Khmername Isi-Italian Guqulela

I-Khmer lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasekhambodiya kwaye luthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-16 emhlabeni jikelele. Ulwimi lolwaseaustroasiatic usapho lweelwimi, ezibandakanya iilwimi Zasevietnam kunye nesimon-Khmer ezifana Nekhmer Kunye Nesimon. I-Khmer iyingqayizivele phakathi kwezalamane Zayo Emzantsi-Mpuma Asia ngenxa yenkqubo yayo yokubhala. I-khmer script, eyaziwa ngokuba Yi "Khmer Rouge" ngenxa yokunxulumana kwayo nembali kunye neqela elilawulayo Lamakomanisi ngexesha Lemfazwe Yamakhaya Yasekhambodiya, isebenzisa indibaniselwano yeeleta ze-consonant kunye ne-diacritics yokubhala i-syllabic.

Nangona i-Diacritics yayo, inkqubo yokubhala Yekhmer ilula ukufunda xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iilwimi Zasempuma Asia. Iileta zibhalwe ngendlela elungeleleneyo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuzifunda. Oku kunceda ukwenza uguqulelo Lwekhmer lube lula kuneenguqulelo ezibandakanya ezinye iilwimi.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela ze-Khmer ziya zisanda ngenxa yokunyuka kwamathuba oshishino kunye nokhenketho Ecambodia. Ngenxa yoko, iinkampani ezininzi zokuguqulela ziye zavela ukunceda ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kwesingesi Nekhmer.

Xa ukhetha inkampani yokuguqulela Ye-Khmer, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela amava omguquleli kunye nolwazi lolwimi. Kukwabalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba umguquleli uqhelene nenkcubeko kwaye ubalaselisa izinto ezithile kulwimi ezinokuthi zingahoywa.

Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkampani yokuguqulela ibonelela ngeenguqulelo ezichanekileyo nezifike ngexesha. Oku kunokwenza wonke umahluko xa unxibelelana namashishini okanye abantu Ecambodia. Ukuchaneka kubaluleke kakhulu kumaxwebhu oshishino kunye nezivumelwano, ngoko kuhlawula ukutyala imali kubaguquleli Bekhmer abathembekileyo.

Ekugqibeleni, kubalulekile ukufumana inkampani yokuguqulela enikezela ngamaxabiso akhuphisanayo. Ngeenkampani ezininzi ezibonelela ngeenkonzo zokuguqulela Ze-Khmer, ihlawula ukuthenga ngeenxa zonke kwaye ithelekise amaxabiso ukuze ifumane eyona nto ibalaseleyo.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela ze-Khmer zingabaluleka kubantu kunye namashishini afuna ukwenza ishishini Ecambodia. Xa beguqulela, banokuqinisekisa ukuba unxibelelwano lwabo luchanekile kwaye lufanelekile ngokwenkcubeko. Ngoko unganqikazi ukujonga iinkonzo zokuguqulela Ze-Khmer ukuba unemfuno yazo.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwekhmer?

Ulwimi Lwekhmer luthethwa ikakhulu Ecambodia. Ikwathethwa Evietnam Nasethailand, phakathi kwamanye amazwe.

Yintoni i-Khmer language?

Ulwimi Lwekhmer lulwimi Oluthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezili-16 Ekhambodiya, Evietnam, Ethailand Nasefransi. Ulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasekhambodiya kwaye lusetyenziswe kulo mmandla ukususela kwinkulungwane yokuqala AD..
Imibhalo yokuqala eyaziwayo Kwi-Khmer ibuyele kwi-7th century AD, kodwa ulwimi luye lwajikeleza ixesha elide kunokuba. Kangangeenkulungwane ngaphambi kwenkulungwane yesi-7, Ubukhosi Bekhmer babulawulwa ngabantu abathetha Isanskrit baseindiya. Ngekhulu le-8, ulwimi Lwekhmer lwaqala ukubonakala njengolwimi olwahlukileyo.
Ulwimi Lwekhmer lwaphenjelelwa kakhulu lulwimi Lwepali, olwaziswa luvela Emzantsi India ngenkulungwane ye-9 ngabathunywa Bevangeli Baseindiya Abangamabhuda. Impembelelo Ye-Pali Kunye Nesisanskrit, edityaniswe nolwimi lwe-Austroasiatic lwalo mmandla, yazala Ikhmer yanamhlanje.
Ukusukela ngoko, Ikhmer iye yathandwa kakhulu kwaye ngoku lolona lwimi luthethwa Kakhulu Ecambodia. Ikwayenye yeelwimi ezisemthethweni Zombutho Wezizwe Zasemzantsi-Mpuma Asia (I-ASEAN).

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwekhmer?

1. I-Preah Ang Eng (i-17th century): umntu obalulekileyo kwimbali Yolwimi Lwekhmer, U-Preah Ang Eng wabhala imisebenzi emininzi eyayinegalelo ekulondolozeni nasekukhuthazeni ulwimi. Ubizwa ngokuba ngumshicileli wokuqala Wokushicilela Emzantsi-Mpuma We-Asia kunye nokwazisa inguqulelo ebhaliweyo Yolwimi Lwekhmer.
2. I-chankirirom (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19): I-Chankirirom ye-Chey ithathwa njengenye yamanani abalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kolwimi Lwekhmer. Waqulunqa inkqubo yokubhala esekelwe kwiskripthi se-devanagari esasetyenziswa nanamhlanje kwaye yayinoxanduva lokulinganisa upelo kunye negrama.
3. U-Thong Hy (ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20): U-Thong Hy uyaziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe ophazamisayo ekuphuhliseni i-Khmer dictionary. Isichazi-magama sakhe sapapashwa ngo-1923 kwaye sisasetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengesixhobo Sokubhekisa kulwimi Lwekhmer.
4. I-Venerable Chuon Nath (i-20th century): i-abbot Yewat Botum Vaddey, I-Venerable Chuon Nath ihlonishwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe ekulondolozeni nasekukhuthazeni ulwimi Lwekhmer. Wayengomnye wabantu bokuqala ukwabelana ngeemfundiso Zebuddhist Kwi-Khmer kwaye uye wadlalwa ngokunceda ukugcina inkcubeko Yekhmer.
5. I-Huy Kanthoul (i-21st century): enye yamanani anempembelelo kwi-khmer language namhlanje, U-Huy Kanthoul unjingalwazi kunye nolwimi olusebenze ngokungakhathali ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa Kwe-Khmer kwimfundo. Uphuhlise iincwadi ezininzi zolwimi Lwekhmer kwaye ungummeli ovakalayo wamalungelo Olwimi Lwekhmer.

Uluphi ulwimi lwekhmer?

Ulwimi Lwekhmer lulwimi Lwe-Austroasia, oluhlala kwintsapho yasemon-Khmer. Lulwimi lokuhlalutya olunomxholo-isenzi-into igama elithi umyalelo kwaye isebenzisa iipostpositions endaweni yezilungiso. Inenkqubo etyebileyo yezimaphambili, kubandakanya izimaphambili ezahlukeneyo, izimamva kunye neenkcukacha. Izibizo zayo ziphawulwe ngenani kunye nezenzi zayo zomntu, inombolo, umba, ilizwi kunye nomoya. Inenkqubo yeetoni ezintlanu, ezisetyenziselwa ukwahlula iintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lwekhmer ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda ialfabhethi: I-Khmer ibhalwa ngokusebenzisa iskripthi se-abugida esibizwa Ngokuba Yi-Aksar Khmer, ngoko kubalulekile ukuqala ngokuziqhelanisa noonobumba kunye neefom zabo ezahlukeneyo. Unokufumana izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi ukukunceda ufunde ialfabhethi.
2. Isigama esisisiseko se-Master: Xa uqhelene ne-alfabhethi, begin ukusebenza ekufundeni amagama asisiseko Kunye namabinzana Ekhmer. Ungasebenzisa izichazi-magama ezikwi-intanethi, iincwadi zezifundo, kunye neeapps ukukhangela amagama kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokubiza amagama.
3. Thatha iklasi: Ukuba ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba ufunda ulwimi ngokuchanekileyo, bhalisela iklasi Yolwimi Lwekhmer kwisikolo sasekuhlaleni okanye eyunivesithi. Ukuthatha iklasi kuya kukunika ithuba lokubuza imibuzo kunye nokuziqhelanisa nomqeqeshi.
4. Mamela izithethi zomthonyama: ukuze uqhelane ngokwenene nendlela Ikhmer ethethwa ngayo, zama ukuchitha ixesha lokuphulaphula izithethi zomthonyama. Ungabukela imiboniso kamabonwakude okanye iimuvi Kwi-Khmer, umamele iipodcasts, okanye ufumane iingoma ngolwimi.
5. Ukuziqhelanisa nokubhala nokuthetha: Nje Ukuba ube nolwazi olusisiseko lolwimi, qala ukuziqhelanisa nokubhala nokuthetha Khmer. Qala ukufunda ngolwimi kwaye uzame ukuba neengxoxo kunye nezithethi zomthonyama. Oku kuya kukunceda wakhe ukuzithemba kwaye uphuhlise izakhono zakho.

Isi-Italian yi beautiful ulwimi ukuba uzisa Romance Ka-Italy ebomini. Ikwayilwimi ebalulekileyo kumashishini nakwimibutho kwihlabathi liphela njengoko I-Itali iyindawo ebalulekileyo yezoqoqosho nenkcubeko. Nokuba ufuna ukunxibelelana nabathengi, ukusebenzisana noogxa bakho, okanye ukuqonda amaxwebhu abhalwe ngesitaliyane, iinkonzo zokuguqulela zinokuqinisekisa unxibelelwano oluchanekileyo.

Uguqulelo olusuka kwisintaliyane ukuya kwisingesi, okanye ukusuka kwisingesi ukuya kwisitaliyane, ngumsebenzi onzima ofuna umguquleli onamava ukudlulisa ngokufanelekileyo izinto zolwimi. Umceli mngeni wokuqala xa uguqulela ukusuka kwisintaliyane ukuya kwisingesi okanye ukusuka kwisingesi ukuya kwisitaliyane yindlela eyahlukileyo yolwimi. Isivakalisi sesitaliyane sisoloko senziwe ngesifundo, into, kunye nesenzi sesenzo, silandelwa sisihlomelo okanye ezinye iziqinisekiso. Ngesingesi, ukulandelelana kwezi ndidi kudla ngokuguqulwa.

Omnye umceli mngeni ovela kwinguqulelo yesitaliyane kukwahluka kwengingqi kulwimi. Njengoko I-Itali ineelwimi ezininzi, abaguquleli abaninzi bagxininisa kwiilwimi ezithile zengingqi ukuze bakwazi ukubamba ngcono amabinzana enkcubeko awodwa region mmandla. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuba umguquleli abe nokuqonda kwamabinzana kunye nezicatshulwa ezihlala zisetyenziswa kwincoko yesitaliyane okanye ukubhala.

Ukongeza ekubeni nolwazi malunga nolwimi, abaguquleli abasebenzayo base-italiya kufuneka bazi malunga nenkcubeko kunye nembali yelizwe. Oku kubenza bakwazi ukutolika olu xwebhu kwimeko yalo yoqobo kwaye banike iinguqulelo ezinentsingiselo ngakumbi.

Ukukwazi ukuguqulela ngokuchanekileyo isitaliyane kunokuququzelela ukukhula kweshishini kwaye kwenza kube lula ukunxibelelana nabaphulaphuli behlabathi. Iinkonzo zokuguqulela ngobuchule ziyafumaneka ukunceda imibutho yoyise umqobo wolwimi ngoxa ilondoloza ubuhle bolwimi. Ukusebenzisana neqela elinamava lokuguqulela yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuqinisekisa unxibelelwano oluchanekileyo nolunentsingiselo ngesitaliyane.

Ziziphi iilwimi zesitaliyane?

Isitaliyane lulwimi olusemthethweni E-Itali, Isan Marino, Isixeko Sasevatican, kunye neendawo Zaseswitzerland. Ikwathethwa Ealbania, Emalta, Emonaco, Eslovenia Nasecroatia. Ukongezelela, kukho iindawo ezininzi ezithetha isitaliyane kwihlabathi lonke, kuquka kumazwe afana Ne-United States, Ifransi Ne-Argentina.

Ziziphi iintetho zesitaliyane?

Imbali yolwimi lwesitaliyane inde kwaye intsonkothile. Irekhodi lokuqala elibhaliweyo lasentaliyane libuyela kwikhulu le-9 AD, nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba ulwimi luthethwe ngaphambili. Ulwimi lwasentaliyane lwavela kwiilwimi Zaselongobardic, ulwimi Lwasejamani oluthethwa Yilombards, abantu basejamani abangena kwi-peninsula yase-italiya kwi-6th century ad.
Ukususela ngekhulu le-9 ukuya kwe-14, isitaliyane savela kakhulu, ngokuphuhliswa kweelwimi zengingqi kulo lonke ipeninsula. Eli xesha labona ukuvela kolwimi Lwasetuscan, okanye 'Itoscana', eyaba sisiseko solwimi lwangoku lwase-italiya.
Ngenkulungwane ye-15, impembelelo yababhali abavela Eflorence, Eroma Nasevenice yakhokelela ekubekweni emgangathweni ngakumbi kolwimi. Ngeli xesha, amagama amaninzi asekelwe kwisilatini afakwe kwisigama solwimi, njenge-amoroso (othandekayo) kunye ne - 'dolce' (sweet).
Ngenkulungwane ye-16 neye-17, I-Itali yafumana ixesha lemveliso enkulu yoncwadi. Elona nani linempembelelo kweli xesha Yayingudante, Upetrarch Noboccaccio, imisebenzi yakhe yaba nefuthe elikhulu kulwimi.
Kwinkulungwane ye-19th, I-Itali yafumana inkqubo yokumanyana kwezopolitiko, kwaye ulwimi olutsha oluqhelekileyo, okanye "I-Italian Commune", yasekwa. Ulwimi olusemthethweni Lwaseitali ngoku lusekwe kulwimi Lwasetuscan, ngenxa yelifa layo elidumileyo loncwadi.
Nangona imbali yayo ende, isitaliyane siselulwimi olusetyenziswa kwintetho yemihla ngemihla kwiindawo ezininzi zelizwe.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwasentaliyane?

1. Udante Alighieri (1265-1321): Uhlala ubizwa ngokuba "Nguyise wolwimi lwasentaliyane", Udante wabhala I-Comedy Divine kwaye ubizwa ngokuseka ulwimi Lwasetuscan njengesiseko sesitaliyane samanje.
2. Upetrarch (1304-1374): Imbongi yase-italiya kunye nomphengululi, Upetrarch ukhunjulwa ngempembelelo yakhe yobuntu kwaye uyanconywa ngokuqulunqa ifom ye-poetry. Wabhala kakhulu ngesitaliyane, enceda ukwenza ulwimi lube noncwadi ngakumbi.
3. Uboccaccio (1313-1375): umbhali wase-italiya wenkulungwane ye-14, Uboccaccio wabhala imisebenzi emininzi ngesitaliyane, kubandakanya Idecameron kunye neetales ezivela kubomi Basest Francis. Umsebenzi wakhe wanceda ukwandisa isitaliyane ngaphaya kweelwimi zayo kunye nokudala ulwimi lweentlobo.
4. Uluigi pirandello (1867-1936): umdlali we-playwright Wenobel, Upirandello wabhala imisebenzi emininzi ngesitaliyane ejongene nemixholo yokuhlukana kwentlalo kunye nokwesaba okukhoyo. Ukusebenzisa kwakhe ulwimi lwemihla ngemihla kwamnceda wenza ukuba ulwimi lusetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwaye luqondwe.
5. Ufoscolo (1778-1827): enye yezona zinto zinempembelelo kuthando lwasentaliyane, Ifoscolo yanceda ekubumbeni ulwimi lwesitaliyane samanje ngokupapasha ukusetyenziswa kwezicengcelezo, iimitha kunye nezinye iindibano zemibongo.

Uluphi ulwimi lwase-italiya?

Ulwimi lwasentaliyane lulwimi Lothando kwaye, njengezinye iilwimi Zothando, zakhiwe ngezenzi. Inomyalelo wegama Lesihloko-Isenzi-Into kwaye inenkqubo entsonkothileyo yeemeko kunye neemo zokubonisa elidlulileyo, langoku, kunye nekamva. Kuthathwa njengenye yeelwimi ezinzima kakhulu ukufunda, ngenxa yezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kunye nokuhlukana okucacileyo kwintsingiselo phakathi kwamagama.

Indlela yokufunda isi-Italian ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Zibhaptize: eyona ndlela yokufunda ulwimi kukuzifaka kuyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Oku kuthetha ukuva, ukuthetha, nokufunda ngesitaliyane kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Fumana iifilimu zasentaliyane, iinkqubo ZETV, umculo, iincwadi kunye neengxoxo kunye nezithethi zomthonyama.
2. Fumana iziseko ezantsi: Funda iziseko zegrama yase-italiya, ngakumbi izenzi zesenzi, isini sesibizo, kunye neefom zesimelabizo. Qala ngengxoxo esisiseko njengokuzazisa, ukubuza nokuphendula imibuzo, kunye nokuvakalisa iimvakalelo.
3. Ziqhelise rhoqo: Ukufunda naluphi na ulwimi kufuna ukuzinikela kunye nokuziqhelanisa. Qiniseka ukuba uhlala uchitha ixesha ufunda kwaye uziqhelanisa nesitaliyane.
4. Sebenzisa izixhobo ngobulumko: Zininzi izibonelelo ezikhoyo zokukunceda ufunde isitaliyane. Thatha ithuba lekhosi yokufunda ulwimi kwi-intanethi, izichazi-magama, iincwadi zamabinzana kunye neencwadi zomsindo.
5. Hlala ukhuthazekile: Ukufunda naluphi na ulwimi kunokuba lucelomngeni. Zibekele usukelo oluncinane uze uzivuze xa ulufikelela. Bhiyozela inkqubela yakho!
6. Funda isi-Italian kubekho inkqubela ingaba fun kwaye cheerful. Yenza ukufunda fun yi-ukudlala ulwimi imidlalo okanye ubukele i-Italian cartoons. Uya kumangaliswa ukuba ufunda ngokukhawuleza kangakanani.