Isi-Hindi Isi-Gujarati Humusha

Isihindi siwulimi oluyinhloko olukhulunywa abantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-500 Endiya nasemazweni amaningi ahlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke. Lolunye lwezilimi ezisemthethweni Endiya, kanye nesingisi nezinye izilimi zesifunda. Ukuhumusha isihindi kuye kwaba okubaluleke ngokwengeziwe eminyakeni yamuva njengoba isidingo sokuxhumana phakathi kwabakhuluma Isihindi nesingisi sikhula.

Ulimi Lwesihindi luyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela emangalisayo futhi lunezilimi ezihlukahlukene. Lolu limi luhlanganisa amagama ahlukahlukene athathwe emithonjeni yesisanskrit, Isi-Urdu nesipheresiya, okwenza kube nenhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yezilimi. Ukuhumusha kusuka kolunye ulimi kuya kolunye kungaba nzima kakhulu futhi kudle isikhathi, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ekuhumusheni imibhalo ebhaliwe noma amakhasi ewebhu. Ngenxa yalokho, izinsizakalo zokuhumusha Ngesihindi zifunwa kakhulu, okuvumela amabhizinisi nabantu ngabanye ukuba bashintshe ngokushesha nangokunembile imibhalo nemibhalo Ngesihindi.

Lapho ukhetha umhumushi wesihindi, kubalulekile ukukhetha umuntu oqonda ama-nuances olimi, kanye nezilimi zalo ezihlukahlukene. Abahumushi abanolwazi bayoluqonda ngokujulile ulimi nohlelo lwayo lolimi, olubalulekile ekukhiqizeni izinguqulo ezinembile. Ziyojwayelana namagama asetshenziswa ezimbonini ezithile nasezimweni ezithile, ukuze umbhalo ungalahlekelwa yinoma iyiphi incazelo yawo yasekuqaleni enqubweni yokuhumusha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhumushi omuhle Wesihindi uyoba nolwazi ngemithetho yamasiko ehlobene nolimi futhi aqiniseke ukuthi noma yiziphi izinto ezihunyushiwe ziyakucabangela lokhu.

Ukuhumusha isihindi kuyikhono elikhethekile kakhulu, futhi kubalulekile ukuqasha abahumushi abanolwazi, abaqeqeshiwe kuphela. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinsizakalo zokuhumusha eziku-inthanethi ezinganikeza ukuhumusha Kwesihindi, kodwa kubalulekile ukuhlola lezi zinkampani ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukunemba nekhwalithi. Izinguqulo ezinhle kakhulu ziyobamba umoya wolimi, kunokuba nje zinikeze ukuhunyushwa okungokoqobo kwamagama.

Ukuhumusha isihindi kuyithuluzi elibalulekile ekuvaleni igebe lokuxhumana phakathi kwabakhuluma Isihindi nesingisi. Ngosizo lwabahumushi abangochwepheshe, amabhizinisi angakwazi ukuxhumana ngokunembile nangempumelelo namakhasimende awo akhuluma izilimi ezimbili, kuyilapho abantu ngabanye bengakwazi ukuxhumana nomkhaya nabangane ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko.

Yimaphi amazwe okukhulunywa kuwo Isihindi?

Isihindi sikhulunywa Kakhulu Endiya Nasenepal, kodwa sikhulunywa nakwamanye amazwe kubandakanya Ibangladesh, Iguyana, Imauritius, Ipakistan, Itrinidad Netobago, Isuriname, I-Uganda, I-United Arab Emirates, I-United Kingdom, I-United states Neyemen.

Uyini umlando wolimi Lwesihindi?

Ulimi Lwesihindi lunomsuka walo olimini Lwesisanskrit Lwasendiya lasendulo olwavela esikhathini Samaveda (c.1500 500 bce). Isihindi siyingxenye yolimi lwesi-Indo-Aryan noma Lwesi-indic, futhi singolunye lwezilimi ezisemthethweni Zasendiya.
Ngekhulu le-14 ithonya lamapheresiya lalibalulekile ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho Yendiya futhi kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kolimi Lwesikhariboli oluyisandulela Sesihindi sanamuhla. Ngekhulu le-16, Umbuso Wamamughal wasakaza ithonya Lawo Kulo Lonke Elasendiya futhi lokhu kwaholela ekusakazekeni kolimi Lwesi-Urdu, oluvela olimini lwesi-arabhu nolwesipheresiya olwaluxubene nolimi lwendabuko Lwasekhariboli. Lolu limi oluxubekile lwalusetshenziselwa izinjongo zemibhalo nezokuphatha futhi lwaziwa Ngokuthi Isihindustani okubhekwa njengolandulela Kokubili Isi-Urdu Nesihindi.
I-British raj yaba nengxenye ekuthuthukiseni Isihindi. Imibhalo Yamahindu yahunyushelwa embhalweni Wesidevanagari, umbhalo osasetshenziswa nanamuhla. Phakathi nokubusa kwabo, Abasebrithani bakhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwesingisi kangangokuthi abantu abaningi bamukela isingisi njengolimi lwabo abaluthandayo. Nokho izikole zazifundisa ngezinhlamvu Zesidevanagari, zikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa Kwesihindi.
Ngo-1949, kwaqashelwa izinhlobo ezimbili Ezihlukene Zesihindustani: Isihindi, esibhalwe ngezinhlamvu Zesidevanagari Nesi-Urdu, esibhalwe ngezinhlamvu zesipheresiya nesi-arabhu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi isihindi siye sathandwa kakhulu futhi manje siwulimi olukhulunywa Kakhulu Endiya.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini Lwesihindi?

1. U-Amir Khusro: imbongi nomculi omkhulu wamasufi, owabhala ngesipheresiya, isi-arabhu nesihindi, kuthiwa wadala isitayela esihlukile somculo wakudala Wasendiya owaziwa ngokuthi iqawwali. Uphinde adunyiswe ngokwenza ukusetshenziswa kolimi Lwesihindustani kwaziwa kakhulu okuhlanganisa izakhi zesisanskrit nesipheresiya.
2. Usubhadra Kumari Chauhan: uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi " unightingale Wasendiya "ngenkondlo yakhe edumile ethi" Jhansi ki rani " esebenza njengogqozi lowesifazane wanamuhla Wasendiya.
3. Uhazari Prasad Dwivedi: wayengumbhali okhiqiza kakhulu, isazi nomgxeki owabhala kabanzi ngezincwadi Zesihindi. Uphinde adunyiswe ngokwenza umphakathi wezincwadi ze - 'chhayawadi' owawufuna ukuthuthukisa isitayela esihlukile sezincwadi Zesihindi.
4. Umahadevi Verma: imbongi eyaziwayo, wayengomunye wamaphayona omzabalazo Wechhayawadi. Wayedume ngezinkondlo zakhe zobunyoninco futhi imibhalo yakhe yayiyindlela yokuphikisa izindinganiso zobu-orthodox.
5. Upremchand: ubhekwa njengombhali wezincwadi wasendiya omkhulu kunabo bonke Futhi ungumbhali wezindaba ezimfushane. Amanoveli akhe anikeza ukuqonda ngokuphila Endiya yangaphambi kokuzimela, futhi imisebenzi yakhe isafundwa kabanzi futhi yaziswa.

Isakhiwo solimi Lwesihindi sinjani?

Isakhiwo solimi Lwesihindi sisekelwe ohlelweni LWE-sov (subject-object-verb). Isebenzisa futhi umbhalo Wesidevanagari ukuze ibhalwe. Isihindi siwulimi olunezikhathi zokugcizelela olunokwakheka okucebile okuhlanganisa izijobelelo, izijobelelo, nokuhlanganiswa. Kukhona futhi ukuhlanganiswa okusekelwe ebulilini nasenombolweni.

Indlela yokufunda ulimi Hindi ngendlela efanele kunazo?

1. Buka Movie Hindi nge izihlokwana. Ukubukela Amabhayisikobho Hindi kuyindlela enkulu ukujwayelana ulimi namasiko, kanye ukufunda amagama amasha kanye nezinkulumo. Thola movie ezithakazelisayo kuwe, wafaka izihlokwana bese uqale ukufunda.
2. Lalela podcasts kanye nomsakazo. Ukulalela kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokufunda noma yiluphi ulimi. Lalela podcasts, izinhlelo indian radio, nomculo ukujwayelana imisindo Hindi.
3. Prakthiza ukubhala. Ukubhala kuyindlela enhle yokuzijwayeza uhlelo lolimi lwakho nokupela. Siseka ukubhala kokubili devanagari script kanye latin script.
4. Thatha ikilasi noma usebenzise okokufundisa online. Ukuthatha ikilasi noma usebenzisa isifundo online kungakusiza uthole isingeniso eziyisisekelo hindi lolimi kanye silulumagama.
5. Sebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza mobile noma umdlalo. Kunezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zeselula nemidlalo etholakalayo ezokusiza ufunde Isihindi ngendlela ejabulisayo nexhumanayo.
6. Gxila engxoxweni. Uma une ukuqonda okuhle eziyisisekelo, indlela engcono kakhulu ukuthuthukisa Hindi yakho iwukuba umkhuba ukukhuluma it. Thola umlingani ulimi, ukukhuluma nabantu bendawo uma uvakashela India, noma ukujoyina umphakathi hindi-abakhuluma online.

Isigujarati siwulimi olukhulunywa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-50 ikakhulukazi esifundazweni Sasendiya Igujarat. Futhi ulimi olusemthethweni Lwendawo Yenhlangano Yasedadra nasenagar haveli nasedaman Nasediu. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, inani labantu abakhuluma Isigujarati liye landa kakhulu ngenxa yokwanda kwabantu abahlala kwamanye amazwe. Ngenxa yalokho, manje sekunesidingo esandayo sezinsizakalo Zokuhumusha Zesigujarati ezingasiza amabhizinisi nezinye izinhlangano ukuba zifinyelele inani elikhulu lamakhasimende angaba khona.

Izinsizakalo zokuhumusha zesigujarati ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ukuhumusha imibhalo, amawebhusayithi, umsindo nevidiyo kusuka esingisini noma kunoma yiluphi olunye ulimi Kuya Esigujarati. Inqubo yokuhumusha isuka kolunye ulimi iye kolunye iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi incike ezicini eziningana. Ezinye zalezi zici zihlanganisa izilaleli ezihlosiwe, injongo, isitayela, umongo nomphumela oyifunayo wokuhumusha.

Izinsizakalo zokuhumusha zesigujarati zisetshenziswa kakhulu izinhlangano ukuxhumana namakhasimende azo akhuluma Isigujarati. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlangano zingase zifune ukuhumushela Izinkontileka zazo ezingokomthetho, izinto zokumaketha, izincazelo zemikhiqizo nezincwadi zabasebenzisi Olimini Lwesigujarati. Bangase futhi bayisebenzisele ukudala izikhangiso ezizwela amasiko, izincwajana, ama-e-book, izincwadi zezindaba nezinto zokufundisa. Amabhizinisi angase futhi adinge ukuxhumana nabasebenzi bawo Ngesigujarati.

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinga lokuhumusha, kubalulekile ukubandakanya abahumushi Basegujarati abanolwazi lwendabuko ngolimi. Futhi, uma unebhizinisi futhi ufuna ukwandisa ezimakethe ezikhuluma Isigujarati, kufanele uqinisekise ukuthi imikhiqizo nezinsizakalo zakho zihunyushwa ngokunembile. Lokhu kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi umyalezo wakho uqondwa kahle yizilaleli ezihlosiwe.

Ngaphezu kwezinsizakalo Zokuhumusha Zesigujarati, izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza nezinsizakalo zokuhumusha. Izinsizakalo zokuhumusha zihlanganisa ukuhumusha amagama akhulunywayo noma izingxoxo, isibonelo, ubuso nobuso noma izingxoxo zocingo. Lapho uqasha umhumushi, bayokwazi ukuqonda umehluko wamasiko phakathi kwesingisi Nesigujarati futhi basize ekuvaleni igebe lokuxhumana phakathi kwezilimi ezimbili.

Ngokuvamile, izinsizakalo Zokuhumusha Zesigujarati zenza izinhlangano zikwazi ukuvala izithiyo zolimi futhi zixhumane namakhasimende azo akhuluma Isigujarati ngokuphumelelayo. Ngakho, uma ufuna ukwandisa ibhizinisi lakho ezimakethe ezintsha noma ukuxhumana namakhasimende akho ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko, izinsizakalo zokuhumusha Zesigujarati zingakusiza ufinyelele imigomo yakho.

Yiluphi ulimi Lwesigujarati olukhulunywa kuwo?

Isigujarati siwulimi Lwesi-Indo-Aryan oluvela esifundazweni Sasendiya Igujarat futhi lukhulunywa ikakhulukazi ngabantu Basegujarati. Kukhulunywa nasezindaweni eziseduze zasedaman Nasediu, Edadra Nasenagar haveli kanye nasezingxenyeni ezithile Zasemaharashtra Nasemadhya Pradesh. Ibuye isetshenziswe inani elikhulu labantu basendiya abahlala E-United States, United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa, Canada, Southeast Asia nakwamanye amazwe emhlabeni jikelele.

Uyini umlando wolimi Lwesigujarati?

Ulimi Lwesigujarati lunomlando omude futhi ocebile futhi izimpande zalo zivela eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu-2000 edlule. Luwulimi Lwesi-Indo-Aryan oluhlobene kakhulu Nesihindi nezinye izilimi ezikhulunywa enyakatho Yendiya. Isigujarati siwulimi olusemthethweni Egujarat, elinye lamazwe asentshonalanga Endiya. Imisebenzi yokuqala eyaziwayo yolimi iqala ngekhulu le-12 ce, kanti ezinye izingcezu kungenzeka ukuthi zindala kakhulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, Isigujarati savela futhi samukela amathonya avela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene kuhlanganise nesi-arabhu, isipheresiya, isingisi nesiputukezi. Isigujarati saba ulimi lokuhweba nokuhweba, njengoba isifunda Sasegujarat sasiyikhaya labathengisi nabathengisi abaningi. Ezikhathini zamuva, izincwadi Zesigujarati zachuma ngekhulu le-19 nele-20, nababhali abadumile abanjengogandhi, Utagore, Nonarayan bakhiqiza eminye yemisebenzi eyahlonishwa kakhulu phakathi nalesi sikhathi. Namuhla, Isigujarati sikhulunywa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-65 futhi siwulimi lwendabuko olukhulunywa kakhulu lwama-26 emhlabeni.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini Lwesigujarati?

1. Umahatma gandhi: ummeli, umholi wezombangazwe, nesazi sefilosofi ngokomsebenzi, Umahatma gandhi wayengomunye wabantu abanethonya elikhulu emzabalazweni wenkululeko Wasendiya. Futhi waba nethonya elikhulu olimini nasezincwadini Zesigujarati.
2. Umorarji Desai: Umorarji desai wakhonza Njengondunankulu wesine Wasendiya kusukela ngo-1977 kuya ku-1979. Wayedume nangokuzinikela kwakhe ekuthuthukiseni nasekukhuthazeni ulimi Lwesigujarati.
3. Ukavi Kant: Kavi Kant wayengumbongi odumile Wasegujarati nombhali owabhala izincwadi eziningi ezithandwayo nezincwadi ngolimi Lwesigujarati. Ubhekwa njengomunye wababhali abakhulu bezincwadi Zesigujarati.
4. Ukavi narmad: Kavi narmad, owaziwa Nangokuthi Unarayan hemchandra, wayengumbongi nombhali wemidlalo Yasegujarati obhekwa njengomunye wabantu ababaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wezincwadi Zasegujarati.
5. Umashankar Joshi: Umashankar Joshi wayengumbongi odumile Wasegujarati, umbhali wamanoveli, umbhali wemidlalo, umhlaziyi, nombhali wezindatshana. Wayebuye abe nomthelela omkhulu olimini nasezincwadini Zesigujarati.

Isakhiwo solimi Lwesigujarati sinjani?

Ulimi Lwesigujarati luwulimi Lwesi-Indo-Aryan olunesakhiwo esicacile nesichazwe kahle. Ibonakala ngohlelo lwayo olunezigaba ezintathu lwe-morphology, i-syntax, ne-phonology. Ngokwe-morphology, Isigujarati sinezibizo, izimelabizo, izimelabizo, izenzi, nezinye izingxenye zenkulumo. Isimiso sezenzi siyinkimbinkimbi ngokukhethekile futhi sihilela ukuhlanganiswa kwezenzi eziningi nezinsiza. I-syntax Ngesigujarati ilandela isakhiwo Sesihloko-Into-Isenzo (sov). Ekugcineni, Isigujarati sinenqwaba yezinhlamvu zamagama eziyingqayizivele ezinamafonemu angu-32, ezingahlukaniswa zibe onkamisa abangu-9 abayinhloko nezinhlamvu zamagama ezingu-23 zesibili.

Indlela yokufunda ulimi Gujarati ngendlela efanele kakhulu?

1. Beg ngokuthatha ezinye imishwana eziyisisekelo Gujarati. Thatha isikhathi ukufunda zamagama kanye pronunciation, njengoba Gujarati kulandela imithetho ehlukene uma kuqhathaniswa English.
2. Thola umfundisi noma isikhulumi bomdabu ukukusiza nge yokufunda ulimi lwakho. Ukuba nomuntu ongaphendula imibuzo futhi achaze imiqondo esemqoka kungaba usizo kakhulu.
3. Sebenzisa amathuluzi online ukuthi angakusiza ufunde Gujarati. Kunezinsiza eziningi ezinikeza izifundo ezilalelwayo, imibhalo, nokuvivinya umzimba.
4. Prakthiza amakhono akho ulimi ezingxoxweni zomhlaba wangempela. Zama ukujoyina ingxoxo online noma ukuhlangana isikhulumi Gujarati ikhofi.
5. Funda izincwadi, ukubukela amabhayisikobho futhi ulalele umculo In Gujarati. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukuba uqonde kangcono ulimi.
6. Zicwilise emasikweni. Ukuzwa isiko Lesigujarati kungakusiza ukuba ukwazise imininingwane emincane yolimi.