Kazakhname (Latin) Isicatala Guqulela

Inguqulelo yesikazakh (yesilatini) ihlala isetyenziselwa amashishini kunye namaxwebhu asemthethweni, ukutolika izithethi zesikazakh ezingathethi isingesi okanye ezinye iilwimi, okanye ukunxibelelana ngokuchanekileyo nabaphulaphuli abathetha isikazakh. Ekazakhstan, isilatini yinkqubo yokubhala esemthethweni yolwimi lwesikazakh, ngelixa Isicyrillic sisasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwezinye iindawo.

Namhlanje, kukho imfuno ekhulayo yokuguqulelwa kwamaxwebhu ukusuka nasekazakh (isilatini). Umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo kufuneka aqhelane nolwimi lwesikazakh kunye negrama yalo kunye nokuqonda kakuhle ulwimi lomthombo. Ukuguqulelwa kweetekisi ezintsonkothileyo kunye namaxwebhu kuba nzima ngakumbi xa ulwimi lomthombo lungafani nolwimi ekujoliswe kulo.

Umguquleli kufuneka abe nomyalelo olungileyo wesivakalisi, upelo, kunye nezaci zolwimi abazama ukuvelisa inguqulelo esemgangathweni. Into ebalulekileyo yokuguqulela ekazakh (isilatini) kukuba kukho isidingo sokuba umguquleli agcine inqanaba eliphezulu lokuchaneka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba olu xwebhu alutolikwa gwenxa.

Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuba umguquleli aqonde inkcubeko kunye nembali yengingqi ukuze uguqulelo lwabo lungachanekanga kuphela, kodwa lubonakalise umongo wengingqi. Ukuqonda okunjalo kunokunceda umguquleli ukuba avelise uguqulelo oluchanekileyo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ulwimi lusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye naziphi na izikhombisi zenkcubeko kwisicatshulwa zitolikwa ngokuchanekileyo.

Ukuchaneka kubaluleke ngakumbi xa kufikwa ekuguquleleni amaxwebhu asemthethweni, afuna ukuchaneka kunye nokuchaneka. Umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo kufuneka akwazi ukuchonga nayiphi na imiba enokubakho enokuvela ngoguqulelo kwaye ayilungise ngaphambi kokuhambisa imveliso yokugqibela.

Ukuqukumbela, kucacile ukuba umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo kufuneka abe nokuqonda okuhle kolwimi azama ukuluguqulela, kunye nolwazi olunzulu lwenkcubeko kunye nembali yommandla ukuze avelise inguqulelo esemgangathweni yesikazakh( isilatini).

Ngawaphi amazwe ekuthethwa ngawo ngesikazakh (isilatini)?

Ulwimi lwasekazakh, olubhalwe kwisilatin script, luthethwa luninzi lwabemi Basekazakhstan kwaye lukwathethwa Emongolia, China, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, Turkmenistan Nase-Uzbekistan.

Yintoni ilatin latin (Kazakh)?

Ulwimi Lwasekazakhstan lolona lwimi luthethwa Kakhulu Ekazakhstan kwaye lolona lwimi lusemthethweni lwelizwe. Ikwayenye yeelwimi ezisemthethweni Ebayan-Ölgii Kwiphondo Lasemongolia. Ikazakh yenye yeelwimi ezindala Zaseturkey kwaye imbali yayo ebhaliweyo inokulandelwa emva kwinkulungwane ye-8 xa yayisetyenziswa Kwimibhalo Yeorkhon Emongolia. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ulwimi luye lwavela lwaza lwaziqhelanisa nemeko yenkcubeko nezopolitiko eguqukayo Yasekazakhstan.
I-Kazakh yabhalwa ekuqaleni kwiskripthi sesiarabhu kodwa ngo-1930, ngexesha Lesoviet era, iskripthi sesilatini esiguquliweyo samkelwa njengenkqubo yokubhala esemgangathweni yolwimi. Ialfabhethi yesilatini yasekazakh inoonobumba abangama-32 yaye iquka oonobumba abahlukahlukeneyo bezikhamiso ezimfutshane nezinde kwakunye nezinye izandi ezikhethekileyo kulwimi. Ngo-2017, ialfabhethi yesilatini yasekazakh yaguqulwa kancinci kwaye ngoku ibandakanya oonobumba abangama-33.

Ngoobani abona bantu ba-5 baphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesikazakh( lwesilatin)?

1. U-Abay Qunanbayuli (1845-1904) - ubukrelekrele bokubhala babantu basekazakh, ubizwa ngokuphucula inkqubo yokubhala yesilatini yasekazakh kwaye uyazisa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19.
2. Umagzhan Zhumabayev (1866-1919) - wayengumcebisi omkhulu We-Latinization yolwimi lwasekazakh. Waqhubeka nomsebenzi We-Abay kwaye unoxanduva lokudala i-Kazakh Latin alphabet yanamhlanje.
3. Bauyrzhan Momyshuly (1897-1959 – - wayengumlobi odumileyo, imbongi kunye nezopolitiko Ezivela Ekazakhstan owaziwa ngokuphuhlisa ulwimi lwasekazakh kulwimi olumanyeneyo, olumiselweyo.
4. Umukhtar Auezov (1897-1961) - umbhali onempembelelo yasekazakh, Uaezov wayezibophelele kuphuhliso lolwimi lwasekazakh kunye nenkcubeko yalo. Wabhala imisebenzi emininzi ekazakh, esasaza inkqubo yokubhala yesilatini.
5. I – Kenzhegali Bulegenov (1913-1984) - Ibulegenov yayiyingcali yeelwimi ebalulekileyo kunye nomntu obalaseleyo kuphuhliso lolwimi lwasekazakh. Wayesebenza kwiincwadi ezininzi, kwizichazi-magama nakwiigrama, enceda ekwenzeni ikazakh ibe lulwimi lokubhala.

Njani ulwimi lwasekazakh (lwesilatin)?

Ubume bolwimi lwesikazakh (isilatini) ubukhulu becala busekelwe kulwimi lwesiturkey. I-phonology yayo ibonakaliswa yi-vowel harmony, iqondo eliphezulu lokunciphisa i-consonantal, kunye nokukhethwa kwee-syllables ezivulekileyo. Igrammatic, lulwimi olunamandla kakhulu, kunye nezibizo kunye nezichazi ezibonisa izihlanganisi ezininzi kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeparadigms. Inkqubo yayo yesenzi nayo iyinkimbinkimbi, kunye neenkqubo ezimbini zomlomo (eziqhelekileyo kunye ezincedisayo), izimaphambili, izimamva kunye nenkqubo ecacileyo yenkalo kunye nomoya. I-Kazakh (i-Latin alphabet) yi-Latin-based alphabet.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwasekazakh (isilatini) ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Funda alphabet Ialfabhethi yasekazakh ibhalwe ngesilatini, ke kuya kufuneka ufunde oonobumba abangama-26 kunye nezandi zabo ezinxulumene noko.
2. Fumana uluhlu lwamagama egama giuseppina. Unokwenza oku ngokufunda iincwadi malunga neziseko zolwimi okanye ngezixhobo ze-intanethi ezifana nevidiyo Ze-YouTube.
3. Ziqhelise ukuthetha. Kuba ulwimi aluthethwa ngokubanzi, unokufuna ukufumana umntu othetha naye okanye ikhosi yeaudio ekwi-intanethi onokuziqhelanisa nayo.
4. Est imali kwezinye izinto zokufunda ezisemgangathweni. Ezi zinokubandakanya iincwadi zezifundo, iikhosi zomsindo okanye zevidiyo, okanye iiwebhusayithi kunye neeapps.
5. Mamela izithethi zomthonyama rhoqo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ungasebenzisa umculo, iinkqubo zikamabonwakude, iividiyo kunye neepodcasts ukukunceda ukuba uqhelane nesingqisho ngokubanzi solwimi.
6. Zicel ' umngeni. Funda isigama esitsha kwaye uziqhelanise nokuyisebenzisa kwincoko. Zama ukubhala iincwadi uze uzifunde ngokuvakalayo.
7. Musa ukunikezela! Ukufunda ulwimi yinkqubo ende, ke yiba nomonde kwaye wonwabe ngayo!

Isicatalan lulwimi lothando oluthethwa ikakhulu Espain Naseandorra, nakwezinye iindawo Zaseyurophu Ezinje Ngeitali, Ifransi, Nemalta. Ulwimi olusemthethweni lommandla Wasecatalonia Espain kwaye ikwathethwa kwimimandla ekufutshane Yasevalencia nakwiziqithi Zebalearic. Ngenxa yembali yayo eyahlukileyo, nangona inezinto ezininzi ezifanayo nezinye iilwimi Zasespain, lulwimi olwahlukileyo ngokwalo, kwaye uguqulelo phakathi kwecatalan nezinye iilwimi Zaseyurophu lunokwenza izinto ezininzi kunye nobuqili zilahleke ngokulula.

Kumashishini afuna ukunxibelelana nabathengi abathetha isicatalan okanye abasebenzi, iinkonzo zokuguqulela zibalulekile. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa abaguquleli abanamava nabaqeqeshiweyo abaqhelananga nolwimi kuphela, kodwa nayo nayiphi na into yenkcubeko. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi xa kuguqulelwa amaxwebhu afana nezivumelwano zomthetho. Ukongeza, njengoko Imithetho Ye-European Union kufuneka yenziwe ifumaneke kuzo zonke iilwimi ezisemthethweni ZE-EU, uguqulelo kwicatalan luyimfuneko kuzo zonke iinkampani eziqhuba ishishini kwi-EU.

Ngokufanayo, umxholo we-intanethi njengeewebhusayithi, amaphulo okuthengisa kunye nezithuba zemidiya yoluntu kufuneka ziguqulelwe ngokuchanekileyo kubaphulaphuli basecatalan. Iinkonzo zokuguqulela ngobuchule ziqinisekisa ukuba iinguqulelo zichanile yaye zikhululekile kuzo naziphi na iimpazamo, yaye zisasebenza nanamhlanje yaye zifanele ngokwamasiko azo.

Xa ufuna iinkonzo zokuguqulela, kubalulekile ukukhetha umboneleli ngenkonzo onerekhodi ebanzi yomkhondo entsimini. Jonga ulwazi lwabo kunye namava olwimi, kunye neendlela zabo. Ukusebenza nomboneleli ngenkonzo oqeqeshiweyo nonamava kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqulelo zenziwa ngokuchanekileyo nangendlela ethathela ingqalelo ubuntununtunu benkcubeko. Inkonzo yokuguqulela elungileyo iya kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba umxholo ubekwe kwindawo kwaye ufanelekile kubaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo.

Ukuqukumbela, iinkonzo zokuguqulela ngobuchule zibonelela ngonxibelelwano olubalulekileyo phakathi kwabaphulaphuli abathetha isicatalan nabangathethi isicatalan. Abaguquleli abanamava nabanolwazi banokunceda amashishini ukuba afikelele kwaye abandakanyeke kwiimarike ekujoliswe kuzo, kunye nokufezekisa izibophelelo zabo zomthetho. Ekugqibeleni, ukulandela la macebiso angasentla kunokunceda ekuqinisekiseni iinguqulelo ezisebenzayo nezichanileyo.

Ngawaphi amazwe ekuthethwa ngawo kwicatalan?

Isicatalan sithethwa kumazwe aliqela, Kuquka Ispeyin, Iandorra Nefransi. Ikwabizwa Ngokuba Yivalencian kwezinye Iindawo Zoluntu Lwasevalencian. Ukongeza, isicatalan sithethwa kwizixeko ezizimeleyo Zaseceuta Nasemelilla Emantla Eafrika, nakwiziqithi Zebalearic.

Ziziphi iilwimi zesicatalan?

Ulwimi lwesicatalan lunembali ende kwaye iyahluka, eqala ngenkulungwane ye-10. Ulwimi Lothando, oluthetha ukuba luvela kwisilatini, kwaye luneengcambu zalo kumntla-mpuma we-Peninsula Yase-Iberia. Isicatalan yayilulwimi Lwesithsaba Sasearagon, esasiquka Iinxalenye zefransi yanamhlanje, I-Itali Nespeyin ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-11 ukusa kweye-15. Ngeli xesha ulwimi lwasasazeka emazantsi nasempuma kuwo wonke ummandla.
Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, isicatalan siye sachukunyiswa kakhulu zezinye iilwimi kuquka isifrentshi, ispanish nesitaliyane. Kumaxesha Aphakathi, yayilulwimi olusemthethweni Lobukumkani Basemajorca kwaye yaba lulwimi olukhethwayo kwiinkundla Zasecatalonia Nasearagon. Kwakhona kwasetyenziswa kwiindawo Ezithile Zasevalencia Nasebalearic Islands. Ngenxa yoko, ulwimi lwakwazi ukugcina iimpawu zalo ezizodwa nangona lwamkela izinto zezinye iilwimi.
Ngenkulungwane ye-18, xa Amabala alawula lo mmandla, isicatalan sathatyathelw ' indawo sisispanish njengolwimi olusemthethweni saza sabhengeza ukuba akukho semthethweni kwiindawo ezithile zommandla. Lo mqathango wawuqhubeka kude kube phakathi kwekhulu le-19 kwaye ukususela ngoko, ulwimi luye lwavuselela ukuthandwa. Olu lwimi ngoku lubonwa njengolwimi olusemthethweni Espain Nasefransi, kwaye luye lwafumana ixesha lokuvuselelwa kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesicatalan?

1. Ujaume II Wasearagon (1267-1327): wadibanisa isicatalan kunye nezinye iilwimi Kunye neelwimi Zepeninsula Yase-Iberia, ukudala isandulela kwicatalan yanamhlanje.
2. Upompeu Fabra (1868-1948): Ngokufuthi obizwa ngokuba "nguyise wecatalan yanamhlanje," Ufabra wayengumphilologist owaziwayo owamisela umgangatho kunye nokucwangcisa igrama yolwimi.
3. Ujoan Coromines (1893-1997): Icoromines yabhala isichazi-magama esichazayo solwimi lwesicatalan, esihlala siyincwadi ebalulekileyo yeembekiselo namhlanje.
4. Usalvador Espriu (1913-1985): U-Espriu wayeyimbongi, umbhali wokudlala, kunye nombhali wezincoko oncedise ekukhuthazeni ukusetyenziswa kwecatalan kuncwadi.
5. Ugabriel Ferrater (1922-1972): Uferrater wayeyimbongi kunye nomlobi weengoma zakhe ziye zaba yimifanekiso yamasiko asecatalan.

Uluphi ulwimi lwecatalan?

Ulwakhiwo lolwimi lwasecatalan lulandela i-svo (Umxholo-Isenzi-Into) umyalelo wegama. Lulwimi oludityanisiweyo, oko kuthetha ukuba igama ngalinye linokudlulisela iziqwenga ezininzi zolwazi lwegrama. Iimpawu eziphambili ze-morphology yolwimi ziquka isini, inombolo kunye nesivumelwano sesichazi. Kukho iintlobo ezine zokudibanisa ngomlomo, ezenza iiparadigms zomlomo ngokuxhomekeke kumntu, inombolo, inkalo kunye nomoya. Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zezibizo: ukuzimisela nokuzimisela. Izibizo ezimiselweyo ziphethe amanqaku angaphezulu, ngelixa izibizo ezingagqitywanga zingenzi.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwecatalan ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana incwadi elungileyo yolwimi lwesicatalan okanye ikhosi ekwi-intanethi-Khangela into egubungela iziseko zegrama kunye nesigama, kwaye inemizekelo kunye nokuzivocavoca ukukunceda uziqhelanise.
2. Sebenzisa ii-apps zolwimi-Sebenzisa usetyenziso lweselfowuni olufana Neduolingo, olunikezela ngezifundo zenqanaba lokuqala lesicatalan kwaye lusebenzisa imidlalo ukukunceda ufunde.
3. Ukubukela iifilimu zasecatalan - Ukubukela iifilimu ecatalan yindlela enhle yokufumana iindlebe zakho ngolwimi.
4. Funda ngesicatalan-Zama ukufumana iincwadi, iimagazini, okanye amaphephandaba abhalwe ngesicatalan, nokuba ufunda nje amaphepha ambalwa, kunokukunceda ukuba uthathe amagama amatsha kunye namabinzana.
5. Mamela izithethi zomthonyama - zininzi iipodcasts, imiboniso kanomathotholo, kunye neenkqubo ZIKAMABONWAKUDE ezikhoyo ecatalan ke zisebenzise ukukunceda ufumane ukubizwa kwakho ngokufanelekileyo.
6. Ukuziqhelanisa nokuthetha – eyona ndlela yokufunda naluphi na ulwimi kukuyisebenzisa. Baninzi Catalan-ukuthetha zoluntu jikelele ehlabathini ngoko ke kufuneka kube lula ukufumana umntu ukuba baqeqeshe.