Isi-Javanese Bashkir Humusha

Isijava siwulimi olusemthethweni E-Indonesia futhi sikhulunywa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-75. Lolu limi lunomlando omude, futhi eminyakeni yamuva, inani labantu abalufundayo liye landa. Ngenxa yalokho, abahumushi abakhuluma Isijava ngokushelelayo bafunwa kakhulu.

Uma kuziwa ekuhumusheni Isijava, ukunemba nokuzwela kwamasiko kubaluleke kakhulu. Abahumushi kumelwe baqonde izincazelo zamasiko olimi futhi bakwazi ukudlulisela izincazelo ngokunembile futhi basebenzise amagama afanele. Nakuba ukuhumusha ngomshini kuya ngokuya kuthandwa, akukwazi ngempela ukubamba imininingwane ehlukile yolimi. Ngakho-ke, abahumushi abangabantu abangochwepheshe basabhekwa njengendlela engcono kakhulu.

Uhlelo lolimi lwesijava lungaba nzima ukulufunda nokuluqonda, okwenza kube okubaluleke ngokukhethekile ukuthola umuntu olwazi kahle lolu limi. Abahumushi abangochwepheshe Basejava kufanele bazi kahle ulimi, isiko lalo, kanye nemininingwane ehlukahlukene yezilimi. Kumelwe futhi babe nolwazi olunzulu ngendaba yombhalo okudingeka uhunyushwe, njengoba amagama nokusetshenziswa kwawo kungahluka kuye ngomongo.

Lapho ukhetha umhumushi wephrojekthi yakho, kubalulekile ukucela izinkomba namasampula omsebenzi wabo. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukukala amakhono abo futhi uqiniseke ukuthi kufanelekile for project yakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho ,ureiseka ukuthi ubuza abahumushi mayelana nezinqubomgomo zobumfihlo abanazo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi lwakho luhlala luphephile.

With umhumushi abanolwazi futhi onokwethenjelwa, ungaqiniseka ukuthola izinguqulo olunembile kakhulu futhi namasiko ebucayi etholakalayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi udinga izinguqulo Zesijava ngezinjongo zebhizinisi, zomthetho, noma zomuntu siqu, umhumushi onguchwepheshe uyoqinisekisa ukuthi umyalezo wakho udluliselwa ngokwethembeka.

Yiluphi ulimi Lwesijava olukhulunywa kuwo?

Isijava siwulimi lwendabuko lwabantu basejava, abahlala ikakhulukazi esiqhingini Sasejava e-Indonesia. Kukhulunywa nasezingxenyeni ezithile zasesuriname, Esingapore, Emalaysia Nasenew caledonia.

Uyini umlando wolimi Lwesijava?

Ulimi Lwesijava luwulimi lwase-Austroasiatic olukhulunywa abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-85, ikakhulukazi esiqhingini Sasejava E-Indonesia. Lolunye lwezilimi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emndenini wezilimi zase-Austronesia, olukhulunywa kakhulu kuzo zonke iziqhingi Zase-Indonesia.
Isijava sinomlando omude futhi ocebile, nemibhalo yokuba khona kwaso kusukela ngekhulu le-12 ce. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kukholakala ukuthi yathonywa kakhulu Isisanskrit, Isitamil Nesibali, kanye nezinye izilimi zase-Austronesia. Lokhu kuthonya kusabonakala ngokucacile olimini namuhla, amagama amaningi athathwe kulezi zilimi ezindala.
Ezikhathini zanamuhla, Isijava sikhulunywa Kakhulu Ecentral Nasempumalanga Java futhi siwulimi oluvamile kule ndawo. Isetshenziswa ezimweni ezisemthethweni, kuhlanganise nokusakazwa kwezindaba nokuxhumana kukahulumeni, kuyilapho ngokuvamile isetshenziswa kakhulu njengolimi lwendabuko ngabantu bendawo. Isijava sifundiswa nakwezinye izikole, ikakhulukazi Ecentral Nasempumalanga java.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini Lwesijava?

1. Uraden Adjeng Kartini (18791904): owesifazane Wasejava owabhala kabanzi ngesimo esibucayi sabesifazane namalungelo abo emphakathini nasemasikweni endabuko asejava. Ubhekwa njengomhlahlandlela wenhlangano yabesifazane, futhi imisebenzi yakhe iyingxenye ebalulekile yezincwadi Zasejava.
2. Upangeran diponegoro (17851855): inkosana yasejava nomholi wezempi owahola ukuvukela okuphumelelayo ngokumelene nombuso wamakoloni wasedashi ngo-1825. Imibono yakhe nemibhalo yakhe kuye kwaba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni ubuzwe Basejava.
3. Ur. A. wiranatakusumah IV (18091851): isazi sefilosofi, umbhali kanye nesazi sezilimi sasejava esasinomthwalo wokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokubhala lwesijava lwanamuhla. Wabhala nezincwadi eziningana ngesiko nezincwadi Zasejava.
4. Ur. M.Ng. Uronggowarsito (18221889): Uyisithunywa sevangeli Sasejava, umbhali kanye nembongi eyabhala kabanzi ngomphakathi Wasejava, umlando namasiko. Uhlonishwa ngokubhala inkondlo edumile yasejava Ethi Serat Centhini.
5. Umas Marco Kartodikromo (18941966): isazi Esidumile Sasejava esacwaninga futhi sabhala kabanzi ngolimi Lwesijava, izincwadi, amasiko namasiko. Uhlonishwa ngesichazamazwi solimi Lwesijava, incwadi yokuqala eyabhalwa ngohlelo lokubhala Lwesijava lwanamuhla.

Ulimi Lwesijava lwakhiwa kanjani?

Ulimi Lwesijava luyingxenye yolimi lwase-Austronesia, oluhlobene Nesi-Indonesia nezinye izilimi ezikhulunywa Eningizimu-Mpumalanga Ye-Asia. Njengezilimi eziningi zalesi sifunda, Isijava siwulimi oluhlukanisayo; okungukuthi, sinokuguquguquka okumbalwa futhi amagama awahlanganiswa neziqalo, izijobelelo, nezinye izinguquko ukuze kwakheke izincazelo ezintsha. Amagama awaphawuliwe ngobulili, ubuningi, nesimo, futhi ukuhlanganiswa kwesenzo kulula impela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yobuhlobo obuseduze phakathi Kwesijava Nesi-Indonesia, amagama amaningi ayisisekelo nemishwana kuyabiwa phakathi kwalezi zilimi ezimbili.

Indlela yokufunda ulimi Lwesijava ngendlela efanele kakhulu?

1. Thola uhlelo oluhlonishwayo Lolimi Lwesijava noma umfundisi. Uma kungenzeka, thola eyodwa egxile ekufundiseni ulimi esimweni sesiko ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda umongo wesiko kanye nama-nuances olimi.
2. Makeiseka ukuthi ukhetha uhlelo olusebenzisa amasu okufunda anamuhla, njengezifundo zevidiyo, amafayela alalelwayo, nokuvivinya umzimba okuhlangene.
3. Faka imali ezintweni ezisezingeni eliphakeme zolimi Lwesijava, njengezincwadi zokufunda, izichazamazwi nezincwadi zokuxoxa.
4. Zitholele umlingani wolimi Lwesijava, njengesikhulumi somdabu noma umuntu ofunda ulimi.
5. Faka isikhathi nomzamo wokuzijwayeza nokubuyekeza njalo.
6. Joyina imiphakathi online noma amaqembu lapho ungakwazi ukuxoxa nabanye abafundi kanye izikhulumi bomdabu Java.
7. St ugqozi ngokubeka imigomo emincane ongayifinyelela kalula.
8. Uma kungenzeka, hamba Uye Ejava futhi uzicwilise olimini nasemasikweni.

Ulimi lwesibashkir luwulimi lwasendulo Lwesiturkic olukhulunywa abantu basebashkir Eriphabhuliki Yasebashkortostan, Erussia. Ingelungu leqembu elincane lamakipchak lezilimi Zamaturkic, futhi ikhulunywa ngabantu abangaba yizigidi eziyi-1.5.

Isibashkir siwulimi oluhlukahlukene, olunezilimi eziningi Ezihlukene ezikhulunywa Kulo Lonke Iriphabhuliki. Lokhu kwenza ukuhumusha kusuka ebashkir kuya ebashkir kube umsebenzi onzima. Kunokwehluka okuningi okukhulu phakathi kwezilimi ezingenza ukuhumusha kube nzima kakhulu, njengokuphela kwamagama okuhlukile nezinguquko ekubizeni.

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhunyushwa okunembile, kubalulekile ukuba abantu abakhuluma isibashkir baqonde imininingwane ehlukahlukene yolimi. Laba bahumushi kudingeka bazi kahle izilimi ezihlukahlukene futhi bakwazi ukuthola ngisho nokwehluka okuncane kakhulu. Yingakho abahumushi abangochwepheshe ngokuvamile bethandwa uma kuziwa ekuhumusheni isibashkir.

Lapho ufuna umhumushi wesibashkir, kunezici ezimbalwa ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe. Okuhlangenwe nakho kuyisihluthulelo; umhumushi kufanele abe nolwazi lomthombo nolimi okubhekiswe kulo, kanye nokuqonda umongo wamasiko. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umhumushi unolwazi olusha lwamagama asetshenziswa olimini, njengoba lokhu kungashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ngokuvamile, ukuhumusha isibashkir kudinga ulwazi nekhono elikhethekile, kanye nokuqonda izilimi namasiko. Kubalulekile ukuqasha umhumushi onolwazi futhi onolwazi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi incazelo ehlosiwe idluliselwa ngokunembile.

Yimaphi amazwe okukhulunywa kuwo ulimi lwesibashkir?

Ulimi lwesibashkir lukhulunywa Kakhulu Erussia, nakuba kunenani elincane labantu abakhuluma isikazakhstan, I-Ukraine Ne-Uzbekistan.

Uyini umlando wolimi lwesibashkir?

Ulimi lwesibashkir luwulimi Lwesiturkic olukhulunywa ikakhulukazi Eriphabhuliki Yasebashkortostan, etholakala esifundeni Sezintaba Zase-Ural Erussia. Yilona kuphela ulimi olusemthethweni Lweriphabhulikhi futhi lukhulunywa namanye amalungu omphakathi omncane wase-Udmurt oseduze. Lolu limi selusetshenziswe amakhulu amaningi eminyaka futhi lungolunye lwezilimi ezindala Kakhulu Zamaturkic ezisakhulunywa nanamuhla.
Imibhalo yokuqala ebhaliwe yolimi lwesibashkir iqala ngekhulu le-16. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, yayithonywe kakhulu isi-arabhu nesipheresiya. Ekhulwini le-19, isibashkir saba ulimi olubhaliwe lwezinhlanga eziningana ezahlukene kule ndawo. Yayisetshenziswa nasemibhalweni yesayensi, eyayisiza ukuba isakazeke kuyo yonke le ndawo.
Phakathi nenkathi Yamasoviet, ulimi lwesibashkir lwathinteka kakhulu ithonya laserussia. Amagama amaningi esibashkir athathelwa indawo amagama afanayo esirashiya. Lolu limi lwalufundiswa nasezikoleni futhi kwaba nomzamo wokwakha izinhlamvu zamagama ezihlanganisiwe zesibashkir.
Esikhathini sangemva Kwesoviet, isibashkir siye sabona ukuvuselelwa kokusetshenziswa kwaso futhi kuye kwaba nomzamo owengeziwe wokulondoloza ulimi. Abantu abaningi manje bafunda isibashkir njengolimi lwesibili, futhi uhulumeni Weriphabhuliki Yasebashkortostan wenza imizamo emikhulu yokuqinisekisa ukusinda kolimi.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini lwesibashkir?

1. U-Ildar gabdrafikov-imbongi, umshicileli, nombhali wesikripthi, wayengumuntu obalulekile ezincwadini zesibashkir nokuvuselelwa kolimi lwesibashkir.
2. Unikolay galikhanov-isazi nesimbongi sasebashkir, wabhala imisebenzi eminingi ngesibashkir futhi uthathwa njengomsunguli wesayensi yanamuhla yasebashkir.
3. Udamir Ismagilov - isazi sezemfundo, isazi sefilosofi nesazi sezilimi, wasebenza kakhulu ekwandiseni amazinga okufunda nokubhala phakathi kwabakhuluma isibashkir futhi wahlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi ebhaliwe ngolimi lwesibashkir.
4. U-Asker aimbetov-imbongi, umbhali kanye nesazi sezemfundo sasebashkir, wayengomunye wabantu abahamba phambili olimini nasezincwadini zasebashkir, futhi wabhala imisebenzi eminingana emikhulu ngolimi.
5. U-Irek Yakhina-umbhali nomlobi wemidlalo odumile wasebashkir, imisebenzi yakhe ayaziwa Erussia kuphela kodwa nasemhlabeni wonke, futhi wenze lukhulu ekwenzeni ulimi lwesibashkir lufinyeleleke kakhudlwana kubafundi.

Isakhiwo solimi lwesibashkir sinjani?

Ulimi lwesibashkir luwulimi oluhlanganisa izilimi oluphakathi kwezilimi zamakipchak. Ibonakala ngokusebenzisa izijobelelo nemisindo ekhethekile esetshenziselwa ukuveza imisebenzi yohlelo lolimi. Isibashkir sinesimiso esicebile sama-consonant nama-vowel, kokubili ukwakheka kwe-syllabic ne-adverbial okwenza isakhiwo saso sonke.

Indlela yokufunda ulimi Bashkir ngendlela efanele kakhulu?

1. Zijwayeze izinhlamvu zamagama Bashkir kanye pronunciation. Lesi yisinyathelo sokuqala esibaluleke kakhulu uma usanda kuqala ukufunda isibashkir. Start ngokufunda eminye imibhalo eyisisekelo ngesibashkir futhi usebenzise ukubiza uhlamvu ngalunye ngendlela efanele.
2. Zama ukuthola umfundisi noma inkambo. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokufunda ulimi iwukuthola imfundo yomuntu ngamunye nesikhulumi somdabu. Uma lokho kungenakwenzeka, bheka izifundo zendawo, noma izifundo zomsindo nezamavidiyo, ukukusiza ufunde ulimi.
3. Funda, lalela futhi ubukele eziningi materials in Bashkir. Njengoba uthola ulwazi oluthe xaxa ngolimi, continue ufunda futhi ulalele abezindaba ngesibashkir. Zama ukuthola okuqoshiwe audio, izincwadi, amafilimu nezingoma in Bashkir futhi gxila olimini.
4. Thola ezinye umkhuba ukukhuluma Bashkir. Thola umlingani ukuzijayeza, noma ukujoyina iforamu online lapho abantu bakhuluma Bashkir. Ungesabi ukwenza amaphutha-kuyingxenye yokufunda!
5. Keep ufunda. Ngisho noma uzizwa ukhululekile ngezinto eziyisisekelo, kuhlale kunento entsha ongayifunda nokuyenza. Continue ufunda, ulalele futhi ubuke izinto eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka in Bashkir.