphi yolwimi Lwelao ifihlakele, kodwa kukho ubungqina bokuba yayilulwimi lobukumkani Bokuqala Belan Xang (ngamanye amaxesha lubhalwa Njenge-Lan Chang) eyasekwa ngenkulungwane ye-14 Yi-Fa Ngum. Emva Kokuba Ulan Xang ewa ngekhulu le-18, Ilao yamkelwa njengolwimi lukarhulumente kunye nezorhwebo, kwaye yaqala ukubonakala njengolwimi olwahlukileyo.
Ngenkulungwane ye-19, amafrentshi ayesenza i-Indochina eninzi, kuquka Ilaos. Ngeli xesha, Ulao wayephenjelelwa kakhulu lulwimi lwesifrentshi, kwaye amabinzana amaninzi amatsha kunye namabinzana abolekwe kwisifrentshi. Le mpembelelo inokubonwa Kwi-Lao yanamhlanje.
Namhlanje, Ilao lulwimi oluphambili lwabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezili-17, ikakhulu Elaos nakumantla mpuma Ethailand. Ikwamkelwa njengolwimi olusemthethweni Lwe-European Union, kwaye isetyenziswa kumaziko emfundo kunye neendawo zosasazo Ethailand Naselaos.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwelao?

1. Lāvāvīrabā - Lao imbongi, ingcali yeelwimi kunye nombhali, owayebalulekile ekumgangatho we-Lao ebhaliweyo.
2. U-Ahan Souvanna Phouma-Undunankulu Waselaos ukususela ngo-1951-1975, owayenegalelo ekuphuhlisweni kolwimi Lwaselao.
3. Khambule - 20th century Lao isichazi-magama kunye nomhleli wesichazi-magama sokuqala Solwimi Lwelao.
4. Ujames M. Harris-ingcali Yeelwimi Yasemelika kunye nonjingalwazi Ecornell, ophuhlise incwadi yokuqala yolwimi Lwelao.
5. Noi Khetkham-Lao imbongi, umphengululi nombhali wesichazi-magama, owapapasha iincwadi ezininzi ngolwimi Lwelao noncwadi.

Ulwakhiwo njani Ulwimi Lwelao?

Isakhiwo solwimi Lwaselao sifana nezinye iilwimi Zasetai-Kadai, njengoko lulwimi olugugileyo kunye nomyalelo wegama lesihloko-isenzi-into. Inenkqubo yesandi elula kakhulu equlathe amagama e-monosyllabic, kwaye i-orthography yayo isekwe kwiskripthi Se-Pali. I-Lao inenkqubo entsonkothileyo yokuhlela kunye nokulinganisa amagama, asetyenziselwa ukuhlela izibizo, izenzi, kunye nezichazi.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwelao ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda iskripthi. I-Lao ibhalwe kwi-alfabhethi ebizwa Ngokuba Yi-Lao esekelwe Kwi-Khmer alfabhethi. Ngaphambi kokuba uqale, kubalulekile ukuba uziqhelanise neeleta kunye nezandi zesi skripthi.
2. Mamela kwaye uthathe amagama. Thatha ikhosi yolwimi Lwelao kwaye uqale ukumamela ulwimi oluthethwa ngokuvakalayo. Mamela ngononophelo izandi kwaye uzame ukukhetha amagama amatsha kunye namabinzana.
3. Thetha nezithethi Zomthonyama Zelao. Indlela efanelekileyo yokufunda ulwimi kukuthetha. Fumana abahlobo abazizithethi zelao zemveli, okanye ujoyine inkqubo yokutshintshiselana ngolwimi apho unokuziqhelanisa nabanye.
4. Sebenzisa izixhobo zolwimi. Zininzi iiwebhusayithi kunye neeapps ezinikezelwe ukukunceda ufunde I-Lao. Khangela iikhosi kunye nezixhobo ezilungiselelwe ngokukodwa ukufundisa I-Lao.
5. Yenza I-Lao ibe yinxalenye yobomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. Ungenza ukufunda ulwimi lube mnandi ngokulufaka kwimisebenzi yakho yemihla ngemihla. Zama ukubukela ama-movie, ukuphulaphula umculo, nokufunda iincwadi Kwilao ukuze uziqhelanise.

I-Tatar lulwimi oluthethwa ikakhulu Kwiriphabhlikhi Yasetatarstan, eyinxalenye yerussian Federation. Ulwimi Lwesiturkic kwaye lunxulumene nezinye iilwimi Zesiturkic ezinje ngesiturkish, isiuzbek, kunye nesikazakh. Kwakhona kuthethwa kwiindawo Ezithile Zaseazerbaijan, Eukraine Nasekazakhstan. I-Tatar lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasetatarstan kwaye lusetyenziswa kwezemfundo kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente.

Ngokwanda Kobukhosi baserussia, ulwimi lwesitatar lwenziwa lunyanzelekile ukuba lufunde ezikolweni kwiindawo ezaba yinxalenye Yetatarstan. Oku kwakhokelela ekunciphiseni kokusetyenziswa kwayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla, kodwa ngo-1990, ulwimi lwabona ukuvuselelwa kweentlobo njengoko kwenziwa imizamo yokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwayo.

Xa kufikwa ekuguquleleni, kukho iindlela ezimbalwa ezikhoyo kwabo bafuna ukuguqulela amaxwebhu kwitatar. Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokugqiba inguqulelo yesitatar kukuqesha umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo wesitatar. Oku kunenzuzo yokuchaneka, njengoko baya kuqhelana nemiba yolwimi. Abaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo badla ngokuba nobuchule kwiinkalo ezithile, njengenguqulelo yezomthetho, yezonyango neyezemali, ukuze bakwazi ukuguqulela ngendlela echanileyo.

Olunye ukhetho kukusebenzisa inkqubo yokuguqulela encediswa yikhompyutha. Ezi nkqubo zenzelwe ukunceda izithethi ezingezizo ezomthonyama ziguqulele amaxwebhu ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo. Basebenzisa i-algorithms ukudibanisa amagama kunye namabinzana ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye ngaphandle kokungenelela komntu. Nangona kunjalo, ezi nkqubo zisenokungabi zichanekile njengokufumana umguquleli jonga uxwebhu.

Kukho iinkonzo zokuguqulela kwi-intanethi ezinokubonelela ngeenguqulelo ezichanekileyo ukusuka kwisingesi ukuya kwitatar. Ezi nkonzo zihlala zilolona khetho lubiza kakhulu, kodwa azinakuqinisekisa umgangatho ofanayo nomguquleli oqeqeshiweyo. Ukuba ukhangela isisombululo esikhawulezayo nesingabizi kakhulu kwinguqulelo yesitatar, oku kunokuba lukhetho olufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba uqiniseke ukuba usebenzisa inkonzo ethembekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi indlela oyithatha ngayo inguqulelo yakho yetatar, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka ukuphepha iingxaki ezinokubakho kwixesha elizayo. Ukuba nenguqulelo yobungcali ngokubanzi yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokufezekisa oku, kodwa ukuba iindleko ngumba, iinkonzo zokuguqulela kwi-intanethi okanye iinkqubo ezincediswa ngekhompyuter zinokunceda.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ulwimi lwesitatar?

Ulwimi lwesitatar luthethwa kakhulu Erashiya, kunye nezithethi zomthonyama ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezi-6. Ikwathethwa kwamanye amazwe afana Neazerbaijan, Ikazakhstan, Ikyrgyzstan, Iturkey Neturkmenistan.

Yintoni imbali yolwimi lwesitatar?

Ulwimi lwesitatar, ekwabizwa ngokuba Yikazan Tatar, lulwimi Lwaseturkey lweqela Lasekipchak elithethwa ikakhulu Kwiriphabhlikhi Yasetatarstan, ummandla waserussia Federation. Ikwathethwa nakwezinye iindawo Zaserussia, Uzbekistan Nasekazakhstan. Imbali yolwimi lwesitatar ibuyele kwinkulungwane ye-10 xa Ivolga Bulgars yamkela Amasilamsi kwaye yaba Ngamatatar anamhlanje. Ebudeni bexesha Legolden Horde (ngenkulungwane ye-13 ukusa kweye-15), Amatatar ayephantsi kolawulo lwasemongolia yaye ulwimi lwesitatar lwaqalisa ukuphenjelelwa kakhulu ziilwimi zesimongolia nezesipersi. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, olu lwimi luye lwenziwa utshintsho olukhulu ngenxa yokunxibelelana kwalo nezinye iziyelelane Zaseturkey, kwakunye namagama abolekiweyo esiarabhu nasepersi. Ngenxa yoko, iye yaba lulwimi olwahlukileyo olwahlukileyo kwizalamane zayo ezisondeleyo kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zeelwimi zommandla ziye zavela. Incwadi yokuqala eyabhalwa ngolwimi lwesitatar yapapashwa ngowe-1584, eyayinomxholo othi "Divân-i Lügatitut-Türk". Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-19, ulwimi lwesitatar luye lwaqatshelwa ngokwamanqanaba awahlukahlukeneyo Bubukhosi baserashiya nasemva Kwesoviet Union. Wanikwa isikhundla esisemthethweni Etatarstan ngexesha Lesoviet, kodwa wajamelana nokucinezelwa ngexesha Likastalin. Ngo-1989, ialfabhethi yesitatar yatshintshwa ukusuka Kwisicyrillic ukuya Kwisilatinized kwaye ngo-1998, Iriphabhlikhi Yasetatarstan yabhengeza ulwimi lwesitatar njengolwimi olusemthethweni. Namhlanje, olu lwimi lusathethwa zizithethi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezisi-8 Erashiya, ubukhulu becala phakathi koluntu lwamatatar.

Ngoobani abantu aba-5 abaphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesitatar?

1. Ugabdulla Tukay (1850-1913): imbongi yesitatar kunye nombhali wemidlalo obhala ngeelwimi zesiuzbek, isirashiya, kunye nesitatar kwaye waba negalelo ekudumiseni ulwimi lwesitatar kunye noncwadi.
2. I-tatar (inkulungwane ye-17): umbhali we-tatar owabhala igrama ebalulekileyo yolwimi lwesitatar kwaye ubizwa ngokuba nokuphuhlisa uhlobo olukhethekileyo lokubhala imibongo.
3. I-Tegähirä Askänavi (1885-1951): umphengululi wesitatar kunye nolwimi oluphando ngolwimi lwesitatar lwalubalulekile kuphuhliso lwayo.
4. Mäxämmädiar Zarnäkäev (ngenkulungwane ye-19): umbhali nembongi yesitatar eyabhala isichazi-magama sokuqala sale mihla sesitatar yaza yanceda ekumiseleni ulwimi lwesitatar.
5. Ildär Faizi (1926-2007): umbhali wetatar kunye nentatheli eyabhala amabali amaninzi kunye neencwadi ngesitatar kwaye yanegalelo elikhulu ekuvuseleleni ulwimi lokubhala lwesitatar.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi lwesitatar?

Isakhiwo solwimi lwesitatar sinobuchule, kunye ne-agglutinative morphology. Inamatyala amane (ukutyunjwa, i-genitive, accusative and locative) kunye namadoda amathathu (ubudoda, ubufazi, kunye ne-neuter). Izenzi zidibanisa ngomntu, inani, kunye nomoya, kunye nezibizo zincipha ngetyala, isini, kunye nenani. Ulwimi lunenkqubo entsonkothileyo yezikhundla kunye namasuntswana anokubonisa izinto ezinje ngomba, ulwalathiso kunye nendlela yokuziphatha.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwesitatar ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qiniseka ukuba unokufikelela kwizinto ezisemgangathweni – kukho inani lezixhobo zokufunda ulwimi lwesitatar ezifumaneka kwi-intanethi nakwiivenkile zeencwadi, ke qiniseka ukuba unokufikelela kwezona zinto zilungileyo.
2. Ziqhelanise nealfabhethi-Ekubeni isitatar sibhalwe ngesicyrillic script, qiniseka ukuba uqhelene nealfabhethi ekhethekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ufunde ulwimi.
3. Funda ukubiza kunye noxinzelelo-i-Tatar isebenzisa inkqubo enzima yokutshintsha kwezikhamiso kunye noxinzelelo kwiisilabhasi, ngoko uqhelise ukubiza kwakho kwaye ufunde ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwezikhamiso ezixinzelelekileyo nezingaxinzelelekanga.
4. Ukuqhelana nemithetho yegrama esisiseko kunye nesakhiwo-ukuqonda kakuhle igrama esisiseko kunye nesakhiwo sesivakalisi kubalulekile xa kuziwa ekufundeni naluphi na ulwimi.
5. Mamela, ubukele kwaye ufunde-Ukumamela, ukubukela nokufunda ngesitatar kuya kukunceda ukuba uqhelane nesandi solwimi, kunye nokukunika ukuziqhelanisa nesigama kunye namabinzana.
6. Yiba neencoko-Ukuncokola rhoqo nomntu othetha isitatar yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokufunda naluphi na ulwimi. Zama ukuthetha kancinci kwaye ngokucacileyo ekuqaleni kwaye ungoyiki ukwenza iimpazamo.