Isiserbia I-ukrainian Guqulela

Ukuguqulela ukusuka kwisiserbia ukuya kwisiserbia kufuna umguquleli onamava ukuchaneka kunye nokuqonda kwenkcubeko. Iserbia lilizwe Lasebalkan Kumazantsi Mpuma Eyurophu elinembali etyebileyo kunye nobudlelwane obusondeleyo namanye amazwe awayesakuba Yiyugoslavia. Inolwimi lwayo olwahlukileyo, ialfabhethi Yesicyrillic, kunye nenkcubeko ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ngaphambi kokuzama ukuguqulela nawuphi na umbhalo.

Ulwimi lwaseserbia luyinxalenye yosapho Lolwimi Lwasemzantsi Slavic oluquka isibulgaria, isicroatia, nesimacedonia. Kukho iilwimi ezimbini eziphambili zolwimi, Isitokavia Kunye Netorlakian. Ngelixa I-Shtokavian yeyona fomu ithethwa kakhulu, Itorlakian isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiinjongo zoncwadi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka nokuchaneka ekuguquleleni, umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo kufuneka aqhelane nazo zombini iziyelelane kunye nemiba yengingqi phakathi kwazo.

Isiserbia yabhalwa ngoonobumba Besicyrillic, abasuka kwisigrike. I - alfabhethi iqulethe oonobumba abaninzi kune-Latin alfabhethi, okwenza kube nzima ukufunda nokuqonda. Ngaloo ndlela, kubalulekile ukuba nomguquleli oqhelene nealfabhethi Yesicyrillic kwaye ukhululekile ngokuchwetheza kuyo ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka nokucaca kwisicatshulwa esiguqulelweyo.

Ngenxa yobudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye nezinye iintlanga zangaphambili Zaseyugoslavia, kubalulekile ukuba umguquleli wakho aqonde umongo kunye nenkcubeko Yaseserbia. Ulwimi kunye nembali Yaseserbia iye yachaphazeleka kakhulu kumazwe angabamelwane kunye namasiko. Umguquleli oqheleneyo nalo mmandla uya kuba nakho ukulungelelanisa umahluko weelwimi kunye nenkcubeko ukuze isicatshulwa ekujoliswe kuso sibonise ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo kunye nenjongo yombhalo womthombo.

Ngamafutshane, umguquleli osebenza ukusuka okanye kwisiserbia kufuneka azi kakuhle ngolwimi lwaseserbia kunye nenkcubeko kunye namasiko awodwa. Ulwazi lwealfabhethi yesicyrillic lukwafuneka kuguqulelo oluchanekileyo noluchanekileyo okanye olusuka kwiserbia. Ngamava afanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo, umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo waseserbia unokukunika uguqulelo oluchanekileyo noluvakalayo ukusuka okanye ukuya kwiserbia.

Ziziphi iilwimi ezisemthethweni zaseserbia?

Isiserbia, isiserbia, Ibosnia Neherzegovina, Imontenegro, Nekosovo. Ikwathethwa ngamaqela amancinci Ngaphakathi Kwecroatia, Ibulgaria, Ihungary, Iromania, Kunye Neriphabhlikhi Yasemantla Emacedonia.

Ziziphi iilwimi ezisemthethweni zaseserbia?

Ukuphuhliswa kolwimi lwaseserbia kunokulandelwa emva kwekhulu le-8, xa liqala ukuvela njengolwimi oluhlukileyo emva kokuwa Kobukhosi Basebyzantium ngekhulu le-7. Umzekelo wokuqala owaziwayo wokubhala kwesiserbia ubuyela kwi-13 leminyaka, nangona ininzi yale nto ngoku ithathwa njengesiserbia sasisele siphuhlisiwe ngelo xesha. Kumaxesha Aphakathi, Iserbia yayilikhaya leelwimi ezahlukeneyo, nganye ithethwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo kweli lizwe, kodwa ukuphuhliswa koncwadi Lwaseserbia ngenkulungwane ye-15 neye-16 kwanceda ukuzisa iziyelelane kunye nokubeka emgangathweni ulwimi.
Ngexesha lolawulo Lwama-Ottoman ukususela ngekhulu le-14 ukuya kwekhulu le-19, isiserbia sasichaphazeleka kakhulu yi-ottoman Turkish, eyashiya uphawu lwayo kulwimi ngokwemigaqo yesigama kunye negrama. Oku kuye kwaqhubeka kwiindawo ezininzi kude kube namhlanje, ngakumbi emazantsi nasempuma Yeserbia.
Ngenkulungwane ye-19, kwenziwa uhlengahlengiso olungakumbi loncwadi, kwaye ulwimi lwaseserbia lwalulinganiselwe Ngokolwimi Lwaseserbia, olusetyenziselwa uninzi lweetekisi ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo kweli lizwe namhlanje. Ukususela ngoko, ulwimi luye lwachaphazeleka kakhulu kwezinye iilwimi, ngokuyinhloko isingesi, okwenza kube ngumxube onomdla.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwaseserbia?

1. Uvuk Stefanovic Karadzic (1787-1864): Owaziwa ngokuba "nguyise weencwadi zanamhlanje zaseserbia," wayengumntu obalulekileyo ekumiseni i-orthography yaseserbia kunye negrama kunye nokudala isichazi-magama saseserbia.
2. Udositej Obradovic (1739-1811): umbhali obumba uncwadi lwaseserbia kunye nemfundo, imisebenzi yakhe ibe negalelo elikhulu ekukhuleni kwenkcubeko yaseserbia, ulwimi kunye nemfundo.
3. Petar II Petrović-Njegoš (1813-1851): inkosana-bhishophu kunye nembongi yaseserbia, ngoyena mntu uphambili kwimbali yoncwadi lwaseserbia. Uyaziwa ngokuba ngumbongo wakhe we-1837 "I-Mountain Wreath," eyakhuthaza inational liberation movement.
4. Ujovan Sterija Popović (1806-1856): umdlalo weqonga, imisebenzi yakhe yanceda ekubumbeni ithiyetha yanamhlanje yaseserbia kunye nolwimi. Ithathwa njengempembelelo enkulu kuphuhliso lolwimi lwaseserbia.
5. Ustefan Mitrov Ljubiša (1824-1878): umdlali okhokelayo Waseserbia, umsebenzi wakhe uye wanconywa ngokunceda ukubeka umgangatho wolwimi lwaseserbia. Imidlalo yakhe iqatshelwe ngezinto zabo ezihlekisayo kunye nokugxekwa kwabo kwezentlalo.

Uluphi ulwimi lwaseserbia?

Ulwimi lwaseserbia ngokuyintloko ludibaniso Lweelwimi Zeslavic Nezasebalkan. Lulwimi oluchaphazelayo olunamadoda amabini (ubudoda, ubufazi, kunye ne-neuter), amanani amathathu (isinye, amabini, kunye nesininzi) kunye namatyala asixhenxe (utyumbo, umtyholwa, umfuzo,umthambo, uvocative, isixhobo, kunye nendawo). Kwakhona inomxholo-Isenzi-Into igama umyalelo.

Indlela yokufunda isiserbia ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Ukuya kwiiklasi zolwimi: enye yeendlela ezifanelekileyo zokufunda naluphi na ulwimi olutsha kukuya kwiklasi okanye ikhosi. Oku kunokuba lithuba elihle lokufunda igrama yaseserbia kunye nokubiza amagama kwindawo ehleliweyo, kunye notitshala oqeqeshiweyo esandleni ukukunceda.
2. Bukela Serbian movies kwaye TV ibonisa: Ukubukela i-tv kwaye bhanyabhanya yindlela enkulu familiarize ngokwakho kunye ulwimi kwaye ukufumana ezinye kuluncedo amabinzana kwaye idioms.
3. Fumana iqabane lokutshintshiselana ngolwimi: Ukuba ukuya kwiiklasi zolwimi akuyona inketho kuwe, ngoko ukufumana iqabane lokutshintshiselana ngolwimi kunokuba yindlela enhle yokufunda ngokukhawuleza. Qiniseka ukuba nobabini niyavumelana ngolwimi enifuna ukugxila kulo xa nithetha naxa nizilolonga.
4. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi: zininzi izibonelelo eziluncedo kwi-intanethi zokukunceda ufunde isiserbia, ezinje ngewebhusayithi, iiapps, iipodcasts kunye neevidiyo. Zama ukusebenzisa ezi zinto ukongeza eminye imisebenzi yakho yokufunda ulwimi.
5. Thetha isiserbia kunye native speakers: eyona ndlela ukuphucula yakho isiserbia kukuba senzo kunye native speakers. Joyina iqela lendawo okanye ufumane amathuba kwi-intanethi ukuthetha nezithethi zomthonyama. Oku kuya kukunceda uphucule ukubizwa kwakho, ukuzithemba kunye nokuqonda ulwimi.

I-Ukrainian translation ibalulekile kumashishini amaninzi kunye nemibutho efuna ukunxibelelana nabantu abavela Okanye ngaphakathi E-Ukraine. Kukho uluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo ezikhoyo ukubanceda bafikelele kubaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo, ukusuka kubaguquleli abazimeleyo ukuya kwiinkampani ezikhethekileyo zokuguqulela. Isidingo sokuguqulela i-Ukrainian siyaqhubeka sikhula njengoko uqoqosho lwelizwe kunye nobudlelwane bamanye amazwe buqhubeka banda.

Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu xa kufikwa kwinguqulelo yesiukraine kukufumana umguquleli oneziqinisekiso eziyimfuneko kunye nobuchule bokuguqulela ngokuchanekileyo ukusuka kulwimi lomthombo ukuya kulwimi lwesiukraine. Ukongeza ekubeni nemfundo kuzo zombini iilwimi kunye neelwimi abaziguqulelayo, kufuneka babe nolwazi lwangaphambili kunye namava asebenza kwiiprojekthi zokuguqulela zaseukraine.

Umguquleli kufuneka abe nolwazi kakuhle kwiimpawu zolwimi lwaseukraine kunye naziphi na izingqinisiso zenkcubeko ezinokufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo. Iinguqulelo ezininzi zinokuchaphazeleka yimbali yelizwe, inkcubeko, kunye nemozulu yezopolitiko, ke kubalulekile ukusebenzisa umguquleli owaziyo ulwimi kwaye uyazi ngophuhliso lwamva Nje Eukraine.

Xa kuziwa ekusebenzeni nomguquleli oqeqeshiweyo waseukraine, kubalulekile ukuba ukhethe enye eneenkqubo ezichazwe kakuhle kunye namanyathelo okuqinisekisa umgangatho. Ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo, kuba ukuchaneka kunye nokungaguquguquki kubalulekile kunxibelelwano olusebenzayo. Ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho olungileyo kubandakanya ukujonga uguqulelo rhoqo ngokuchasene nomthombo wokuqala womthombo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba nakuphi na ukungangqinelani kuyaziswa kumguquleli ukuze aguqulelwe kwakhona.

Kwakhona kuluncedo ukusebenzisa inkampani ebonelela ngeenkonzo ezongezelelweyo ezinjengendawo yokuhlala, eqinisekisa ukuba uguqulelo lufanelekile ngokwenkcubeko nangolwimi kubaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo. Oku kuthetha ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwimi lulungelelaniswe nommandla othile, kusetyenziswa iilwimi zasekuhlaleni kunye nemifanekiso apho kuyimfuneko. Ikwaquka ukubonelela ngefomathi efanelekileyo kunye noyilo lobeko ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto eziguqulelweyo zijongeka ngokufanayo nemithombo yomthombo.

Eyona nto iphambili kuyo, inguqulelo yaseukraine imalunga nokudlulisa umyalezo ocetywayo ngokuchanekileyo, ngelixa iqinisekisa ukuba yonke imvakalelo yenkcubeko kunye nomxholo uphela uthathelwa ingqalelo. Ukufumana umguquleli okwaziyo ukwenza oku, kwaye ikwasebenza kwimigangatho ephezulu yobungcali kunye namanyathelo okuqinisekisa umgangatho, kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba ufumana ezona ziphumo zibalaseleyo.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isiukraine?

Ulwimi lwaseukraine luthethwa ikakhulu Eukraine nakwiindawo Zaserashiya, Ebelarus, Emoldova, Epoland, Eslovakia, Ehungary, Eromania nasebulgaria. Ikwasetyenziswa njengolwimi oluncinci Ekazakhstan, Eserbia, Egrisi Nasecroatia.

Ziziphi iilwimi ezisemthethweni zaseukraine?

Ulwimi lwase-ukraine lunembali ende kunye neyinkimbinkimbi yophuhliso. Ulwimi Lwasempuma Slavic, lilungu losapho olufanayo nesirashiya Nesibelarusian. Kuye kwathethwa Eukraine ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-11. Kwinkoliso yembali yayo yayiyinxalenye Yolwimi Lwesislavonic Lwecawa, olusetyenziswa kuncwadi nakwimibhalo yonqulo. Ukutyhubela inkoliso yenkulungwane ye-16 neye-19, yaqhubeka igqalwa njengolwimi lwesirashiya, phezu kwazo nje iimpawu ezithile ezahlukileyo.
Kwada kwafika ngekhulu le-19 ukuba isiukraine saqala ukufumana ukwamkelwa njengolwimi olwahlukileyo, njengenxalenye yokuvuselelwa koncwadi E-Ukraine. Isiseko Ukrainian lanamhlanje yasekwa ngeli xesha. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, isiukraine sasilulwimi lwabemi Abaninzi Baseukraine.
Ngo-1917, I-Ukraine yafumana inkululeko Kwirussia kwaye yamkela i-Ukrainian njengolwimi lwaseburhulumenteni. Oku kwaqalisa ixesha lokubekwa emgangathweni nokuphuhliswa kolwimi, izichazi-magama ezininzi, iincwadi zegrama, nezinto zemfundo ezipapashwayo ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwalo.
Ukususela kwinkululeko yayo kwi-1991, Ukrainian iye yavuka ngakumbi. Iye yaba lulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni lwesizwe, kwaye ifundiswa ngokubanzi ezikolweni kwaye isetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintlobo zonxibelelwano loluntu. Nangona ubukho Russian kwezinye iindawo zelizwe, Ukrainian uhlala ulwimi ephambili Ukraine.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwaseukraine?

1. U-Ivan Kotlyarevsky (1769-1838): Njengomsunguli weencwadi zanamhlanje zase-ukraine, Ukotlyarevsky wabhala inkondlo yokuqala yesizwe e-ukraine, E-Eneyida. Imisebenzi yakhe yanceda ukwandisa kunye nokubeka emgangathweni ulwimi.
2. Utaras Shevchenko (1814-1861): umntu ophambili kuncwadi lwaseukraine kunye nobugcisa, Ushevchenko ngamanye amaxesha ubizwa ngokuba "nguyise wolwimi lwaseukraine". Wayengumxhasi onamandla wokusetyenziswa kwe-Ukrainian kwiincwadi nakwinkcubeko kwaye wabhala inani lemibongo kunye neenoveli ngolwimi.
3. U-Ivan Franko (1856-1916): umbhali onempembelelo Kunye nembongi, Ufranko wabhala eminye yemisebenzi yokuqala yoncwadi lwangoku lwaseukraine. Kwakhona yaseka Ivan Franko National University of lviv, leyo liphuhlise iindlela zemfundo revolution egxininisa ukubaluleka ulwimi Ukrainian.
4. Uvolodymyr Vernadsky (1863-1945): umbhali-mbali obalaseleyo, isithandi sobulumko, kunye nesazi ngejoloji, Uvernadsky wayeyinkokeli ephambili kuphuhliso lwenkcubeko yanamhlanje yaseukraine. Wayengomnye wabasunguli Be-Shevchenko Scientific Society kwaye wabhala iincwadi ezininzi kunye neencoko kwizihloko ze-Ukrainian ngolwimi.
5. U-Oleksandr Oles (1884-1962): ingcali yeelwimi kunye ne-philologist, U-Oles wayengumkhosi omkhulu emva kokuphuhliswa kwegrama yase-ukraine. Wayengumbhali wemisebenzi emikhulu kulwimi, kubandakanya Ulwimi lwase-Ukrainian Kwizikolo Eziziiprayimari, kwaye wayelilungu elinempembelelo Kwi-Ukrainian Academy Of Sciences.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi Ukrainian?

Ulwimi lwase-ukraine lulwimi oluthethwa kakhulu Eukraine, apho luthethwa khona njengolwimi lwaseburhulumenteni. Inxulumene ngokusondeleyo Nebelarusian, isipolish kunye nesirashiya kunye nezinye iilwimi Zeslavic. I-alfabhethi yayo ivela Kwi-Cyrillic, kwaye igrama yayo ifana naleyo yezinye iilwimi Zeslavic, kunye nezibizo, izichazi, izenzi kunye nezihlomelo ezineenkcazo ezicacileyo kunye nokudibanisa. Umyalelo wegama ngokuqhelekileyo ngumxholo-isenzi-into, kodwa iyaguquguquka kwaye iyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kugxininiso lwesithethi.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwase-ukraine ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana ulwimi olulungileyo: Qala ngokufumana ikhosi yolwimi elungileyo egxile kulwimi lwaseukraine. Khangela into ebanzi kwaye ikufundisa igrama kunye nesigama solwimi.
2. Thenga iincwadi ezilungileyo zokufunda ulwimi: Iincwadi yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo xa kufikwa ekufundeni ulwimi. Khangela iincwadi ezijolise kulwimi lwaseukraine kungekuphela kwigrama kodwa nakwinkcubeko, imbali kunye nezaci.
3. Ziqhelanise! Eyona ndlela ingcono yokufunda ulwimi kukuluqhelanisa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Khangela ithuba lokuba neencoko kunye nezithethi zomthonyama, nokuba ezikwi-intanethi okanye kwindawo yakho. Mamela unomathotholo waseukraine kwaye ubukele iimovie ZASE-ukraine KUNYE nemiboniso YETV. Oku kuya kukunceda ukuba uqhelane ngakumbi nolwimi kwaye uluqonde ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi.
4. Sebenzisa iiapps kunye neewebhusayithi: zininzi iiapps kunye neewebhusayithi ezinokukunceda uphucule izakhono zakho zolwimi lwaseukraine. Khangela iiforamu ezikwi-intanethi, iibhlog kunye neewebhusayithi ezijolise ekufundiseni isiukraine.
5. Zicwilise: enye yeendlela ezilungileyo zokufunda ulwimi kukuhamba kwaye uzicwilise kwinkcubeko yendawo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ukuba uhambo Oluya Eukraine alukhethi kuwe, zama ukufumana iqela lokuhlangana lendawo okanye inkqubo yokutshintshiselana ngolwimi.