Khmername Isidutch Guqulela

I-Khmer lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasekhambodiya kwaye luthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-16 emhlabeni jikelele. Ulwimi lolwaseaustroasiatic usapho lweelwimi, ezibandakanya iilwimi Zasevietnam kunye nesimon-Khmer ezifana Nekhmer Kunye Nesimon. I-Khmer iyingqayizivele phakathi kwezalamane Zayo Emzantsi-Mpuma Asia ngenxa yenkqubo yayo yokubhala. I-khmer script, eyaziwa ngokuba Yi "Khmer Rouge" ngenxa yokunxulumana kwayo nembali kunye neqela elilawulayo Lamakomanisi ngexesha Lemfazwe Yamakhaya Yasekhambodiya, isebenzisa indibaniselwano yeeleta ze-consonant kunye ne-diacritics yokubhala i-syllabic.

Nangona i-Diacritics yayo, inkqubo yokubhala Yekhmer ilula ukufunda xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iilwimi Zasempuma Asia. Iileta zibhalwe ngendlela elungeleleneyo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuzifunda. Oku kunceda ukwenza uguqulelo Lwekhmer lube lula kuneenguqulelo ezibandakanya ezinye iilwimi.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela ze-Khmer ziya zisanda ngenxa yokunyuka kwamathuba oshishino kunye nokhenketho Ecambodia. Ngenxa yoko, iinkampani ezininzi zokuguqulela ziye zavela ukunceda ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kwesingesi Nekhmer.

Xa ukhetha inkampani yokuguqulela Ye-Khmer, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela amava omguquleli kunye nolwazi lolwimi. Kukwabalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba umguquleli uqhelene nenkcubeko kwaye ubalaselisa izinto ezithile kulwimi ezinokuthi zingahoywa.

Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkampani yokuguqulela ibonelela ngeenguqulelo ezichanekileyo nezifike ngexesha. Oku kunokwenza wonke umahluko xa unxibelelana namashishini okanye abantu Ecambodia. Ukuchaneka kubaluleke kakhulu kumaxwebhu oshishino kunye nezivumelwano, ngoko kuhlawula ukutyala imali kubaguquleli Bekhmer abathembekileyo.

Ekugqibeleni, kubalulekile ukufumana inkampani yokuguqulela enikezela ngamaxabiso akhuphisanayo. Ngeenkampani ezininzi ezibonelela ngeenkonzo zokuguqulela Ze-Khmer, ihlawula ukuthenga ngeenxa zonke kwaye ithelekise amaxabiso ukuze ifumane eyona nto ibalaseleyo.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela ze-Khmer zingabaluleka kubantu kunye namashishini afuna ukwenza ishishini Ecambodia. Xa beguqulela, banokuqinisekisa ukuba unxibelelwano lwabo luchanekile kwaye lufanelekile ngokwenkcubeko. Ngoko unganqikazi ukujonga iinkonzo zokuguqulela Ze-Khmer ukuba unemfuno yazo.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwekhmer?

Ulwimi Lwekhmer luthethwa ikakhulu Ecambodia. Ikwathethwa Evietnam Nasethailand, phakathi kwamanye amazwe.

Yintoni i-Khmer language?

Ulwimi Lwekhmer lulwimi Oluthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezili-16 Ekhambodiya, Evietnam, Ethailand Nasefransi. Ulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasekhambodiya kwaye lusetyenziswe kulo mmandla ukususela kwinkulungwane yokuqala AD..
Imibhalo yokuqala eyaziwayo Kwi-Khmer ibuyele kwi-7th century AD, kodwa ulwimi luye lwajikeleza ixesha elide kunokuba. Kangangeenkulungwane ngaphambi kwenkulungwane yesi-7, Ubukhosi Bekhmer babulawulwa ngabantu abathetha Isanskrit baseindiya. Ngekhulu le-8, ulwimi Lwekhmer lwaqala ukubonakala njengolwimi olwahlukileyo.
Ulwimi Lwekhmer lwaphenjelelwa kakhulu lulwimi Lwepali, olwaziswa luvela Emzantsi India ngenkulungwane ye-9 ngabathunywa Bevangeli Baseindiya Abangamabhuda. Impembelelo Ye-Pali Kunye Nesisanskrit, edityaniswe nolwimi lwe-Austroasiatic lwalo mmandla, yazala Ikhmer yanamhlanje.
Ukusukela ngoko, Ikhmer iye yathandwa kakhulu kwaye ngoku lolona lwimi luthethwa Kakhulu Ecambodia. Ikwayenye yeelwimi ezisemthethweni Zombutho Wezizwe Zasemzantsi-Mpuma Asia (I-ASEAN).

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwekhmer?

1. I-Preah Ang Eng (i-17th century): umntu obalulekileyo kwimbali Yolwimi Lwekhmer, U-Preah Ang Eng wabhala imisebenzi emininzi eyayinegalelo ekulondolozeni nasekukhuthazeni ulwimi. Ubizwa ngokuba ngumshicileli wokuqala Wokushicilela Emzantsi-Mpuma We-Asia kunye nokwazisa inguqulelo ebhaliweyo Yolwimi Lwekhmer.
2. I-chankirirom (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19): I-Chankirirom ye-Chey ithathwa njengenye yamanani abalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kolwimi Lwekhmer. Waqulunqa inkqubo yokubhala esekelwe kwiskripthi se-devanagari esasetyenziswa nanamhlanje kwaye yayinoxanduva lokulinganisa upelo kunye negrama.
3. U-Thong Hy (ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20): U-Thong Hy uyaziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe ophazamisayo ekuphuhliseni i-Khmer dictionary. Isichazi-magama sakhe sapapashwa ngo-1923 kwaye sisasetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengesixhobo Sokubhekisa kulwimi Lwekhmer.
4. I-Venerable Chuon Nath (i-20th century): i-abbot Yewat Botum Vaddey, I-Venerable Chuon Nath ihlonishwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe ekulondolozeni nasekukhuthazeni ulwimi Lwekhmer. Wayengomnye wabantu bokuqala ukwabelana ngeemfundiso Zebuddhist Kwi-Khmer kwaye uye wadlalwa ngokunceda ukugcina inkcubeko Yekhmer.
5. I-Huy Kanthoul (i-21st century): enye yamanani anempembelelo kwi-khmer language namhlanje, U-Huy Kanthoul unjingalwazi kunye nolwimi olusebenze ngokungakhathali ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa Kwe-Khmer kwimfundo. Uphuhlise iincwadi ezininzi zolwimi Lwekhmer kwaye ungummeli ovakalayo wamalungelo Olwimi Lwekhmer.

Uluphi ulwimi lwekhmer?

Ulwimi Lwekhmer lulwimi Lwe-Austroasia, oluhlala kwintsapho yasemon-Khmer. Lulwimi lokuhlalutya olunomxholo-isenzi-into igama elithi umyalelo kwaye isebenzisa iipostpositions endaweni yezilungiso. Inenkqubo etyebileyo yezimaphambili, kubandakanya izimaphambili ezahlukeneyo, izimamva kunye neenkcukacha. Izibizo zayo ziphawulwe ngenani kunye nezenzi zayo zomntu, inombolo, umba, ilizwi kunye nomoya. Inenkqubo yeetoni ezintlanu, ezisetyenziselwa ukwahlula iintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lwekhmer ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda ialfabhethi: I-Khmer ibhalwa ngokusebenzisa iskripthi se-abugida esibizwa Ngokuba Yi-Aksar Khmer, ngoko kubalulekile ukuqala ngokuziqhelanisa noonobumba kunye neefom zabo ezahlukeneyo. Unokufumana izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi ukukunceda ufunde ialfabhethi.
2. Isigama esisisiseko se-Master: Xa uqhelene ne-alfabhethi, begin ukusebenza ekufundeni amagama asisiseko Kunye namabinzana Ekhmer. Ungasebenzisa izichazi-magama ezikwi-intanethi, iincwadi zezifundo, kunye neeapps ukukhangela amagama kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokubiza amagama.
3. Thatha iklasi: Ukuba ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba ufunda ulwimi ngokuchanekileyo, bhalisela iklasi Yolwimi Lwekhmer kwisikolo sasekuhlaleni okanye eyunivesithi. Ukuthatha iklasi kuya kukunika ithuba lokubuza imibuzo kunye nokuziqhelanisa nomqeqeshi.
4. Mamela izithethi zomthonyama: ukuze uqhelane ngokwenene nendlela Ikhmer ethethwa ngayo, zama ukuchitha ixesha lokuphulaphula izithethi zomthonyama. Ungabukela imiboniso kamabonwakude okanye iimuvi Kwi-Khmer, umamele iipodcasts, okanye ufumane iingoma ngolwimi.
5. Ukuziqhelanisa nokubhala nokuthetha: Nje Ukuba ube nolwazi olusisiseko lolwimi, qala ukuziqhelanisa nokubhala nokuthetha Khmer. Qala ukufunda ngolwimi kwaye uzame ukuba neengxoxo kunye nezithethi zomthonyama. Oku kuya kukunceda wakhe ukuzithemba kwaye uphuhlise izakhono zakho.

Inetherlands likhaya labantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-17, kwaye idatshi lulwimi olusemthethweni oluthethwa yinkoliso yaba bantu. Nokuba ujonge ukwenza ishishini Ewarsaw okanye ufuna nje ukwenza amava akho okuhamba abe mnandi ngakumbi, ukuqonda isidatshi kunokuba ngumsebenzi onzima.

Ngethamsanqa, kukho iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo zokuguqulela ezifumanekayo ukukunceda ufumane uninzi lweemfuno zakho zonxibelelwano zasedatshi. Nazi ezinye iingcebiso zokukunceda uthathe isigqibo sokuba loluphi ukhetho olulungele wena:

1. Iinguqulelo zomatshini:

Iinguqulelo zomatshini ezinje Ngegoogle Translate zinika iinguqulelo ezikhawulezayo, ezilula ngokuchaneka okufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, njengawo nawuphi na umatshini wokuguqulela, unokufuna ukulumkela iimpazamo zegrama kunye ne-syntax okanye ukutolika okungachanekanga kombhalo wakho wokuqala.

2. Abaguquleli abazimeleyo:

Abaguquleli abazimele banokunikela ngezinga eliphezulu lokuchaneka kwaye bahlala bebiza kakhulu ekuguquleleni amanani amancinci okubhaliweyo. Qiniseka ukuba ujonga umsebenzi odlulileyo wawo nawuphi na umguquleli onokubakho ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wabo uyahlangabezana nemigangatho yakho.

3. Iinkonzo zeelwimi zobungcali:

Ukuba ufuna isixa esikhulu sesicatshulwa esiguqulelwe ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo, ukuqesha inkampani yenkonzo yeelwimi kunokuba sisigqibo sobulumko. Ezi nkampani ziqesha abaguquleli abanamava kwaye zisebenzisa iinkqubo ezingqongqo zokuqinisekisa umgangatho ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umsebenzi ugqityiwe ngokuchanekileyo nangexesha.

Nokuba yeyiphi inkonzo yokuguqulela oyikhethayo, soloko ukhumbula ukusebenzisa isithethi somthonyama sasedatshi ukuba kunokwenzeka. Izithethi zomthonyama ziqhelene ngakumbi nokwahluka kwengingqi kulwimi, kwaye ziya kuba nokuqonda okungcono kweempawu zenkcubeko.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela zesidatshi zinokukunceda usebenzise onke amathuba Anokubonelelwa Yinetherlands. Nokuba ufuna ukuguqulela amaxwebhu eshishini, umxholo wewebhusayithi, okanye nayiphi na enye into, usebenzisa umboneleli ngenkonzo yolwimi oqeqeshiweyo unokuqinisekisa ukuba ufumana ezona nguqulelo zisemgangathweni.

Ziziphi iilwimi zesidatshi?

Ulwimi lwesidatshi luthethwa ikakhulu Enetherlands, Ebelgium Nasesuriname. Ikwathethwa kwiindawo Zasefransi Nasejamani, kunye nakumazwe ahlukeneyo Ecaribbean Nasepacific island, Njengearuba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, Saba, St. Eustatius, Kunye Ne-Dutch Antilles. Amaqela amancinci ezithethi zesidatshi anokufumaneka kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanya ecanada, Eunited States, Eostreliya, Enew Zealand, Eindonesia, Emzantsi Afrika, nangaphezulu.

Ziziphi iilwimi zesidatshi?

Ulwimi lwesidatshi Lulwimi Lwasentshona Jamani olusuka kwingingqi yakudala yasefrank yasefrisia. Inxulumene Ngokusondeleyo Nesijamani Esisezantsi nesingesi, kwaye isetyenziswe Enetherlands ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-12. Ifomu ebhaliweyo ebhaliweyo yesidatshi yaphuhliswa ngexesha le-16 leminyaka kwaye yasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngenkulungwane ye-17, yayisele ilolona lwimi luphambili kummandla wolwimi lwesidatshi, oquka Inetherlands, Iflanders ebelgium Nesuriname Emzantsi Merika. Ngexesha lobukoloniyali basedatshi ngenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18, ulwimi lwasasazeka kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi, kubandakanya I-Indonesia, Umzantsi afrika Kunye Necaribbean. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, amadatshi ayesebenza njengolwimi lwasempuma Indies nakumazibuko Asemzantsi Afrika. Emva Kwemfazwe YEHLABATHI II, ukufudukela kwamanye amazwe athetha isingesi kwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwesingesi Enetherlands, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni kwenani lezithethi zasedatshi. Nangona kunjalo, ulwimi luhlala luthethwa ngokubanzi, ngakumbi Enetherlands Nasebelgium, kwaye lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwe-European Union.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesidatshi?

1. Udesiderius Erasmus (1466-1536): wakhuthaza inguqulelo yolwimi lwesidatshi, kwaye unikwa imbeko ngokunceda ukuzisa Ixesha Legolide loncwadi lwesidatshi.
2. Ujoost van Den Vondel (1587-1679): wayengumdlali odlalayo owabhala kwiintlobo ezininzi, kwaye uthathwa njengenye yamanani abalulekileyo kwiincwadi zesidatshi.
3. Usimon Stevin (1548-1620): wabhala ngokubanzi kwimathematika kunye nobunjineli, kwaye wayedume ngomsebenzi wakhe wobuvulindlela ekudumiseni ulwimi lwesidatshi kunye nokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo.
4. Ujacob Cats (1577-1660): wayeyimbongi, imvumi kunye ne-statesman, kwaye wancedisa ukuphuhlisa ulwimi lwesidatshi ngokumisela igrama kunye ne-syntax.
5. Ujan de Witt (1625-1672): wayengumntu obalulekileyo kwezopolitiko Enetherlands, kwaye udunyiswa ngokuphuhlisa ulwimi lwezopolitiko lwasedatshi.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi Dutch?

Ubume bolwimi lwesidatshi yindibaniselwano yeempembelelo Zombini Zesijamani Kunye Nezothando. Lulwimi oluchaphazelekileyo olunamadoda amathathu egrama, amanani amathathu, kunye namatyala amane. Ifom yayo ebhaliweyo ilandela imigaqo efanayo ngokubanzi njengesijamani okanye isingesi, kunye nezivakalisi eziqukethe isihloko, isigidimi kunye nento. Nangona kunjalo, xa kuthethwa, ulwimi lwesidatshi ludla ngokufutshane, luxhomekeke kumyalelo wegama kunye nomxholo ukudlulisela intsingiselo.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwesidatshi ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda iziseko. Funda ialfabhethi yesidatshi, ukubiza amagama kwaye uqhelane namagama aqhelekileyo kunye namabinzana.
2. Mamela umculo wasedatshi, ubukele iimuvi zasedatshi kunye nemiboniso kamabonwakude, kwaye ufunde iincwadi zesidatshi kunye namaphephandaba ukuze uqhelane nolwimi.
3. Thatha ikhosi yamadatshi. Ukuthatha iklasi kuya kukunceda wakhe isiseko sakho kunye nokuzithemba ekuthetheni nasekuqondeni isidatshi.
4. Thatha ithuba lezixhobo zokufunda ezikwi-intanethi kunye neeapps ezinje Ngeduolingo Kunye Nerosetta Stone.
5. Ziqhelise ukuthetha nesithethi somthonyama kwaye ubacele ukuba balungise naziphi na iimpazamo ozenzayo. Le yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokufunda ukuthetha nokuqonda ulwimi ngokuchanekileyo.
6. Zibophelele ekusebenziseni ulwimi. Bekela bucala ixesha suku ngalunye lokuziqhelanisa nokufunda nokuthetha isidatshi.
7. Yonwaba! Ukufunda ulwimi olutsha kufuneka lube mnandi kwaye lube mnandi. Zama iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwaye ufumane ukuba yeyiphi esebenza ngcono kuwe.