Isibulgaria Daniel Van Zaarge Humusha

Isingeniso

Ibulgaria inolimi namasiko ayingqayizivele ayigugu kakhulu. Isibulgaria siwulimi Lwaseningizimu Slavic futhi sikhulunywa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-9 emhlabeni wonke. Eminyakeni yamuva, iye yathandwa abantu abahlala ngaphandle kwebulgaria abanesithakazelo ekufundeni lolu limi nasekusebenziseni izinzuzo eziningi ezilunikezayo. Ngokwanda kokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke nokwanda kokuxhumana phakathi kwamazwe, ukufinyelela ezinsizakalweni zokuhumusha zesibulgaria kuye kwaba okubaluleke ngokwengeziwe.

Umlando Wokuhunyushwa kwesibulgaria

Ulimi lwesibulgaria lwaqala ngekhulu lesi-9 lapho lwethulwa Amaproto-bulgarian njengengxenye yokwanda kwawo esifundeni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isibulgaria saqala ukusakazeka futhi ekugcineni saba ulimi olusemthethweni Lwe-Principality Of bulgaria ngo-1878. Ngemva Kwempi Yezwe II, lolu limi lwaqhubeka lukhula futhi lwaba ulimi olusemthethweni Lwepeople ' s Republic Of bulgaria ngo-1946.

Namuhla, isibulgaria siwulimi olusemthethweni Ebulgaria futhi siwulimi olusemthethweni Lwe-European Union. Kukhulunywa abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-11 Ebulgaria nakwezinye izindawo Ebalkans kanye nemiphakathi eminingi yabafuduki emhlabeni wonke. Ngenxa yalokho, izinsizakalo zokuhumusha zifunwa kakhulu ukuze kunikezwe ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo phakathi kwabantu abakhuluma izilimi ezihlukahlukene.

Izinzuzo Zokuhumusha isibulgaria

Ukuhumushela imibhalo olimini lwesibulgaria kungaba usizo kakhulu emabhizinisini anamakhasimende noma abalingani abakhuluma lolu limi. Ukuhumusha izinto zokumaketha namawebhusayithi ngesibulgaria kungasiza izinkampani ukuba zifinyelele izethameli ezibanzi futhi zakhe ubudlelwano namakhasimende angaba khona esifundeni. Kungasiza namabhizinisi ukuba akhe ukwethembana phakathi kwabantu ababhekiswe kubo ngokudlulisela umyalezo wokuthi ayaqonda futhi ahloniphe ulimi namasiko abantu azama ukufinyelela kubo. Ngokuthola izinsizakalo zokuhumusha ezinembile nezithembekile, amabhizinisi angathola ukuqonda okungcono kwamakhasimende awo futhi andise amathuba okuphumelela emakethe yasebulgaria.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenani elandayo labokufika Abavela Ebulgaria, izinsizakalo zokuhumusha zingasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuxhumana okubushelelezi phakathi kwabantu abavela emasikweni ahlukahlukene. Ukuhumushela imibhalo yezokwelapha, izivumelwano, nezinye izinhlobo ezisemthethweni olimini lwesibulgaria kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi wonke umuntu ohilelekile uyayiqonda le ncwadi futhi idluliselwa ngokunembile. Ekugcineni, ukuhumushela imibhalo olimini lwesibulgaria kungasiza ekulondolozeni ulimi namasiko abantu abakhuluma isibulgaria.

Isiphetho

Izinsizakalo zokuhumusha zesibulgaria zifunwa kakhulu ngenxa yokwanda kokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke nokuxhumana phakathi kwamazwe. Lezi zinsizakalo zingaba usizo kumabhizinisi afuna ukufinyelela izethameli ezibanzi futhi akhe ubudlelwano namakhasimende angaba khona esifundeni, kanye nakubantu abafudukayo abadinga usizo lokwenza lula ukuxhumana okubushelelezi phakathi kwamasiko. Ngaphezu kwalezi zinzuzo ezingokoqobo,ukuba nezinsizakalo zokuhumusha ezinembile nezithembekile kungasiza ekulondolozeni ulimi namasiko abantu abakhuluma isibulgaria.

Yimaphi amazwe okukhulunywa kuwo ulimi lwesibulgaria?

Ulimi lwesibulgaria lukhulunywa ikakhulukazi Ebulgaria, kodwa lukhulunywa nakwamanye amazwe Afana Neserbia, Imontenegro, Inyakatho Macedonia, Iromania, I-Ukraine Neturkey, kanye nemiphakathi emincane yasebulgaria emhlabeni jikelele.

Uyini umlando wolimi lwesibulgaria?

Ulimi lwesibulgaria lunomlando omude futhi ohlukahlukene. Kukholakala ukuthi yaqala ukungeniswa esifundeni sasebulgaria yanamuhla ngekhulu lesi-7 ad Ngamabulgaria, ayengabantu baseturkey ababehlala kulokho manje Okuyirussia. Ulimi ababelukhuluma lwalubizwa ngokuthi isibulgaria Esidala noma Isichuvash Esidala, futhi kukholakala ukuthi lwalususelwa ezilimini Ezazikhulunywa Amahuns, ayehlasele le ndawo ngekhulu lesi-4.
Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, ulimi Lwamabulgaria lwahlanganiswa nezilimi zamaslav zabantu bomdabu, ikakhulukazi izilimi Zasempumalanga South Slavic, kuhlanganise nesimacedonia nesiserbia. Le nhlanganisela yaziwa ngokuthi isibulgaria Sasendulo, esasinezinhlobo ezimbili zokubhala: Isislavonic Sesonto, ulimi lwezincwadi olwalusetshenziswa Isonto Lobu-Orthodox, nolimi lwezincwadi lwesibulgaria, olwaluthuthuke kusuka ohlotsheni olukhulunywayo lwesibulgaria.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, kwase kuvele uhlobo olujwayelekile lwesibulgaria Sanamuhla, olwathatha indawo Yesislavonic Sesonto nolimi lwezincwadi lwesibulgaria. Phakathi nawo wonke ikhulu le-19 nele-20, ulimi lwesibulgaria lwathola ukwenziwa kwesimanje okukhulu, ekugcineni lwaba ulimi olusemthethweni Lweriphabhuliki yasebulgaria yanamuhla ngo-1945.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini lwesibulgaria?

1. Ucyril Nomethodius 2. Umbusi Usimeyoni Wasebulgaria 3. Upaisius Wasehilendar 4. Ukonstantin Wasepreslav 5. U-Ivan Shishman Wasebulgaria

Ulimi lwesibulgaria lwakhiwa kanjani?

Isakhiwo sesibulgaria sifana nesezinye izilimi zamaslav. Luwulimi olushintshashintshayo, olunamagama nezichasiso ezinokuphela okuhlukile kuye ngomsebenzi wazo emshweni. Izenzo nazo zinokuphela okuhlukile okusekelwe esikhathini nomuntu. Njengezinye izilimi Zesislavic, isibulgaria sinezimo eziyisithupha zamagama, izimelabizo, nezichasiso: isimelabizo, isimelabizo, isimelabizo, isimelabizo, nesimelabizo. Ukuhleleka kwamagama ngokuvamile Kuyisihloko Isenzo Into kodwa kungahluka kuye ngesakhiwo somusho noma ukugcizelelwa.

Indlela yokufunda ulimi lwesibulgaria ngendlela efanele kakhulu?

1. Thatha Izifundo Zolimi lwesibulgaria: Ukuthatha izifundo kuyindlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokufunda isibulgaria. Ukuze uthole okuningi kakhulu enkambweni yakho ,ureiseka ukuthi uya kuzo zonke izifundo futhi uhlanganyele ngenkuthalo ezingxoxweni.
2. Sebenzisa Imithombo Online: Kukhona imithombo eminingi omuhle online etholakalayo ukukusiza ufunde Bulgarian. Izingosi eziningi zinikeza izifundo nemisebenzi exhumanayo, amashidi okusebenza angalandwa namafayela alalelwayo, nezincazelo eziningiliziwe zemithetho yohlelo lolimi. Amanye amawebhusayithi aze anikeze nengxoxo ebukhoma nabantu abakhuluma isibulgaria.
3. Gxila: Ukucwiliswa kubalulekile ekufundeni ulimi. Zama ukuthola abangane Bulgarian noma uzicwilise isiko Bulgaria sika. Lalela umsakazo Bulgarian futhi ubuke amabhayisikobho Bulgarian, lalela umculo futhi ufunde izincwadi in Bulgarian ngangokunokwenzeka.
4. Practice, Practice, Practice: Once uke wafunda eziyisisekelo, into ebaluleke kakhulu ukukwenza ukuqhubeka ukuzijayeza! Makeiseka ukuthi ukhuluma isibulgaria ngangokunokwenzeka ngezikhulumi zomdabu futhi usebenzise izinsiza eziku-inthanethi ukugcina intuthuko yakho.

Ulimi Lwesimari Lwasehill luwulimi oluyingqayizivele lomndeni wezilimi Zasefinland-Ugric futhi lukhulunywa ikakhulukazi ngabantu abancane Basemari Abahlala ezifundeni Zaserussia, E-Estonia Nasefinland. Nakuba kuwulimi oluncane, Isimari Sasentabeni sibaluleke kakhulu ekuziphatheni kwabantu basemari Basentabeni. Ngenxa yalokho, kunokugxila okwandayo ekulondolozeni lolu limi ngokusebenzisa imizamo efana nehill Mari translation services.

Izinsizakalo zokuhumusha zasehill Mari ziye zathandwa kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Lokhu ngokwengxenye kungenxa yokubaluleka okwandayo Kwehill Mari njengophawu lobunikazi bezamasiko, kanye nokutholakala kabanzi kwezinsizakalo zokuhumusha online. Ngokusebenzisa izinsizakalo zokuhumusha ezikuyi-internet, abakhuluma Isimari Sasehill bayakwazi ukuxhumana nabakhuluma izilimi ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsizakalo zokuhumusha ezikuyi-internet zingasetshenziselwa nokuhumusha imibhalo ebalulekile nezincwadi ezibhalwe Ngesimari Sasehill kwezinye izilimi.

Izinsizakalo zokuhumusha zasehill Mari zingasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, zingasetshenziselwa ukudala imibhalo engezansi yamafilimu noma imibukiso yethelevishini enabalingisi Basehill Mari, noma ukwenza izincwadi zolimi lwasehill Mari zitholakale kubantu abangakhulumi lolu limi. Zingasetshenziselwa nokuhumushela Imibhalo ebalulekile njengezitifiketi zokuzalwa, imibhalo engokomthetho, ngisho nezincwadi zesikole Ehill Mari. Ngaphezu kwalokhu kusetshenziswa, izinsizakalo Zokuhumusha Zehill Mari zingasetshenziswa futhi ukusiza izingane ezifunda ukukhuluma ulimi noma ukuthuthukisa izichazamazwi nezincwadi zohlelo Lolimi Ehill Mari.

Izinsizakalo zokuhumusha zasehill Mari zinikeza inkonzo ebalulekile ekulondolozeni lolu limi olubalulekile. Ngokwenza izincwadi, amafilimu, neminye imibhalo ebalulekile Yasehill Mari itholakale ngezinye izilimi, abakhuluma Isimari Sasehill bayakwazi ukuhlanganyela nabantu abavela emasikweni nasezizindeni ezihlukile kwezabo. Ngokunikeza Izinsizakalo Zokuhumusha Zasehill Mari, abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe babhekana nalolu limi oluthakazelisayo, ngaleyo ndlela kusize ekuqinisekiseni ukulondolozwa kwalo esikhathini esizayo.

Yiliphi izwe Lapho Kukhulunywa khona Ulimi Lwesimari Lwasentabeni?

Ulimi Lwesimari Lwasezintabeni lukhulunywa Erussia Nasebelarus.

Uyini umlando Wolimi Lwesimari Lwasentabeni?

Ulimi Lwesimari Lwasehill luwulimi Lwesi-Uralic olukhulunywa abantu Basemari Baserussia. Lolu limi lwaqala ukubhalwa phakathi nekhulu le-17 lapho abahloli bamazwe nezazi zaserussia beqala ukwenza ukulandisa kokuhamba kwabantu Basemari kuleyo ndawo. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, izazi zezilimi zaqala ukuqhubeka zibhala ngalolu limi futhi zenza ukusetshenziswa kwalo kwaziwa phakathi kwabantu. Phakathi nokubusa Kwesoviet, lolu limi lwaba nethonya elikhulu ekuthandeni njengoba lwalufundiswa ezikoleni futhi lusetshenziswa emibhalweni eminingi esemthethweni. Ngemva kokuwa Kwesoviet Union, lolu limi luye lwavuselelwa futhi abantu abaningi abasha bayalufunda futhi balusebenzise namuhla.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu kakhulu olimini Lwesimari Lwasehill?

1. Upavel chudinov-Isazi Sasemari Sasehill esabhala I-Encyclopedia yokuqala ephelele yolimi Lwesimari Lwasehill eyanyatheliswa ngo-1973.
2. Upavel pentkov-Umbhali we-Two dictionary of The Hill Mari language, enye yazo eyanyatheliswa ngo-2003 kanti enye ngo-2017.
3. Utatiana rudina-Umdali Wezifundo zokuqala zolimi Lwasehill Mari zokufundisa izingane.
4. Uyury makarov isazi sezilimi Sasemari Sasehill esadala Incwadi yokuqala Yesimari Yasehill Ngo-1983.
5. U - Anna Kuznetsova-Umbhali wezincwadi eziningana ze-Hill Mari grammar, izichazamazwi nezinto zokufundisa.

Ulimi Lwasehill Mari lwakhiwa kanjani?

Ulimi Lwesimari Lwasehill lungolwesi-Uralic, futhi ikakhulukazi lungolwesivolga-finnic. Luwulimi oluhlanganisa amagama, okusho ukuthi lwakha amagama ngokungeza izijobelelo esiqwini segama ukuze kuvezwe ubudlelwane bohlelo lolimi. Ngokwesibonelo, kuye ngomongo nesijobelelo esingeziwe, isiqu esifanayo singasho "incwadi", "izincwadi", noma "ukufunda incwadi". Ibuye isebenzise ukuvumelana konkamisa, inqubo yomsindo edinga ukuba onkamisa abathile bashintshe amagama ukuze balondoloze iphethini ethile. Akukho mehluko wobulili olimini Lwasehill Mari futhi kubhekwa njengokulondolozeka kakhulu kunezinye izilimi Zasefinland-Ugric ngenxa yenani elilinganiselwe lamagama abolekiwe avela kweminye imindeni yezilimi.

Indlela ukufunda Ulimi Hill Mari ngendlela efanele kakhulu?

1. Thola isikhulumi bomdabu Entabeni Mari ulimi: indlela engcono kakhulu yokufunda ulimi ukucwilisa wena kuwo. Khuluma Nesikhulumi Sendabuko Sasehill Mari ukuze uthole ukuqonda kohlelo lolimi, indlela yokubiza amagama, nesigama.
2. Funda alfabhethi: Ngaphambi ungaqala ukufunda amagama amasha nemishwana, kubalulekile ukuba ujwayelane Hill Mari alfabhethi.
3. Start ngamazwi alula nemishwana: Gxila ngekhanda amagama ayisisekelo afana nemibala, izinombolo, izinsuku zesonto, nemishwana elula efana nokuthi "sawubona", "sawubona", nokuthi" ngicela "nokuthi" ngiyabonga.”
4. Thatha Ikilasi Lolimi Lwesimari: Uma litholakala endaweni yakho, cabanga ngokubhalisa ekilasini lolimi Lwesimari Noma esifundweni solimi esiku-inthanethi. Thola uma kukhona amanyuvesi endawo anikeza izifundo ngokukhethekile zolimi Lwesimari Lwasehill.
5. Prakthiza njalo: Ukuvumelana kuyisihluthulelo lapho ufunda ulimi olusha. Zama ukuzijayeza nsuku zonke futhi uthole izindlela ukufaka ulimi ekuphileni kwakho kwansuku zonke. Lalela Hill mari umculo ubuke Hill Mari amabhayisikobho noma imibukiso ukuze sithathe amazwi ezivamile nemishwana.