Esperantoname Isixhosa Guqulela

I-Esperanto lulwimi lwamazwe aphesheya olwakhiwe ngo-1887 Ngugqirha Ll Zamenhof, ugqirha ozelwe epoland kunye nengcali yeelwimi. Yenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukuqonda kwamazwe aphesheya kunye nonxibelelwano lwamanye amazwe, kwaye ibe lulwimi lwesibini olusebenzayo kubantu abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Namhlanje, I-Esperanto ithetha ngabantu abazizigidi ezininzi kumazwe angaphezu kwe-100, kwaye isetyenziswa yimibutho emininzi yezizwe ngezizwe njengolwimi olusebenzayo.

Igrama Yase-Esperanto ithathwa njengento elula kakhulu, eyenza kube lula ukufunda kunezinye iilwimi. Oku kwenza ukuba kube lula ngakumbi ukuguqulela. Ukongeza, I-Esperanto yamkelwa ngokubanzi kwaye iqondwa, ivumela ukuba isetyenziswe kwiiprojekthi zokuguqulela eziya kufuna iilwimi ezininzi.

Inguqulelo ye-Esperanto inendawo ekhethekileyo kwihlabathi lokuguqulela. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iinguqulelo, ezidalwe zizithethi zomthonyama zolwimi ekujoliswe kulo, inguqulelo Ye-Esperanto ixhomekeke kwiitoliki ezinolwazi oluhle zombini I-Esperanto kunye nolwimi lomthombo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abaguquleli akufuneki babe zizithethi zomthonyama zolwimi ukuze baguqulele ngokuchanekileyo.

Xa uguqulela ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya Esperanto, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwimi lomthombo lumelwe ngokuchanekileyo kuguqulelo olunesiphumo. Oku kunokuba ngumceli mngeni, njengoko ezinye iilwimi ziqulathe amabinzana, amagama, kunye neengcamango ezingaguqulelwanga ngokuthe ngqo Kwi-Esperanto. Uqeqesho olulodwa kunye nobuchule bunokufuneka ukuqinisekisa ukuba le miba yolwimi lwantlandlolo ichazwe ngokufanelekileyo kwinguqulelo Yesi-Esperanto.

Ukongezelela, ekubeni I-Esperanto ayinayo i-concepts okanye amagama athile, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa i-circumcution ukuchaza ezi ngcamango ngokucacileyo nangokuchanekileyo. Le yenye indlela yokuba inguqulelo Ye-Esperanto yahluke kakhulu kwiinguqulelo ezenziwa kwezinye iilwimi, apho ibinzana elifanayo okanye ingqiqo inokuba nokulingana ngokuthe ngqo.

Ngokubanzi, inguqulelo Ye-Esperanto sisixhobo esahlukileyo nesiluncedo ekukhuthazeni ukuqonda kunye nonxibelelwano lwamanye amazwe. Ngokuxhomekeka kwiitoliki ngokuqonda okunzulu kolwimi lomthombo kunye Ne-Esperanto, iinguqulelo zinokugqitywa ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo. Okokugqibela, ngokusebenzisa i-circumcution ukuchaza iikhonsepthi ezinzima kunye nezaci, abaguquleli banokuqinisekisa ukuba intsingiselo yolwimi lomthombo idluliselwa ngokuchanekileyo kwinguqulelo Ye-Esperanto.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwe-Esperanto?

I-Esperanto ayilulo ulwimi oluvunyiweyo ngokusemthethweni kulo naliphi na ilizwe. Kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga nabantu abazizigidi ezi-2 kwihlabathi liphela banokuthetha I-Esperanto, ke kuthethwa kumazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela. Ithethwa kakhulu kumazwe afana Nejamani, Ijapan, Ipoland, Ibrazil Netshayina.

Luluphi ulwimi Oluthethwa Yi-Esperanto?

I-Esperanto lulwimi lwamazwe aphesheya olwakhiwe ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 yi-ophthalmologist Yasepoland Ull Zamenhof. Injongo yakhe yayikukuyila ulwimi oluya kuba yibhulorho esetyenziswa ngokubanzi phakathi kweenkcubeko, iilwimi kunye nobuzwe. Wakhetha ulwimi olulula, awayekholelwa ukuba kuya kuba lula ukulufunda kuneelwimi ezikhoyo.
Uzamenhof wapapasha incwadi yokuqala ngolwimi lwakhe, " Unua Libro "("Incwadi Yokuqala"), ngojulayi 26, 1887 phantsi kwegama elingugqirha Esperanto (elithetha "lowo unethemba"). I-Esperanto yasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yaba yintshukumo yezizwe ngezizwe. Ngeli xesha, imisebenzi emininzi enzulu nefundileyo yabhalwa ngolwimi. I-International Congress yaqala ngo-1905 Efransi.
Ngomnyaka we-1908, I-Universal Esperanto Association (I-UEA) yasungulwa ngenjongo yokukhuthaza ulwimi kunye nokuqhubela phambili ukuqonda kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, Amazwe aliqela amkela Iesperanto njengolwimi lwawo olusemthethweni oluncedisayo yaye kwasekwa imibutho emitsha eliqela ehlabathini lonke.
Imfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibili yabangela ubunzima ekuphuhlisweni Kwe-Esperanto, kodwa ayizange ife. Ngo-1954, I-UEA yamkela Isibhengezo Saseboulogne, esabeka imigaqo esisiseko kunye neenjongo Ze-Esperanto. Oku kwalandelwa kukwamkelwa Kwesibhengezo Samalungelo E-Esperanto ngo-1961.
Namhlanje, Iesperanto ithetha ngabantu abangamawaka aliqela ehlabathini lonke, ngokuyintloko njengomdlalo wokuzonwabisa, nangona eminye imibutho isakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengolwimi olusebenzisekayo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Ngoobani abona bantu ba-5 baphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwase-Esperanto?

1. Ludoviko Zamenhof-Umdali Wolwimi Lwe-Esperanto.
2. Uwilliam Auld-imbongi yasescotland kunye nombhali owabhala inkondlo yeklasi "Adiaŭ" E-Esperanto, kunye neminye imisebenzi emininzi ngolwimi.
3. U-Humphrey Tonkin-unjingalwazi wasemelika kunye nowayesakuba ngumongameli We-Universal Esperanto Association obhale ngaphezulu kweencwadi ezilishumi E-Esperanto.
4. Unkulunkulu uqobo lwakhe, oyingqayizivele i izwi lesishiyagalolunye Izwi lesishiyagalolunye Unkulunkulu uqobo lwakhe, oyingqayizivele i Izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili
5. Probal Dasgupta-umbhali Waseindiya, umhleli kunye nomguquleli owabhala incwadi ecacileyo kwigrama Ye-Esperanto, "Igrama Entsha Eyenziwe Lula Ye-Esperanto". Kwakhona unikwe ithuba lokuvuselela ulwimi Lwase-Indiya.

Luluphi ulwimi Oluthethwa Yi-Esperanto?

I-Esperanto lulwimi olwakhiwe ngabom, oko kuthetha ukuba lwenzelwe ngabom ukuba lube sesikweni, lube sengqiqweni kwaye lube lula ukulufunda. Lulwimi oluguqukayo oluthetha ukuba amagama amatsha ayenziwa ngokudibanisa iingcambu kunye nezihlanganisi, esenza ukuba ulwimi lube lula ngakumbi ukufunda kuneelwimi zendalo. Umyalelo wayo osisiseko ulandela indlela efanayo yeelwimi Ezininzi Zaseyurophu: isihloko-isenzi-into (SVO). Igrama ilula kakhulu njengoko kungekho nqaku eliqinisekileyo okanye elingapheliyo kwaye akukho mahluko wesini kwizibizo. Akukho zitenxo, oko kuthetha ukuba xa ufunda imigaqo, unokuyisebenzisa kulo naliphi na igama.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lwe-Esperanto ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda iziseko zolwimi Lwase-Esperanto. Funda iziseko zegrama, isigama, kunye nokubiza amagama. Zininzi izibonelelo zasimahla kwi-intanethi, Ezinje Ngeduolingo, Lernu, Kunye Ne-La Lingvo Internacia.
2. Sebenzisa ulwimi. Thetha Kwi-Esperanto kunye nezithethi zomthonyama okanye kuluntu Lwe-Esperanto ekwi-intanethi. Xa kunokwenzeka, yiya kwimisitho Yase-Esperanto nakwiindibano zocweyo. Oku kuya kukunceda ufunde ulwimi ngendlela yendalo ngakumbi kwaye ufumane ingxelo kwizithethi ezinamava.
3. Funda iincwadi uze ubukele iifilimu Esperanto. Oku kuya kukunceda uphuhlise ukuqonda kwakho ulwimi kwaye kukunceda wakhe isigama sakho.
4. Fumana iqabane lencoko okanye uthathe ikhosi Ye-Esperanto. Ukuba nomntu onokuziqhelanisa nolwimi rhoqo kuyindlela entle yokufunda.
5. Sebenzisa ulwimi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Eyona ndlela yokufumana ulwimi lwakho kukulusebenzisa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Nokuba uncokola nabahlobo okanye ubhala ii-imeyile, sebenzisa I-Esperanto kangangoko unako.

Isingesi lolona lwimi luthethwayo kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye sisebenza njengebhulorho phakathi kweenkcubeko zabantu kwihlabathi liphela. Isidingo senguqulelo yesingesi siyanda, njengoko amashishini amaninzi nangakumbi, oorhulumente kunye nemibutho bayaliqonda ixabiso lokunxibelelana kwimiqobo yolwimi.

Inkqubo yokuguqulela isingesi ibandakanya ukuthatha uxwebhu lomthombo olubhalwe ngolunye ulwimi kwaye uliguqulele kolunye ulwimi ngaphandle kokuphulukana nentsingiselo yoqobo. Oku kunokuba lula njengokuguqulela ibinzana, okanye intsonkothile njengokudala inoveli yonke okanye ingcaciso edibeneyo kwiilwimi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo.

Abaguquleli besingesi baxhomekeke kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwenguqulelo. Kufuneka babe nolwazi olunzulu lweelwimi zombini kwaye bakwazi ukutolika ngokuchanekileyo amagama ngentsingiselo kunye nomxholo. Ukongeza, iingcali zeelwimi ezijolise kwinguqulelo yesingesi kufuneka zibe nokuqonda okunzulu kwesigama senkcubeko, iindawo kunye namasiko.

Kuthatha iminyaka yokufunda kunye nokuziqhelanisa ukuba ngumguquleli wesingesi osebenzayo, kwaye abaninzi bakhetha ukulandela isatifikethi ngemibutho yabaguquleli okanye iiyunivesithi. Esi siqinisekiso asibonisi kuphela ubuchule babo, kodwa siqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wabo uhlangabezana nemigangatho ethile yomgangatho kunye nokusebenza okubekwe ngumzimba oqeqeshiweyo. Ukuqinisekiswa kwakhona kunceda abaguquleli besingesi bahlale behlaziyekile kunye nophuhliso lwamva nje lweshishini.

Inguqulelo yesingesi sisakhono esibalulekileyo esivumela abantu abaneemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo ukuba banxibelelane kwaye babelane ngezimvo kunye namava. Njengoko ihlabathi liqhubeka likhula kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye lidibanisa, inguqulelo yesingesi yinto ebalulekileyo kwishishini, kwezentlalo nakwezopolitiko.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isingesi?

Isingesi lulwimi oluthethwa kakhulu kwaye lulwimi olusemthethweni kumazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanya I-United States, I-United Kingdom, I-Canada, I-Australia, I-Ireland, I-New Zealand, Ijamaica, Kunye namanye amazwe Kwiziqithi Zecaribbean Nasepacific. Isingesi lulwimi olusemthethweni Eindiya, Epakistan, Kwiiphilippines, nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi Eafrika Naseasia.

Yintoni imbali yolwimi lwesingesi?

Ulwimi lwesingesi luneengcambu zalo Kusapho Lweelwimi Zasentshona Jamani, ekukholelwa ukuba luvela kukhokho oqhelekileyo wazo zonke iilwimi Zasejamani, Iproto-Germanic. Kucingelwa ukuba olu lwimi luye lwaphuhliswa phakathi kwe-1000 no-500 BC kwindawo ngoku eyinorthern Germany Kunye Nescandinavia.
Ukususela apho, kwavela iziyelelane Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zasejamani ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ezinye zazo ekugqibeleni zaba Ngamangesi Namafrisian, isingesi Esidala Nesasaxon Esidala. I-Old English yayilulwimi oluthethwa Engilani kude kube malunga ne-1150 AD xa yaqala ukuguqukela kwinto ngoku ebizwa Ngokuba Yi-Middle English. Eli xesha lenguqu liphawulwe ngokuqaliswa kwamagama asefransi awamkelwa njengenxalenye Yenorman Conquest ngo-1066.
Ngexesha Likachaucer ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1300, isingesi Esiphakathi sasilulwimi oluphambili Lwasengilani kwaye sachukunyiswa kakhulu sisifrentshi nesilatini. Ekuqaleni kwee-1500, olu hlobo lwesingesi luye lwaguquka lwaba lulwimi olwamkelekileyo nolwamkelekileyo namhlanje Njengesingesi Sokuqala.
Isingesi samandulo Samanje sasingafani kwihlabathi lonke, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwahlukile kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla. Umzekelo, isingesi sokuqala Sasemelika saqala ukwahluka kakhulu kwisingesi sasebritane ngenkulungwane ye-17.
Namhlanje, amagama amaninzi amatsha kunye namabinzana afakiwe kulwimi lwesingesi ngenxa yeenguqu ezinkulu zenkcubeko kunye nezobuchwepheshe ukususela Kwi-Industrial Revolution. Ukongeza, itekhnoloji yonxibelelwano lwehlabathi evelayo kunye nokuhamba okwandayo kwamazwe aphesheya kuye kwakhokelela ekwamkelweni kwee-neologisms ezininzi. Ngenxa yoko, isingesi siye saba lolona lwimi lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesingesi?

1. Uwilliam Shakespeare - oyena mdlali odumileyo kwisingesi, Ushakespeare ubizwa ngokuqulunqwa kwamawaka amagama kunye namabinzana asasetyenziswa namhlanje.
2. Ugeoffrey Chaucer-omnye wababhali bokuqala owaziwayo ukuba abhale Ngesingesi Esiphakathi, imisebenzi yakhe ithathwa ngokunceda ukulungelelanisa ulwimi.
3. Usamuel Johnson-Obizwa Ngokuba nguyise weencwadi zesingesi, waqulunqa isichazi-magama sokuqala esibanzi sesingesi.
4. Ujohn Milton - Umbongo Wakhe obalaseleyo Iparadesi Elahlekileyo yenye yezona zinto zinempembelelo kwimibongo yesingesi.
5. Uwilliam Tyndale-oyena mntu uphambili Kwinguqulelo yesingesi, wayengumntu wokuqala ukuguqulela Ibhayibhile ngesingesi isuka kwimithombo yayo yantlandlolo yesihebhere neyesigrike.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi lwesingesi?

Isingesi lulwimi lokuhlalutya, oko kuthetha ukuba luphula amagama kwi-morphemes nganye, okanye iiyunithi ezinentsingiselo. Isebenzisa umyalelo wegama, kunokuba isini segrama okanye ukuphela, ukubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwamagama kwisivakalisi. Isingesi sinomzekelo oqinileyo we-syntax, kunye nomxholo-isenzi-into-umyalelo kwizivakalisi zayo. Ukongeza, isingesi sisebenzisa umyalelo ochanekileyo wesibizo xa izichazi ezininzi zisetyenziselwa ukuchaza isibizo esisodwa.

Indlela yokufunda isingesi ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Yenza isicwangciso. Thatha isigqibo sokuba zingaphi iiyure ngeveki onokuzinikezela ekufundeni isingesi, kwaye ufuna ukuchitha ixesha elingakanani kumsebenzi ngamnye.
2. Qala ngeziseko. Funda igrama nesigama esisisiseko esifunekayo ukuze uqalise ukuthetha nokuqonda ulwimi.
3. Iittala teema. Zama ukufumana iindlela zokuzijikeleza ngolwimi. Bukela iimuvi, umamele iingoma kunye neepodcasts, kwaye ufunde iincwadi kunye neemagazini ngesingesi.
4. Thetha nabantu. Cinga ngokujoyina iklasi yencoko okanye uluntu oluku-intanethi ukuze uziqhelanise nesingesi sakho kunye nezithethi zomthonyama.
5. Thatha izifundo online. Zininzi iikhosi ezikwi-intanethi kunye nezifundo ezinokukunceda ufunde isingesi ngendlela ehleliweyo neyonwabisayo.
6. Ziqhelise rhoqo. Bekela bucala ixesha lokuziqhelanisa nokuthetha nokubhala isingesi yonke imihla. Nokuba yimizuzu embalwa kuphela, qiniseka ukuba unamathela kwishedyuli yakho kwaye uqhubeke nokuziqhelanisa.