Isiserbia Welsh Guqulela

Ukuguqulela ukusuka kwisiserbia ukuya kwisiserbia kufuna umguquleli onamava ukuchaneka kunye nokuqonda kwenkcubeko. Iserbia lilizwe Lasebalkan Kumazantsi Mpuma Eyurophu elinembali etyebileyo kunye nobudlelwane obusondeleyo namanye amazwe awayesakuba Yiyugoslavia. Inolwimi lwayo olwahlukileyo, ialfabhethi Yesicyrillic, kunye nenkcubeko ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ngaphambi kokuzama ukuguqulela nawuphi na umbhalo.

Ulwimi lwaseserbia luyinxalenye yosapho Lolwimi Lwasemzantsi Slavic oluquka isibulgaria, isicroatia, nesimacedonia. Kukho iilwimi ezimbini eziphambili zolwimi, Isitokavia Kunye Netorlakian. Ngelixa I-Shtokavian yeyona fomu ithethwa kakhulu, Itorlakian isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiinjongo zoncwadi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka nokuchaneka ekuguquleleni, umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo kufuneka aqhelane nazo zombini iziyelelane kunye nemiba yengingqi phakathi kwazo.

Isiserbia yabhalwa ngoonobumba Besicyrillic, abasuka kwisigrike. I - alfabhethi iqulethe oonobumba abaninzi kune-Latin alfabhethi, okwenza kube nzima ukufunda nokuqonda. Ngaloo ndlela, kubalulekile ukuba nomguquleli oqhelene nealfabhethi Yesicyrillic kwaye ukhululekile ngokuchwetheza kuyo ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka nokucaca kwisicatshulwa esiguqulelweyo.

Ngenxa yobudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye nezinye iintlanga zangaphambili Zaseyugoslavia, kubalulekile ukuba umguquleli wakho aqonde umongo kunye nenkcubeko Yaseserbia. Ulwimi kunye nembali Yaseserbia iye yachaphazeleka kakhulu kumazwe angabamelwane kunye namasiko. Umguquleli oqheleneyo nalo mmandla uya kuba nakho ukulungelelanisa umahluko weelwimi kunye nenkcubeko ukuze isicatshulwa ekujoliswe kuso sibonise ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo kunye nenjongo yombhalo womthombo.

Ngamafutshane, umguquleli osebenza ukusuka okanye kwisiserbia kufuneka azi kakuhle ngolwimi lwaseserbia kunye nenkcubeko kunye namasiko awodwa. Ulwazi lwealfabhethi yesicyrillic lukwafuneka kuguqulelo oluchanekileyo noluchanekileyo okanye olusuka kwiserbia. Ngamava afanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo, umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo waseserbia unokukunika uguqulelo oluchanekileyo noluvakalayo ukusuka okanye ukuya kwiserbia.

Ziziphi iilwimi ezisemthethweni zaseserbia?

Isiserbia, isiserbia, Ibosnia Neherzegovina, Imontenegro, Nekosovo. Ikwathethwa ngamaqela amancinci Ngaphakathi Kwecroatia, Ibulgaria, Ihungary, Iromania, Kunye Neriphabhlikhi Yasemantla Emacedonia.

Ziziphi iilwimi ezisemthethweni zaseserbia?

Ukuphuhliswa kolwimi lwaseserbia kunokulandelwa emva kwekhulu le-8, xa liqala ukuvela njengolwimi oluhlukileyo emva kokuwa Kobukhosi Basebyzantium ngekhulu le-7. Umzekelo wokuqala owaziwayo wokubhala kwesiserbia ubuyela kwi-13 leminyaka, nangona ininzi yale nto ngoku ithathwa njengesiserbia sasisele siphuhlisiwe ngelo xesha. Kumaxesha Aphakathi, Iserbia yayilikhaya leelwimi ezahlukeneyo, nganye ithethwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo kweli lizwe, kodwa ukuphuhliswa koncwadi Lwaseserbia ngenkulungwane ye-15 neye-16 kwanceda ukuzisa iziyelelane kunye nokubeka emgangathweni ulwimi.
Ngexesha lolawulo Lwama-Ottoman ukususela ngekhulu le-14 ukuya kwekhulu le-19, isiserbia sasichaphazeleka kakhulu yi-ottoman Turkish, eyashiya uphawu lwayo kulwimi ngokwemigaqo yesigama kunye negrama. Oku kuye kwaqhubeka kwiindawo ezininzi kude kube namhlanje, ngakumbi emazantsi nasempuma Yeserbia.
Ngenkulungwane ye-19, kwenziwa uhlengahlengiso olungakumbi loncwadi, kwaye ulwimi lwaseserbia lwalulinganiselwe Ngokolwimi Lwaseserbia, olusetyenziselwa uninzi lweetekisi ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo kweli lizwe namhlanje. Ukususela ngoko, ulwimi luye lwachaphazeleka kakhulu kwezinye iilwimi, ngokuyinhloko isingesi, okwenza kube ngumxube onomdla.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwaseserbia?

1. Uvuk Stefanovic Karadzic (1787-1864): Owaziwa ngokuba "nguyise weencwadi zanamhlanje zaseserbia," wayengumntu obalulekileyo ekumiseni i-orthography yaseserbia kunye negrama kunye nokudala isichazi-magama saseserbia.
2. Udositej Obradovic (1739-1811): umbhali obumba uncwadi lwaseserbia kunye nemfundo, imisebenzi yakhe ibe negalelo elikhulu ekukhuleni kwenkcubeko yaseserbia, ulwimi kunye nemfundo.
3. Petar II Petrović-Njegoš (1813-1851): inkosana-bhishophu kunye nembongi yaseserbia, ngoyena mntu uphambili kwimbali yoncwadi lwaseserbia. Uyaziwa ngokuba ngumbongo wakhe we-1837 "I-Mountain Wreath," eyakhuthaza inational liberation movement.
4. Ujovan Sterija Popović (1806-1856): umdlalo weqonga, imisebenzi yakhe yanceda ekubumbeni ithiyetha yanamhlanje yaseserbia kunye nolwimi. Ithathwa njengempembelelo enkulu kuphuhliso lolwimi lwaseserbia.
5. Ustefan Mitrov Ljubiša (1824-1878): umdlali okhokelayo Waseserbia, umsebenzi wakhe uye wanconywa ngokunceda ukubeka umgangatho wolwimi lwaseserbia. Imidlalo yakhe iqatshelwe ngezinto zabo ezihlekisayo kunye nokugxekwa kwabo kwezentlalo.

Uluphi ulwimi lwaseserbia?

Ulwimi lwaseserbia ngokuyintloko ludibaniso Lweelwimi Zeslavic Nezasebalkan. Lulwimi oluchaphazelayo olunamadoda amabini (ubudoda, ubufazi, kunye ne-neuter), amanani amathathu (isinye, amabini, kunye nesininzi) kunye namatyala asixhenxe (utyumbo, umtyholwa, umfuzo,umthambo, uvocative, isixhobo, kunye nendawo). Kwakhona inomxholo-Isenzi-Into igama umyalelo.

Indlela yokufunda isiserbia ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Ukuya kwiiklasi zolwimi: enye yeendlela ezifanelekileyo zokufunda naluphi na ulwimi olutsha kukuya kwiklasi okanye ikhosi. Oku kunokuba lithuba elihle lokufunda igrama yaseserbia kunye nokubiza amagama kwindawo ehleliweyo, kunye notitshala oqeqeshiweyo esandleni ukukunceda.
2. Bukela Serbian movies kwaye TV ibonisa: Ukubukela i-tv kwaye bhanyabhanya yindlela enkulu familiarize ngokwakho kunye ulwimi kwaye ukufumana ezinye kuluncedo amabinzana kwaye idioms.
3. Fumana iqabane lokutshintshiselana ngolwimi: Ukuba ukuya kwiiklasi zolwimi akuyona inketho kuwe, ngoko ukufumana iqabane lokutshintshiselana ngolwimi kunokuba yindlela enhle yokufunda ngokukhawuleza. Qiniseka ukuba nobabini niyavumelana ngolwimi enifuna ukugxila kulo xa nithetha naxa nizilolonga.
4. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi: zininzi izibonelelo eziluncedo kwi-intanethi zokukunceda ufunde isiserbia, ezinje ngewebhusayithi, iiapps, iipodcasts kunye neevidiyo. Zama ukusebenzisa ezi zinto ukongeza eminye imisebenzi yakho yokufunda ulwimi.
5. Thetha isiserbia kunye native speakers: eyona ndlela ukuphucula yakho isiserbia kukuba senzo kunye native speakers. Joyina iqela lendawo okanye ufumane amathuba kwi-intanethi ukuthetha nezithethi zomthonyama. Oku kuya kukunceda uphucule ukubizwa kwakho, ukuzithemba kunye nokuqonda ulwimi.

Inguqulelo yesiwelsh yinkonzo ebalulekileyo kubemi Basewelsh, enika unxibelelwano ngaphakathi nangaphandle kolwimi Lwesiwelsh. Le yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yomphakathi wolwimi Lwesixhosa, Kunye Newales xa zizonke.

Njengenye yeelwimi ezindala eziphilayo Eyurophu, Iwelsh inelifa elityebileyo ekufuneka ligcinwe kwaye lihlonitshwe. Ngokubonelela ngeenguqulelo ngaphakathi nangaphandle Kweelwimi, izithethi zomthonyama Zasewelsh zinokuhlala ziyinxalenye yabantu behlabathi, ngelixa zifumana ukufikelela kulwazi kunye nezixhobo ezingafumanekiyo ngolwimi lwazo lweenkobe.

Xa ukhetha inkonzo yokuguqulela Yasewales, kubalulekile ukuba uqiniseke ukuba inkampani oyikhethayo inamava kwiinguqulelo Zesiwelsh. Kwangaxeshanye, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba nawuphi na umguquleli ubhalisiwe nequmrhu elilawulayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wokuguqulela uphezulu.

Ngokuchaneka, kubalulekile ukujonga ukuba umguquleli Wasewelsh uneziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo kunye namava ekuguquleleni ukusuka Kwisingesi ukuya kolunye ulwimi, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo. Oku kuyakuqinisekisa ukuba nakuphi na ukungangqinelani okanye iimpazamo kuyathintelwa, ukongeza ekuqinisekiseni ukuba inkonzo yokuguqulela ichanekile kwaye ihlaziyiwe ngesigama samva Nje Sasewelsh.

Xa kuziwa ekufumaneni umguquleli Wasewales, zininzi iinkampani kunye neenkonzo ezikhoyo. Kubalulekile ukuba uthenge ngeenxa zonke kwaye uqinisekise ukuba ufumana ixabiso elifanelekileyo lemali, kunye nokujonga iziqinisekiso kunye nodumo lwawo nawuphi na umguquleli.

Ukongeza kwiinguqulelo, kufanelekile ukuqwalasela naziphi na iinkonzo ezongezelelweyo ezinokubonelelwa yinkampani yokuguqulela Yasewales. Umzekelo, iinkampani ezininzi zibonelela ngokufunda, ukuhlela kunye nokufomatha iinkonzo, ezinokuthi zibonakalise ukuba zixabisekile ukuba ungenisa amaxwebhu kudliwanondlebe lomsebenzi obalulekileyo okanye imbalelwano yeshishini.

Ekugqibeleni, i-Welsh translation yinkonzo exabisekileyo evumela izithethi zase-Welsh ukuba zibandakanyeke ngokupheleleyo kwihlabathi elibanzi, ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukuchaneka kunye nomgangatho wolwimi lwazo. Umguquleli othembekileyo nonamava uya kuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaxwebhu Asewelsh anikwa intlonipho ayifaneleyo.

Ngawaphi Amazwe athetha Isijamani?

Ulwimi Lwesiwelsh luthethwa ikakhulu Ewales, nangona kukho ezinye izithethi Zesiwelsh Engilani, Escotland, Eireland nakwamanye amazwe.

Yintoni Imbali Yesingesi?

Kukholelwa ukuba ulwimi Lwase-Welsh luye lwavela Kwi-Brythonic, ulwimi oluthethwa Ebrithani Ngaphambi Kokuhlasela Kwamaroma ngo-ad 43. Ngenkulungwane ye-6, yayisele ikhule Yaba Yi-Old Welsh, eyayisetyenziswa kwimibongo kunye noncwadi kude kube sekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-11. I-Middle Welsh yavela kwinkulungwane ye-12th, ilandelwa Yi-Modern Welsh ngenkulungwane ye-15 neye-16th. Umthetho wolwimi Lwesiwelsh 1993 wanika iwelsh language status Ewales kwaye namhlanje ngaphezu kwe-20% yezithethi Zesiwelsh zisebenzisa ekhaya.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesixhosa?

1. Usanta David (malunga no-500 AD): umxhasi ongcwele Wasewales kunye nomsunguli wee-monasteries ezininzi, ubizwa ngokuba unceda ekusasazeni ulwimi Lwesiwelsh kunye noncwadi lwayo.
2. Uwilliam Salesbury (1520– 1584): wapapasha esinye sezichazi-magama zokuqala Zesiwelsh, Isichazi-Magama Ngesingesi Nesiwelshe (1547), kwaye sasingumntu onegalelo ekudaleni nasekukhuthazeni uhlobo oluqhelekileyo Lwesiwelsh.
3. Udafydd Nanmor (1700-1766): imbongi enempembelelo, wancedisa ekusekeni uncwadi Lwasewales ngokuguqulela imisebenzi yababhali abadumileyo besingesi Kwisiles.
4. I-Lady Charlotte Guest (1812– 1895): uyaziwa kakhulu ngeenguqulelo zakhe zokuqokelelwa kwamabali Asewelsh aziwa ngokuba Yi-Mabinogion.
5. Usaunders Lewis (1893– 1985): imbongi edumileyo yolwimi Lwasewelsh, umbhali wemidlalo, kunye netshantliziyo lezopolitiko, wayengumxhasi ophambili wokwandisa ubume bolwimi Lwasewelsh kunye nenkcubeko phakathi kwabantu Basewelsh.

Ulwakhiwo Njani ulwimi Welsh?

Ulwimi Lwaseburhulumenteni luvela kwisebe Le-Brythonic leelwimi Zesiceltic. Lulwimi oluchaphazeleke kakhulu, ikakhulu luneendlela ezimbini zokudibanisa isenzi kunye nesibizo. Izibizo ze-Welsh ziphawulwe ngesini (ubudoda, ubufazi, kunye ne-neuter) kunye nenani (isinye kunye nesininzi). Izenzi E-Welsh zinamaxesha asibhozo kunye nemiba emine, kwaye zineefom zangaphambili nangaphambili.

Indlela yokufunda Isingesi ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngekhosi yolwimi-Nokuba yikhosi ekwi-intanethi, incwadi okanye iklasi kwikholeji yasekuhlaleni okanye iqela loluntu, ukuthatha ikhosi kunokuba yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokufunda I-Welsh ngendlela eyakhiweyo nechanekileyo.
2. Fumana abahlobo abathetha imveli-Ukuba nezithethi zomthonyama Zasewales onokuziqhelanisa nazo kubaluleke kakhulu ekufundeni ulwimi ngokufanelekileyo.
3. Mamela umculo Wasewales kwaye ubukele I-Tv Yasewales-Ukumamela kunye nokubukela izithethi zomthonyama Zasewales ziya kukunceda uthathe ubizo oluchanekileyo kunye namagama amatsha!
4. Ukufunda iincwadi kunye namaphephandaba Kwi-Welsh-Ukufunda kuyindlela enhle yokwakha isigama kunye nokufumana ukuqonda okungcono kwendlela I-Welsh isebenza ngayo.
5. Ntywiliselwa kwinkcubeko-ulwimi Lwasewelsh lufakwe ngokuqinileyo kwinkcubeko, ke qiniseka ukuba undwendwela Iwales kwaye wonwabele umculo wayo owodwa, iminyhadala, ukutya kunye nemisebenzi.