Sinhalese Khmername Guqulela

Inguqulelo yesinhalese iye yabaluleka ngakumbi kule minyaka idlulileyo njengoko abantu abaninzi kwihlabathi liphela beye bachanabeka kulwimi nakwinkcubeko yalo. Isinhalese ithethwa ikakhulu Esri Lanka, kodwa ikwasetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe Afana Neindiya, Isingapore, Kunye Ne-Bangladesh. Ukuze ukwazi ukuthetha nabantu abantetho Isisinhalese, kufuneka iinguqulelo ezichanileyo nezithembekileyo.

Inyathelo lokuqala lokufumana uguqulelo oluhle Lwesinhalese kukufumana umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo. Umguquleli kufuneka abe nakho ukubonelela ngeenguqulelo zolwimi oluchanekileyo nolufanelekileyo ngokwenkcubeko nangayiphi na injongo. Iinkampani ezithembekileyo zinokufumaneka kwi-intanethi, kodwa kubalulekile ukuba uqiniseke ukuba umguquleli owukhethayo unamava amaninzi kulwimi oluguqulela ukusuka nokuya kulo.

Kukwabalulekile ukucacisa ngokuchanekileyo umongo wenguqulelo, ukuze umguquleli abe nalo lonke ulwazi oluyimfuneko ukubonelela ngenguqulelo esebenzayo. Oku kunokubandakanya ukubonelela ngolwazi ngemvelaphi ngenjongo yokubhaliweyo, abaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo, kunye nasiphi na isigama esifanelekileyo okanye amabinzana athile ekufuneka esetyenzisiwe.

Xa umguquleli enolwazi oluyimfuneko kunye nezakhono zolwimi, inkqubo yokuguqulela yangempela ingaqala. Kuxhomekeke kubude kunye nokuntsonkotha kwesicatshulwa esiguqulelweyo, oku kungathatha naphi na ukusuka kwimizuzu embalwa ukuya kwiintsuku ezininzi okanye nangaphezulu. Emva kokuba uguqulelo lugqityiwe, kubalulekile ukuba uphonononge isicatshulwa esiguqulelweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kunye nokungqinelana nesicatshulwa santlandlolo.

Ngomguquleli ofanelekileyo, uguqulelo olusemgangathweni Lwesinhalese lunokunceda ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kwaye lwenze unxibelelwano lube lula. Ngokuthatha ixesha lokufumana umguquleli ofanelekileyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba umguquleli unalo lonke ulwazi olufunekayo ukwenza umsebenzi olungileyo, unokuqiniseka ukuba uguqulelo luya kuchaneka, lufanelekile ngokwenkcubeko kwaye luthembeke.

Ngawaphi Amazwe athetha Isinhalese?

Ulwimi Lwesinhalese luthethwa Esri Lanka nakwezinye iindawo Zaseindiya, Emalaysia, Esingapore Nasethailand.

Ziziphi iilwimi Zesisinhalese?

Ulwimi Lwesinhalese luvela Kwi-Indo-Aryan language, Pali. Kwakuthethwa ngabahlali kwisiqithi sasesri Lanka ukususela malunga nekhulu le-6 BC. Isri lanka ngokwayo yayisisazulu Sobubuddha, esathonya kakhulu ukuphuhliswa kolwimi Lwesisinhalese. Ngokufika kwabarhwebi besiphuthukezi nabasedatshi ngenkulungwane ye-16, olu lwimi lwaqalisa ukufunxa amagama angaphandle, ingakumbi lawo anxulumene norhwebo. Oku kwaqhubeka ngenkulungwane ye-19, kwafakwa amagama esingesi Nawesitamil Kwisisinhalese. Kule mihla, Isinhalese ibekwe emgangathweni ngeendlela ezimbini zoncwadi: Isinhala Wijesekara Kunye Nesinhala Kithsiri. Ubume bayo obusemthethweni Esri Lanka buguqukile kunye nenqanaba layo lezopolitiko, yaba yenye yeelwimi ezintathu ezisemthethweni kweli lizwe ngo-2018.

Ngoobani abantu aba-5 abaphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesisinhalese?

1. U-Ananda Coomaraswamy-umphengululi Wasesri Lanka owabhala izincoko ezininzi kulwimi lwasesinhalese kunye nenkcubeko efana ne "Imbali Ebalulekileyo Yoncwadi Lwesinhalese" kunye ne "Sinhalese Grammar Kunye Nokwakheka Ngokoqobo".
2. I-Baddegama Wimalawansa Thero-umonki Wasebuddhist kunye nomphengululi owaziwayo We-Pali owayenoxanduva lokuvuselela ukusetyenziswa kwepali kwiincwadi Zesinhalese kwaye wafundisa Upali kubafundi abaninzi.
3. Uwalisingha Harischandra-umbhali weprolific kunye novulindlela weencwadi zanamhlanje Zesinhalese wabhala imisebenzi efana Ne "Vessanthara Jataka", "Suriyagoda", kunye ne "Kisavai Kavi".
4. Gunadasa Amarasekara-Yamkela inkqubo ye "Grammari Cunchu" yopelo lolwimi lwesisinhalese lwangoku kwaye yabhala iinoveli ezifana ne" Beehive "kunye ne"Road From Elephants Pass".
5. U-ediriwera Sarachchandra-umculi ohamba phambili obhala imidlalo efana ne "Maname" kunye ne"Sinhabahu" kwaye wayaziwa ngokusetyenziswa kwakhe kolwimi Lwesihala kunye nesitayela sokubhala.

Njani ulwimi Lwesisinhalese?

Isinhalese lulwimi Lwase-Indo-Aryan oluthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezili-16 Esri Lanka, ikakhulu luhlanga Lwasesinhala. Ulwimi lwakhiwe ukuze isilayidi ngasinye sibe nesikhamiso esivela ngaphakathi-mhlawumbi / a/, / ɔ / okanye/ɯ/. Amagama ayenziwa ngokudibanisa amaqabane nezikhamiso, kunye namaqabane aqhelekileyo. Olu lwimi lunempembelelo enamandla Kwi-Pali kunye Nesisanskrit, kunye namagama abolekwe kwisiphuthukezi, isidatshi nesingesi. I-Sinhalese ilandela i-subject-object-verb (sov) umyalelo wegama, kwaye inenkqubo etyebileyo yokuhlonipha kunye nokumakisha intlonipho.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwesinhalese ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Funda igrama kunye nesakhiwo solwimi Lwesisinhalese. Ziqhelanise neenxalenye ezahlukeneyo zentetho njengezibizo, izibhengezo, izenzi, izichazi, izibhengezo, izibhengezo, njl.
2. Fumana incwadi elungileyo yolwimi Lwesisinhalese onokuyisebenzisa njengereferensi ngelixa ufunda. Khangela iincwadi ezigubungela izihloko ezifana nezenzi, izibizo, amaxesha kunye nezicatshulwa.
3. Fumana isithethi somthonyama solwimi onokuziqhelanisa nalo. Ukuba nomntu othetha ulwimi ngokutyibilikayo kunokukunceda ufunde amagama amatsha kunye namabinzana ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo.
4. Funda isigama Sesinhalese. Thatha ixesha lokuziqhelanisa namagama Esinhalese kunye nendlela asetyenziswa ngayo. Khangela amagama akho kwisichazi-magama uze uwabhale phantsi.
5. Fumana Uluhlu lwamagama Egama Sinhal. Oku kuya kukunceda ukuba uqhelane nesandi solwimi kwaye ufumane ukuqonda kwesivakalisi kunye nokubiza.
6. Sebenzisa iteknoloji ukuze uzuze. Zininzi iiwebhusayithi eziluncedo, iiapps kunye nezinye izixhobo zokukunceda ufunde ulwimi. Sebenzisa kwaye uza kukwazi ukufunda Sinhalese akukho xesha.

I-Khmer lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasekhambodiya kwaye luthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-16 emhlabeni jikelele. Ulwimi lolwaseaustroasiatic usapho lweelwimi, ezibandakanya iilwimi Zasevietnam kunye nesimon-Khmer ezifana Nekhmer Kunye Nesimon. I-Khmer iyingqayizivele phakathi kwezalamane Zayo Emzantsi-Mpuma Asia ngenxa yenkqubo yayo yokubhala. I-khmer script, eyaziwa ngokuba Yi "Khmer Rouge" ngenxa yokunxulumana kwayo nembali kunye neqela elilawulayo Lamakomanisi ngexesha Lemfazwe Yamakhaya Yasekhambodiya, isebenzisa indibaniselwano yeeleta ze-consonant kunye ne-diacritics yokubhala i-syllabic.

Nangona i-Diacritics yayo, inkqubo yokubhala Yekhmer ilula ukufunda xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iilwimi Zasempuma Asia. Iileta zibhalwe ngendlela elungeleleneyo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuzifunda. Oku kunceda ukwenza uguqulelo Lwekhmer lube lula kuneenguqulelo ezibandakanya ezinye iilwimi.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela ze-Khmer ziya zisanda ngenxa yokunyuka kwamathuba oshishino kunye nokhenketho Ecambodia. Ngenxa yoko, iinkampani ezininzi zokuguqulela ziye zavela ukunceda ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kwesingesi Nekhmer.

Xa ukhetha inkampani yokuguqulela Ye-Khmer, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela amava omguquleli kunye nolwazi lolwimi. Kukwabalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba umguquleli uqhelene nenkcubeko kwaye ubalaselisa izinto ezithile kulwimi ezinokuthi zingahoywa.

Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkampani yokuguqulela ibonelela ngeenguqulelo ezichanekileyo nezifike ngexesha. Oku kunokwenza wonke umahluko xa unxibelelana namashishini okanye abantu Ecambodia. Ukuchaneka kubaluleke kakhulu kumaxwebhu oshishino kunye nezivumelwano, ngoko kuhlawula ukutyala imali kubaguquleli Bekhmer abathembekileyo.

Ekugqibeleni, kubalulekile ukufumana inkampani yokuguqulela enikezela ngamaxabiso akhuphisanayo. Ngeenkampani ezininzi ezibonelela ngeenkonzo zokuguqulela Ze-Khmer, ihlawula ukuthenga ngeenxa zonke kwaye ithelekise amaxabiso ukuze ifumane eyona nto ibalaseleyo.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela ze-Khmer zingabaluleka kubantu kunye namashishini afuna ukwenza ishishini Ecambodia. Xa beguqulela, banokuqinisekisa ukuba unxibelelwano lwabo luchanekile kwaye lufanelekile ngokwenkcubeko. Ngoko unganqikazi ukujonga iinkonzo zokuguqulela Ze-Khmer ukuba unemfuno yazo.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwekhmer?

Ulwimi Lwekhmer luthethwa ikakhulu Ecambodia. Ikwathethwa Evietnam Nasethailand, phakathi kwamanye amazwe.

Yintoni i-Khmer language?

Ulwimi Lwekhmer lulwimi Oluthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezili-16 Ekhambodiya, Evietnam, Ethailand Nasefransi. Ulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasekhambodiya kwaye lusetyenziswe kulo mmandla ukususela kwinkulungwane yokuqala AD..
Imibhalo yokuqala eyaziwayo Kwi-Khmer ibuyele kwi-7th century AD, kodwa ulwimi luye lwajikeleza ixesha elide kunokuba. Kangangeenkulungwane ngaphambi kwenkulungwane yesi-7, Ubukhosi Bekhmer babulawulwa ngabantu abathetha Isanskrit baseindiya. Ngekhulu le-8, ulwimi Lwekhmer lwaqala ukubonakala njengolwimi olwahlukileyo.
Ulwimi Lwekhmer lwaphenjelelwa kakhulu lulwimi Lwepali, olwaziswa luvela Emzantsi India ngenkulungwane ye-9 ngabathunywa Bevangeli Baseindiya Abangamabhuda. Impembelelo Ye-Pali Kunye Nesisanskrit, edityaniswe nolwimi lwe-Austroasiatic lwalo mmandla, yazala Ikhmer yanamhlanje.
Ukusukela ngoko, Ikhmer iye yathandwa kakhulu kwaye ngoku lolona lwimi luthethwa Kakhulu Ecambodia. Ikwayenye yeelwimi ezisemthethweni Zombutho Wezizwe Zasemzantsi-Mpuma Asia (I-ASEAN).

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwekhmer?

1. I-Preah Ang Eng (i-17th century): umntu obalulekileyo kwimbali Yolwimi Lwekhmer, U-Preah Ang Eng wabhala imisebenzi emininzi eyayinegalelo ekulondolozeni nasekukhuthazeni ulwimi. Ubizwa ngokuba ngumshicileli wokuqala Wokushicilela Emzantsi-Mpuma We-Asia kunye nokwazisa inguqulelo ebhaliweyo Yolwimi Lwekhmer.
2. I-chankirirom (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19): I-Chankirirom ye-Chey ithathwa njengenye yamanani abalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kolwimi Lwekhmer. Waqulunqa inkqubo yokubhala esekelwe kwiskripthi se-devanagari esasetyenziswa nanamhlanje kwaye yayinoxanduva lokulinganisa upelo kunye negrama.
3. U-Thong Hy (ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20): U-Thong Hy uyaziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe ophazamisayo ekuphuhliseni i-Khmer dictionary. Isichazi-magama sakhe sapapashwa ngo-1923 kwaye sisasetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengesixhobo Sokubhekisa kulwimi Lwekhmer.
4. I-Venerable Chuon Nath (i-20th century): i-abbot Yewat Botum Vaddey, I-Venerable Chuon Nath ihlonishwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe ekulondolozeni nasekukhuthazeni ulwimi Lwekhmer. Wayengomnye wabantu bokuqala ukwabelana ngeemfundiso Zebuddhist Kwi-Khmer kwaye uye wadlalwa ngokunceda ukugcina inkcubeko Yekhmer.
5. I-Huy Kanthoul (i-21st century): enye yamanani anempembelelo kwi-khmer language namhlanje, U-Huy Kanthoul unjingalwazi kunye nolwimi olusebenze ngokungakhathali ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa Kwe-Khmer kwimfundo. Uphuhlise iincwadi ezininzi zolwimi Lwekhmer kwaye ungummeli ovakalayo wamalungelo Olwimi Lwekhmer.

Uluphi ulwimi lwekhmer?

Ulwimi Lwekhmer lulwimi Lwe-Austroasia, oluhlala kwintsapho yasemon-Khmer. Lulwimi lokuhlalutya olunomxholo-isenzi-into igama elithi umyalelo kwaye isebenzisa iipostpositions endaweni yezilungiso. Inenkqubo etyebileyo yezimaphambili, kubandakanya izimaphambili ezahlukeneyo, izimamva kunye neenkcukacha. Izibizo zayo ziphawulwe ngenani kunye nezenzi zayo zomntu, inombolo, umba, ilizwi kunye nomoya. Inenkqubo yeetoni ezintlanu, ezisetyenziselwa ukwahlula iintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lwekhmer ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda ialfabhethi: I-Khmer ibhalwa ngokusebenzisa iskripthi se-abugida esibizwa Ngokuba Yi-Aksar Khmer, ngoko kubalulekile ukuqala ngokuziqhelanisa noonobumba kunye neefom zabo ezahlukeneyo. Unokufumana izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi ukukunceda ufunde ialfabhethi.
2. Isigama esisisiseko se-Master: Xa uqhelene ne-alfabhethi, begin ukusebenza ekufundeni amagama asisiseko Kunye namabinzana Ekhmer. Ungasebenzisa izichazi-magama ezikwi-intanethi, iincwadi zezifundo, kunye neeapps ukukhangela amagama kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokubiza amagama.
3. Thatha iklasi: Ukuba ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba ufunda ulwimi ngokuchanekileyo, bhalisela iklasi Yolwimi Lwekhmer kwisikolo sasekuhlaleni okanye eyunivesithi. Ukuthatha iklasi kuya kukunika ithuba lokubuza imibuzo kunye nokuziqhelanisa nomqeqeshi.
4. Mamela izithethi zomthonyama: ukuze uqhelane ngokwenene nendlela Ikhmer ethethwa ngayo, zama ukuchitha ixesha lokuphulaphula izithethi zomthonyama. Ungabukela imiboniso kamabonwakude okanye iimuvi Kwi-Khmer, umamele iipodcasts, okanye ufumane iingoma ngolwimi.
5. Ukuziqhelanisa nokubhala nokuthetha: Nje Ukuba ube nolwazi olusisiseko lolwimi, qala ukuziqhelanisa nokubhala nokuthetha Khmer. Qala ukufunda ngolwimi kwaye uzame ukuba neengxoxo kunye nezithethi zomthonyama. Oku kuya kukunceda wakhe ukuzithemba kwaye uphuhlise izakhono zakho.