Esperantoname I-croatian Guqulela

I-Esperanto lulwimi lwamazwe aphesheya olwakhiwe ngo-1887 Ngugqirha Ll Zamenhof, ugqirha ozelwe epoland kunye nengcali yeelwimi. Yenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukuqonda kwamazwe aphesheya kunye nonxibelelwano lwamanye amazwe, kwaye ibe lulwimi lwesibini olusebenzayo kubantu abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Namhlanje, I-Esperanto ithetha ngabantu abazizigidi ezininzi kumazwe angaphezu kwe-100, kwaye isetyenziswa yimibutho emininzi yezizwe ngezizwe njengolwimi olusebenzayo.

Igrama Yase-Esperanto ithathwa njengento elula kakhulu, eyenza kube lula ukufunda kunezinye iilwimi. Oku kwenza ukuba kube lula ngakumbi ukuguqulela. Ukongeza, I-Esperanto yamkelwa ngokubanzi kwaye iqondwa, ivumela ukuba isetyenziswe kwiiprojekthi zokuguqulela eziya kufuna iilwimi ezininzi.

Inguqulelo ye-Esperanto inendawo ekhethekileyo kwihlabathi lokuguqulela. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iinguqulelo, ezidalwe zizithethi zomthonyama zolwimi ekujoliswe kulo, inguqulelo Ye-Esperanto ixhomekeke kwiitoliki ezinolwazi oluhle zombini I-Esperanto kunye nolwimi lomthombo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abaguquleli akufuneki babe zizithethi zomthonyama zolwimi ukuze baguqulele ngokuchanekileyo.

Xa uguqulela ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya Esperanto, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwimi lomthombo lumelwe ngokuchanekileyo kuguqulelo olunesiphumo. Oku kunokuba ngumceli mngeni, njengoko ezinye iilwimi ziqulathe amabinzana, amagama, kunye neengcamango ezingaguqulelwanga ngokuthe ngqo Kwi-Esperanto. Uqeqesho olulodwa kunye nobuchule bunokufuneka ukuqinisekisa ukuba le miba yolwimi lwantlandlolo ichazwe ngokufanelekileyo kwinguqulelo Yesi-Esperanto.

Ukongezelela, ekubeni I-Esperanto ayinayo i-concepts okanye amagama athile, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa i-circumcution ukuchaza ezi ngcamango ngokucacileyo nangokuchanekileyo. Le yenye indlela yokuba inguqulelo Ye-Esperanto yahluke kakhulu kwiinguqulelo ezenziwa kwezinye iilwimi, apho ibinzana elifanayo okanye ingqiqo inokuba nokulingana ngokuthe ngqo.

Ngokubanzi, inguqulelo Ye-Esperanto sisixhobo esahlukileyo nesiluncedo ekukhuthazeni ukuqonda kunye nonxibelelwano lwamanye amazwe. Ngokuxhomekeka kwiitoliki ngokuqonda okunzulu kolwimi lomthombo kunye Ne-Esperanto, iinguqulelo zinokugqitywa ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo. Okokugqibela, ngokusebenzisa i-circumcution ukuchaza iikhonsepthi ezinzima kunye nezaci, abaguquleli banokuqinisekisa ukuba intsingiselo yolwimi lomthombo idluliselwa ngokuchanekileyo kwinguqulelo Ye-Esperanto.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwe-Esperanto?

I-Esperanto ayilulo ulwimi oluvunyiweyo ngokusemthethweni kulo naliphi na ilizwe. Kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga nabantu abazizigidi ezi-2 kwihlabathi liphela banokuthetha I-Esperanto, ke kuthethwa kumazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela. Ithethwa kakhulu kumazwe afana Nejamani, Ijapan, Ipoland, Ibrazil Netshayina.

Luluphi ulwimi Oluthethwa Yi-Esperanto?

I-Esperanto lulwimi lwamazwe aphesheya olwakhiwe ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 yi-ophthalmologist Yasepoland Ull Zamenhof. Injongo yakhe yayikukuyila ulwimi oluya kuba yibhulorho esetyenziswa ngokubanzi phakathi kweenkcubeko, iilwimi kunye nobuzwe. Wakhetha ulwimi olulula, awayekholelwa ukuba kuya kuba lula ukulufunda kuneelwimi ezikhoyo.
Uzamenhof wapapasha incwadi yokuqala ngolwimi lwakhe, " Unua Libro "("Incwadi Yokuqala"), ngojulayi 26, 1887 phantsi kwegama elingugqirha Esperanto (elithetha "lowo unethemba"). I-Esperanto yasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yaba yintshukumo yezizwe ngezizwe. Ngeli xesha, imisebenzi emininzi enzulu nefundileyo yabhalwa ngolwimi. I-International Congress yaqala ngo-1905 Efransi.
Ngomnyaka we-1908, I-Universal Esperanto Association (I-UEA) yasungulwa ngenjongo yokukhuthaza ulwimi kunye nokuqhubela phambili ukuqonda kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, Amazwe aliqela amkela Iesperanto njengolwimi lwawo olusemthethweni oluncedisayo yaye kwasekwa imibutho emitsha eliqela ehlabathini lonke.
Imfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibili yabangela ubunzima ekuphuhlisweni Kwe-Esperanto, kodwa ayizange ife. Ngo-1954, I-UEA yamkela Isibhengezo Saseboulogne, esabeka imigaqo esisiseko kunye neenjongo Ze-Esperanto. Oku kwalandelwa kukwamkelwa Kwesibhengezo Samalungelo E-Esperanto ngo-1961.
Namhlanje, Iesperanto ithetha ngabantu abangamawaka aliqela ehlabathini lonke, ngokuyintloko njengomdlalo wokuzonwabisa, nangona eminye imibutho isakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengolwimi olusebenzisekayo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Ngoobani abona bantu ba-5 baphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwase-Esperanto?

1. Ludoviko Zamenhof-Umdali Wolwimi Lwe-Esperanto.
2. Uwilliam Auld-imbongi yasescotland kunye nombhali owabhala inkondlo yeklasi "Adiaŭ" E-Esperanto, kunye neminye imisebenzi emininzi ngolwimi.
3. U-Humphrey Tonkin-unjingalwazi wasemelika kunye nowayesakuba ngumongameli We-Universal Esperanto Association obhale ngaphezulu kweencwadi ezilishumi E-Esperanto.
4. Unkulunkulu uqobo lwakhe, oyingqayizivele i izwi lesishiyagalolunye Izwi lesishiyagalolunye Unkulunkulu uqobo lwakhe, oyingqayizivele i Izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili
5. Probal Dasgupta-umbhali Waseindiya, umhleli kunye nomguquleli owabhala incwadi ecacileyo kwigrama Ye-Esperanto, "Igrama Entsha Eyenziwe Lula Ye-Esperanto". Kwakhona unikwe ithuba lokuvuselela ulwimi Lwase-Indiya.

Luluphi ulwimi Oluthethwa Yi-Esperanto?

I-Esperanto lulwimi olwakhiwe ngabom, oko kuthetha ukuba lwenzelwe ngabom ukuba lube sesikweni, lube sengqiqweni kwaye lube lula ukulufunda. Lulwimi oluguqukayo oluthetha ukuba amagama amatsha ayenziwa ngokudibanisa iingcambu kunye nezihlanganisi, esenza ukuba ulwimi lube lula ngakumbi ukufunda kuneelwimi zendalo. Umyalelo wayo osisiseko ulandela indlela efanayo yeelwimi Ezininzi Zaseyurophu: isihloko-isenzi-into (SVO). Igrama ilula kakhulu njengoko kungekho nqaku eliqinisekileyo okanye elingapheliyo kwaye akukho mahluko wesini kwizibizo. Akukho zitenxo, oko kuthetha ukuba xa ufunda imigaqo, unokuyisebenzisa kulo naliphi na igama.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lwe-Esperanto ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda iziseko zolwimi Lwase-Esperanto. Funda iziseko zegrama, isigama, kunye nokubiza amagama. Zininzi izibonelelo zasimahla kwi-intanethi, Ezinje Ngeduolingo, Lernu, Kunye Ne-La Lingvo Internacia.
2. Sebenzisa ulwimi. Thetha Kwi-Esperanto kunye nezithethi zomthonyama okanye kuluntu Lwe-Esperanto ekwi-intanethi. Xa kunokwenzeka, yiya kwimisitho Yase-Esperanto nakwiindibano zocweyo. Oku kuya kukunceda ufunde ulwimi ngendlela yendalo ngakumbi kwaye ufumane ingxelo kwizithethi ezinamava.
3. Funda iincwadi uze ubukele iifilimu Esperanto. Oku kuya kukunceda uphuhlise ukuqonda kwakho ulwimi kwaye kukunceda wakhe isigama sakho.
4. Fumana iqabane lencoko okanye uthathe ikhosi Ye-Esperanto. Ukuba nomntu onokuziqhelanisa nolwimi rhoqo kuyindlela entle yokufunda.
5. Sebenzisa ulwimi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Eyona ndlela yokufumana ulwimi lwakho kukulusebenzisa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Nokuba uncokola nabahlobo okanye ubhala ii-imeyile, sebenzisa I-Esperanto kangangoko unako.

Xhosa: Ukuvala ulwimi Edit

Icroatia lulwimi olusemthethweni Ecroatia Nasebosnia-Herzegovina, kodwa ikwathethwa ngabantu abancinci abambalwa basecroatia Eserbia, Emontenegro, kumazwe angabamelwane, nakwihlabathi liphela. Yingakho abaninzi abantu kunye namashishini baguqulela iinkonzo zokuguqulela zasecroatia ukuvala umsantsa wolwimi.

Icroatia lulwimi Lwasemzantsi Slavic kwaye iboleka kakhulu kwiingcambu zesilatini Nesijamani. Ulwimi Lwaseburhulumenteni Ecroatia kunye nolwimi olusemthethweni oluncinci Ebosnia-Herzegovina. Icroatia yinxalenye Yosapho Lweelwimi Zase-Indo-European kwaye yabelana ngengcambu eqhelekileyo nezinye iilwimi Zeslavic ezinje ngesirashiya, isipolish, kunye nesiczech.

Ngenxa yeengcambu zayo ezabelwana ngazo, isicroatia kulula ukuba izithethi zezinye iilwimi Zeslavic zifunde. Yabelana ngokufana okuninzi kwigrama kunye nesakhiwo sesivakalisi. Kukho kanjalo ezininzi yenkcubeko similarities phakathi Slavic amazwe ukuba yenza ukuqonda Croatian lula kuba abo kunye ulwazi Ezinye Slavic iilwimi.

Kulabo abangenawo amava kunye nezinye iilwimi zeslavic, isicroatia sisenokuba lula ukuyifumana. Ngenxa yempembelelo yayo yenkcubeko eyahlukeneyo, icroatia iboleka amagama kwezinye iilwimi kwaye inenani elikhulu lemali mboleko. I-croatia ine-alfabhethi yefowuni, eyenza kube lula ukufunda kunezinye iilwimi.

Icroatia nayo ineelwimi ezininzi ezahlukileyo ngokusekwe kwindawo ekuyo, kunye nezinto zentlalo kunye nenkcubeko. Ezi lwimi zinokwahluka ngesigama nangesibizo ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni zithethwa nini yaye phi.

Eyona ndlela ingcono yokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwiinguqulelo zesicroatia kukusebenzisa umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo otyibilikayo kulwimi kwaye aqhelene neziyelelane. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba uguqulelo luchanekile, luyaqondakala kwaye alunazimpazamo. Abaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo banokubonelela ngomxholo owongezelelweyo kunye nolwazi lwenkcubeko ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqulelo ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zabaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela zasecroatia zinokunceda ukuvala umsantsa wolwimi kwaye zizise ishishini lakho okanye imveliso kwiimarike ezintsha. Nokuba ufuna ukuguqulela amaxwebhu, iincwadana, iiwebhusayithi, okanye umxholo, ingcali efanelekileyo inokukunceda ufikelele kubaphulaphuli bakho ekujoliswe kubo. Abaguquleli abaziingcali banokukunceda uqonde inkcubeko kunye namasiko asekuhlaleni ukuze ukwazi ukunxibelelana kakuhle nabathengi kunye namaqabane kwimarike yakho entsha.

Ngokuvula ulwimi Lweadriatic ngenguqulelo yesicroatia, unokuvula amathuba amatsha okukhula kunye nempumelelo. Iinkonzo zokuguqulela zasecroatia zinokukunceda ukuvala izikhewu zolwimi nezenkcubeko ukuze wabelane ngomyalezo wakho nehlabathi.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ulwimi lwasecroatia?

Ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Ecroatia, Ebosnia Naseherzegovina, nakwiindawo Zaseserbia, Emontenegro Naseslovenia. Ikwathethwa ngokubanzi kwiindawo ezithile ezincinci Eostriya, Ehungary, E-Itali Naseromania.

Ziziphi iilwimi ezisemthethweni zasecroatia?

Ulwimi lwasecroatia Lulwimi Lwasemzantsi Slavic oluneengcambu zalo kwinkulungwane ye-11. Yayisetyenziswa ngamacroats okuqala, Abantu Basemzantsi Slavic abahlala kwindawo ngoku eyicroatia Kumaxesha Aphakathi. Ulwimi oluvela Kwicawa Yakudala Islavonic, ulwimi lwembali olusetyenziswa ngabantu Baseslavic Basempuma Yurophu.
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, icroatia yaqalisa ukuthabatha uhlobo olwahlukileyo yaye kamva yasetyenziswa kuncwadi, nakwezinye iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngenkulungwane ye-16, icroatia yafumana umlinganiselo othile wokubekwa emgangathweni ngokupapashwa kwesichazi-magama esibalulekileyo sasecroatia.
Ekugqibeleni, icroatia yakha inxalenye Yobukhosi Base-Austria-Hungarian kwaye yafumana umgangatho ophezulu ngexesha le-19th century, ifana kakhulu nolwimi lwaseserbia. Emva kwemfazwe yehlabathi I, kwasekwa Ubukumkani baseserbia, Basecroats naseslovenes, kamva ababebizwa Ngokuba Yiyugoslavia. Icroatia yahlala ingatshintshanga de yaba lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasecroatia ngo-1991 kunye nesibhengezo sobu-independence.
Ukususela ngoko, ulwimi luye lwaqhubeka luguquka, kunye neenguqu ezenziwe ukupela, iziphumlisi, kunye namagama amatsha afakwe kwisichazi-magama. Namhlanje, icroatia kuthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezi-5.5 abahlala Ecroatia, Ebosnia Naseherzegovina, Eserbia, Eostriya, Ehungary, Eitali Naseswitzerland.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwasecroatia?

1. Umarko Marulić (1450-1524) - Ithathelwa Ingqalelo ukuba ibe nguyise weencwadi zanamhlanje zasecroatia kwaye ingqalelo yokuqala enkulu umbhali wasecroatia, Umarulić waqulunqa imisebenzi kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo kuquka imibongo,idrama, kunye nenkolo. Owona msebenzi wakhe udumileyo Ngujudita, umbongo obalaseleyo osekwe Kwincwadi Yetestamente Endala Kajudith.
2. U-Ivan Gundulić ( 1589-1638) - imbongi eyaziwayo eyabhala i-national epic Osman, kunye ne-play dubravka. Wayengomnye wababhali bokuqala basecroatia ukubandakanya izinto zolwimi lwasecroatia kwimisebenzi yakhe.
3. Držić (1508-1567) - Držić widely lunxulumano njengoko wokuqala Croatian dramatist kwaye umseki we-Croatian theatre. Imidlalo yakhe ihlala ibonisa uburharha obumnyama, i-satire, kunye nemvakalelo enamandla yokuqonda kwesizwe.
4. Umatija Antun Riković (1735-1810) - Uriković ubizwa ngokuba ngowokuqala ukubhala ngolwimi lwesicroatia, okwenza kube lula ukuba abantu baqonde kwaye bafunde. Kwakhona wabhala iincwadi ezininzi, amaphecana, namanqaku athetha ngemixholo eyahlukahlukeneyo efana nesayensi, intanda-bulumko nezobupolitika.
5. Petar Preradović (1818-1872) - Preradović ubekwa ngokubanzi njenge "Croatian Byron" kwimibongo yakhe yothando kunye nemibongo yokuthand ' izwe. Ukhunjulwa ngokukhuthaza umanyano lwesizwe, ngakumbi phakathi kwamacandelo amabini Ecroatia, kunye negalelo lakhe kuphuhliso lolwimi lwasecroatia.

Njani ulwimi lwesicroatia?

Ulwimi lwasecroatia lulwimi Lwase-Indo-European kwaye luyinxalenye Yeqela Lolwimi Lwasemzantsi Slavic. Inesakhiwo esifanayo nezinye iilwimi Zeslavic, ezinje ngesibulgaria, isiczech, isipolish nesirashiya. Izenzi zasecroatia zidibaniswa ngokomntu kunye nexesha elide, izibizo kunye nezichazi ziyancitshiswa ngokwesini, inombolo kunye necala, kwaye kukho iimeko ezintandathu zegrama. Isebenzisa ialfabhethi yesilatini kwaye inkqubo yayo yokubhala ifonemic, oko kuthetha ukuba unobumba ngamnye uhambelana nesandi esinye.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwasecroatia ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngeziseko: kubalulekile ukuba nolwazi olusisiseko lwegrama, ukubizwa kwamagama kunye noonobumba besicroatia ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukufunda ulwimi. Qala ngencwadi elungileyo okanye ikhosi, njengepimsleur okanye Uzifundise isicroatia.
2. Mamela i-podcasts yasecroatia: Ukumamela iipodcasts zasecroatia kunye nemiboniso yenye yeendlela ezilungileyo zokufunda kunye nokuqhelana nolwimi. Zininzi iividiyo Zeyoutube ezinezifundo ezithile ngokubiza kunye negrama-bukela kangangoko unako!
3. Ukuziqhelanisa nesithethi somthonyama: Ukuthetha nesithethi somthonyama yenye yeendlela eziluncedo nezonwabisayo zokufunda ulwimi. Unokufumana ngokulula iqabane lolwimi kwi-intanethi okanye kwisixeko sakho.
4. Funda iincwadi zasecroatia: Fumana iincwadi, amanqaku kunye neemagazini ngesicroatia kwaye uzifunde rhoqo. Zama ukufumana uhlobo olukufaneleyo kwaye uqale ukufunda!
5. Sebenzisa ii-flashcards ukuze ufunde isigama: Ii-Flashcards ziyithuluzi elihle xa kuziwa ekufundeni amagama amatsha, ngokukodwa kwiilwimi ezifana nesicroatia apho kukho amagama amaninzi ahlukeneyo kwinto efanayo.
6. Zibhaptize: eyona ndlela yokuqonda ulwimi kukuzifaka kuyo-yiya Ecroatia ukuba unako, okanye ubukele iimovie kwaye umamele umculo ecroatia.
7. Ukufunda i-croatia kunokuba ngamava amnandi kwaye anomvuzo - qiniseka ukuba uyayonwabela inkqubo kwaye ungabeki uxinzelelo olukhulu kuwe.