Isiserbia Tatar Guqulela

Ukuguqulela ukusuka kwisiserbia ukuya kwisiserbia kufuna umguquleli onamava ukuchaneka kunye nokuqonda kwenkcubeko. Iserbia lilizwe Lasebalkan Kumazantsi Mpuma Eyurophu elinembali etyebileyo kunye nobudlelwane obusondeleyo namanye amazwe awayesakuba Yiyugoslavia. Inolwimi lwayo olwahlukileyo, ialfabhethi Yesicyrillic, kunye nenkcubeko ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ngaphambi kokuzama ukuguqulela nawuphi na umbhalo.

Ulwimi lwaseserbia luyinxalenye yosapho Lolwimi Lwasemzantsi Slavic oluquka isibulgaria, isicroatia, nesimacedonia. Kukho iilwimi ezimbini eziphambili zolwimi, Isitokavia Kunye Netorlakian. Ngelixa I-Shtokavian yeyona fomu ithethwa kakhulu, Itorlakian isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiinjongo zoncwadi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka nokuchaneka ekuguquleleni, umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo kufuneka aqhelane nazo zombini iziyelelane kunye nemiba yengingqi phakathi kwazo.

Isiserbia yabhalwa ngoonobumba Besicyrillic, abasuka kwisigrike. I - alfabhethi iqulethe oonobumba abaninzi kune-Latin alfabhethi, okwenza kube nzima ukufunda nokuqonda. Ngaloo ndlela, kubalulekile ukuba nomguquleli oqhelene nealfabhethi Yesicyrillic kwaye ukhululekile ngokuchwetheza kuyo ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka nokucaca kwisicatshulwa esiguqulelweyo.

Ngenxa yobudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye nezinye iintlanga zangaphambili Zaseyugoslavia, kubalulekile ukuba umguquleli wakho aqonde umongo kunye nenkcubeko Yaseserbia. Ulwimi kunye nembali Yaseserbia iye yachaphazeleka kakhulu kumazwe angabamelwane kunye namasiko. Umguquleli oqheleneyo nalo mmandla uya kuba nakho ukulungelelanisa umahluko weelwimi kunye nenkcubeko ukuze isicatshulwa ekujoliswe kuso sibonise ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo kunye nenjongo yombhalo womthombo.

Ngamafutshane, umguquleli osebenza ukusuka okanye kwisiserbia kufuneka azi kakuhle ngolwimi lwaseserbia kunye nenkcubeko kunye namasiko awodwa. Ulwazi lwealfabhethi yesicyrillic lukwafuneka kuguqulelo oluchanekileyo noluchanekileyo okanye olusuka kwiserbia. Ngamava afanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo, umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo waseserbia unokukunika uguqulelo oluchanekileyo noluvakalayo ukusuka okanye ukuya kwiserbia.

Ziziphi iilwimi ezisemthethweni zaseserbia?

Isiserbia, isiserbia, Ibosnia Neherzegovina, Imontenegro, Nekosovo. Ikwathethwa ngamaqela amancinci Ngaphakathi Kwecroatia, Ibulgaria, Ihungary, Iromania, Kunye Neriphabhlikhi Yasemantla Emacedonia.

Ziziphi iilwimi ezisemthethweni zaseserbia?

Ukuphuhliswa kolwimi lwaseserbia kunokulandelwa emva kwekhulu le-8, xa liqala ukuvela njengolwimi oluhlukileyo emva kokuwa Kobukhosi Basebyzantium ngekhulu le-7. Umzekelo wokuqala owaziwayo wokubhala kwesiserbia ubuyela kwi-13 leminyaka, nangona ininzi yale nto ngoku ithathwa njengesiserbia sasisele siphuhlisiwe ngelo xesha. Kumaxesha Aphakathi, Iserbia yayilikhaya leelwimi ezahlukeneyo, nganye ithethwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo kweli lizwe, kodwa ukuphuhliswa koncwadi Lwaseserbia ngenkulungwane ye-15 neye-16 kwanceda ukuzisa iziyelelane kunye nokubeka emgangathweni ulwimi.
Ngexesha lolawulo Lwama-Ottoman ukususela ngekhulu le-14 ukuya kwekhulu le-19, isiserbia sasichaphazeleka kakhulu yi-ottoman Turkish, eyashiya uphawu lwayo kulwimi ngokwemigaqo yesigama kunye negrama. Oku kuye kwaqhubeka kwiindawo ezininzi kude kube namhlanje, ngakumbi emazantsi nasempuma Yeserbia.
Ngenkulungwane ye-19, kwenziwa uhlengahlengiso olungakumbi loncwadi, kwaye ulwimi lwaseserbia lwalulinganiselwe Ngokolwimi Lwaseserbia, olusetyenziselwa uninzi lweetekisi ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo kweli lizwe namhlanje. Ukususela ngoko, ulwimi luye lwachaphazeleka kakhulu kwezinye iilwimi, ngokuyinhloko isingesi, okwenza kube ngumxube onomdla.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwaseserbia?

1. Uvuk Stefanovic Karadzic (1787-1864): Owaziwa ngokuba "nguyise weencwadi zanamhlanje zaseserbia," wayengumntu obalulekileyo ekumiseni i-orthography yaseserbia kunye negrama kunye nokudala isichazi-magama saseserbia.
2. Udositej Obradovic (1739-1811): umbhali obumba uncwadi lwaseserbia kunye nemfundo, imisebenzi yakhe ibe negalelo elikhulu ekukhuleni kwenkcubeko yaseserbia, ulwimi kunye nemfundo.
3. Petar II Petrović-Njegoš (1813-1851): inkosana-bhishophu kunye nembongi yaseserbia, ngoyena mntu uphambili kwimbali yoncwadi lwaseserbia. Uyaziwa ngokuba ngumbongo wakhe we-1837 "I-Mountain Wreath," eyakhuthaza inational liberation movement.
4. Ujovan Sterija Popović (1806-1856): umdlalo weqonga, imisebenzi yakhe yanceda ekubumbeni ithiyetha yanamhlanje yaseserbia kunye nolwimi. Ithathwa njengempembelelo enkulu kuphuhliso lolwimi lwaseserbia.
5. Ustefan Mitrov Ljubiša (1824-1878): umdlali okhokelayo Waseserbia, umsebenzi wakhe uye wanconywa ngokunceda ukubeka umgangatho wolwimi lwaseserbia. Imidlalo yakhe iqatshelwe ngezinto zabo ezihlekisayo kunye nokugxekwa kwabo kwezentlalo.

Uluphi ulwimi lwaseserbia?

Ulwimi lwaseserbia ngokuyintloko ludibaniso Lweelwimi Zeslavic Nezasebalkan. Lulwimi oluchaphazelayo olunamadoda amabini (ubudoda, ubufazi, kunye ne-neuter), amanani amathathu (isinye, amabini, kunye nesininzi) kunye namatyala asixhenxe (utyumbo, umtyholwa, umfuzo,umthambo, uvocative, isixhobo, kunye nendawo). Kwakhona inomxholo-Isenzi-Into igama umyalelo.

Indlela yokufunda isiserbia ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Ukuya kwiiklasi zolwimi: enye yeendlela ezifanelekileyo zokufunda naluphi na ulwimi olutsha kukuya kwiklasi okanye ikhosi. Oku kunokuba lithuba elihle lokufunda igrama yaseserbia kunye nokubiza amagama kwindawo ehleliweyo, kunye notitshala oqeqeshiweyo esandleni ukukunceda.
2. Bukela Serbian movies kwaye TV ibonisa: Ukubukela i-tv kwaye bhanyabhanya yindlela enkulu familiarize ngokwakho kunye ulwimi kwaye ukufumana ezinye kuluncedo amabinzana kwaye idioms.
3. Fumana iqabane lokutshintshiselana ngolwimi: Ukuba ukuya kwiiklasi zolwimi akuyona inketho kuwe, ngoko ukufumana iqabane lokutshintshiselana ngolwimi kunokuba yindlela enhle yokufunda ngokukhawuleza. Qiniseka ukuba nobabini niyavumelana ngolwimi enifuna ukugxila kulo xa nithetha naxa nizilolonga.
4. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi: zininzi izibonelelo eziluncedo kwi-intanethi zokukunceda ufunde isiserbia, ezinje ngewebhusayithi, iiapps, iipodcasts kunye neevidiyo. Zama ukusebenzisa ezi zinto ukongeza eminye imisebenzi yakho yokufunda ulwimi.
5. Thetha isiserbia kunye native speakers: eyona ndlela ukuphucula yakho isiserbia kukuba senzo kunye native speakers. Joyina iqela lendawo okanye ufumane amathuba kwi-intanethi ukuthetha nezithethi zomthonyama. Oku kuya kukunceda uphucule ukubizwa kwakho, ukuzithemba kunye nokuqonda ulwimi.

I-Tatar lulwimi oluthethwa ikakhulu Kwiriphabhlikhi Yasetatarstan, eyinxalenye yerussian Federation. Ulwimi Lwesiturkic kwaye lunxulumene nezinye iilwimi Zesiturkic ezinje ngesiturkish, isiuzbek, kunye nesikazakh. Kwakhona kuthethwa kwiindawo Ezithile Zaseazerbaijan, Eukraine Nasekazakhstan. I-Tatar lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasetatarstan kwaye lusetyenziswa kwezemfundo kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente.

Ngokwanda Kobukhosi baserussia, ulwimi lwesitatar lwenziwa lunyanzelekile ukuba lufunde ezikolweni kwiindawo ezaba yinxalenye Yetatarstan. Oku kwakhokelela ekunciphiseni kokusetyenziswa kwayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla, kodwa ngo-1990, ulwimi lwabona ukuvuselelwa kweentlobo njengoko kwenziwa imizamo yokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwayo.

Xa kufikwa ekuguquleleni, kukho iindlela ezimbalwa ezikhoyo kwabo bafuna ukuguqulela amaxwebhu kwitatar. Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokugqiba inguqulelo yesitatar kukuqesha umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo wesitatar. Oku kunenzuzo yokuchaneka, njengoko baya kuqhelana nemiba yolwimi. Abaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo badla ngokuba nobuchule kwiinkalo ezithile, njengenguqulelo yezomthetho, yezonyango neyezemali, ukuze bakwazi ukuguqulela ngendlela echanileyo.

Olunye ukhetho kukusebenzisa inkqubo yokuguqulela encediswa yikhompyutha. Ezi nkqubo zenzelwe ukunceda izithethi ezingezizo ezomthonyama ziguqulele amaxwebhu ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo. Basebenzisa i-algorithms ukudibanisa amagama kunye namabinzana ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye ngaphandle kokungenelela komntu. Nangona kunjalo, ezi nkqubo zisenokungabi zichanekile njengokufumana umguquleli jonga uxwebhu.

Kukho iinkonzo zokuguqulela kwi-intanethi ezinokubonelela ngeenguqulelo ezichanekileyo ukusuka kwisingesi ukuya kwitatar. Ezi nkonzo zihlala zilolona khetho lubiza kakhulu, kodwa azinakuqinisekisa umgangatho ofanayo nomguquleli oqeqeshiweyo. Ukuba ukhangela isisombululo esikhawulezayo nesingabizi kakhulu kwinguqulelo yesitatar, oku kunokuba lukhetho olufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba uqiniseke ukuba usebenzisa inkonzo ethembekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi indlela oyithatha ngayo inguqulelo yakho yetatar, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka ukuphepha iingxaki ezinokubakho kwixesha elizayo. Ukuba nenguqulelo yobungcali ngokubanzi yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokufezekisa oku, kodwa ukuba iindleko ngumba, iinkonzo zokuguqulela kwi-intanethi okanye iinkqubo ezincediswa ngekhompyuter zinokunceda.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ulwimi lwesitatar?

Ulwimi lwesitatar luthethwa kakhulu Erashiya, kunye nezithethi zomthonyama ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezi-6. Ikwathethwa kwamanye amazwe afana Neazerbaijan, Ikazakhstan, Ikyrgyzstan, Iturkey Neturkmenistan.

Yintoni imbali yolwimi lwesitatar?

Ulwimi lwesitatar, ekwabizwa ngokuba Yikazan Tatar, lulwimi Lwaseturkey lweqela Lasekipchak elithethwa ikakhulu Kwiriphabhlikhi Yasetatarstan, ummandla waserussia Federation. Ikwathethwa nakwezinye iindawo Zaserussia, Uzbekistan Nasekazakhstan. Imbali yolwimi lwesitatar ibuyele kwinkulungwane ye-10 xa Ivolga Bulgars yamkela Amasilamsi kwaye yaba Ngamatatar anamhlanje. Ebudeni bexesha Legolden Horde (ngenkulungwane ye-13 ukusa kweye-15), Amatatar ayephantsi kolawulo lwasemongolia yaye ulwimi lwesitatar lwaqalisa ukuphenjelelwa kakhulu ziilwimi zesimongolia nezesipersi. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, olu lwimi luye lwenziwa utshintsho olukhulu ngenxa yokunxibelelana kwalo nezinye iziyelelane Zaseturkey, kwakunye namagama abolekiweyo esiarabhu nasepersi. Ngenxa yoko, iye yaba lulwimi olwahlukileyo olwahlukileyo kwizalamane zayo ezisondeleyo kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zeelwimi zommandla ziye zavela. Incwadi yokuqala eyabhalwa ngolwimi lwesitatar yapapashwa ngowe-1584, eyayinomxholo othi "Divân-i Lügatitut-Türk". Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-19, ulwimi lwesitatar luye lwaqatshelwa ngokwamanqanaba awahlukahlukeneyo Bubukhosi baserashiya nasemva Kwesoviet Union. Wanikwa isikhundla esisemthethweni Etatarstan ngexesha Lesoviet, kodwa wajamelana nokucinezelwa ngexesha Likastalin. Ngo-1989, ialfabhethi yesitatar yatshintshwa ukusuka Kwisicyrillic ukuya Kwisilatinized kwaye ngo-1998, Iriphabhlikhi Yasetatarstan yabhengeza ulwimi lwesitatar njengolwimi olusemthethweni. Namhlanje, olu lwimi lusathethwa zizithethi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezisi-8 Erashiya, ubukhulu becala phakathi koluntu lwamatatar.

Ngoobani abantu aba-5 abaphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesitatar?

1. Ugabdulla Tukay (1850-1913): imbongi yesitatar kunye nombhali wemidlalo obhala ngeelwimi zesiuzbek, isirashiya, kunye nesitatar kwaye waba negalelo ekudumiseni ulwimi lwesitatar kunye noncwadi.
2. I-tatar (inkulungwane ye-17): umbhali we-tatar owabhala igrama ebalulekileyo yolwimi lwesitatar kwaye ubizwa ngokuba nokuphuhlisa uhlobo olukhethekileyo lokubhala imibongo.
3. I-Tegähirä Askänavi (1885-1951): umphengululi wesitatar kunye nolwimi oluphando ngolwimi lwesitatar lwalubalulekile kuphuhliso lwayo.
4. Mäxämmädiar Zarnäkäev (ngenkulungwane ye-19): umbhali nembongi yesitatar eyabhala isichazi-magama sokuqala sale mihla sesitatar yaza yanceda ekumiseleni ulwimi lwesitatar.
5. Ildär Faizi (1926-2007): umbhali wetatar kunye nentatheli eyabhala amabali amaninzi kunye neencwadi ngesitatar kwaye yanegalelo elikhulu ekuvuseleleni ulwimi lokubhala lwesitatar.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi lwesitatar?

Isakhiwo solwimi lwesitatar sinobuchule, kunye ne-agglutinative morphology. Inamatyala amane (ukutyunjwa, i-genitive, accusative and locative) kunye namadoda amathathu (ubudoda, ubufazi, kunye ne-neuter). Izenzi zidibanisa ngomntu, inani, kunye nomoya, kunye nezibizo zincipha ngetyala, isini, kunye nenani. Ulwimi lunenkqubo entsonkothileyo yezikhundla kunye namasuntswana anokubonisa izinto ezinje ngomba, ulwalathiso kunye nendlela yokuziphatha.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwesitatar ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qiniseka ukuba unokufikelela kwizinto ezisemgangathweni – kukho inani lezixhobo zokufunda ulwimi lwesitatar ezifumaneka kwi-intanethi nakwiivenkile zeencwadi, ke qiniseka ukuba unokufikelela kwezona zinto zilungileyo.
2. Ziqhelanise nealfabhethi-Ekubeni isitatar sibhalwe ngesicyrillic script, qiniseka ukuba uqhelene nealfabhethi ekhethekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ufunde ulwimi.
3. Funda ukubiza kunye noxinzelelo-i-Tatar isebenzisa inkqubo enzima yokutshintsha kwezikhamiso kunye noxinzelelo kwiisilabhasi, ngoko uqhelise ukubiza kwakho kwaye ufunde ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwezikhamiso ezixinzelelekileyo nezingaxinzelelekanga.
4. Ukuqhelana nemithetho yegrama esisiseko kunye nesakhiwo-ukuqonda kakuhle igrama esisiseko kunye nesakhiwo sesivakalisi kubalulekile xa kuziwa ekufundeni naluphi na ulwimi.
5. Mamela, ubukele kwaye ufunde-Ukumamela, ukubukela nokufunda ngesitatar kuya kukunceda ukuba uqhelane nesandi solwimi, kunye nokukunika ukuziqhelanisa nesigama kunye namabinzana.
6. Yiba neencoko-Ukuncokola rhoqo nomntu othetha isitatar yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokufunda naluphi na ulwimi. Zama ukuthetha kancinci kwaye ngokucacileyo ekuqaleni kwaye ungoyiki ukwenza iimpazamo.