I-persian I-ukrainian Guqulela

Ukuba ufuna umguquleli onokwethenjelwa, ochanekileyo kunye nochwepheshe kwiimfuno zakho zolwimi lwesipersi, ufike kwindawo efanelekileyo. Isipersi, ekwabizwa ngokuba Yifarsi, lulwimi oluphambili Kumbindi Mpuma, oluthethwa ikakhulu ngabantu Baseiran, Afghanistan Nasetajikistan. Lulwimi olusetyenziswa rhoqo kwezoshishino, kurhulumente nakwezozakuzo. Kubalulekile ukufumana umguquleli oguqulelayo othetha iilwimi ezininzi.

Kwiinkonzo Zokuguqulela zasepersi, sizama ukubonelela abathengi bethu ngeenkonzo ezingcono zokuguqulela. Iqela lethu labaguquleli abaqeqeshwe kakhulu nabanamava onke zizithethi zomthonyama zasepersi ezinamava eminyaka entsimini kwaye zisebenzisa itekhnoloji yakutshanje ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka. Iinkonzo zethu zivela kwiinguqulelo ezisisiseko ukuya kwiindawo zobugcisa bezomthetho kunye nezonyango, ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abathengi bethu bafumana izisombululo abazifunayo.

Sizimisele ukubonelela abathengi bethu ngeenguqulelo ezisemgangathweni ophezulu ezinokwenzeka. Abaguquleli bethu baqonda kakuhle isipersi nesingesi, ngoko banokuguqulela ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo amaxwebhu ngaphandle kokuncama umgangatho. Sikwabonelela ngeenkonzo zokuhlela kunye nokuvavanya ukuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaxwebhu ahlangabezana nemigangatho ephezulu.

Kwiinkonzo Zokuguqulela zasepersi, siyaqonda ukubaluleka kokhuseleko kunye nemfihlo xa kuziwa kwiinkonzo zokuguqulela. Sithatha unonophelo olukhulu ukukhusela ukuthembeka kwamaxwebhu esiwafumanayo kwaye singaze sabelane ngolwazi nomntu wesithathu. Bonke abasebenzi bethu batyikitya isivumelwano sokungabhengezi ukuqinisekisa amanqanaba aphezulu obumfihlo.

Ukuba ufuna iinkonzo zokuguqulela ezithembekileyo, ezichanekileyo kunye nezobugcisa kwiimfuno zakho zolwimi lwesipersi, qhagamshelana nathi namhlanje. Sijonge phambili ekunikezeleni ngeyona nkonzo ibalaseleyo kwaye sikunike izisombululo ozifunayo.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isipersi?

Ulwimi lwesipersi (ekwabizwa ngokuba Yifarsi) ubukhulu becala luthethwa Eiran, Afghanistan Nasetajikistan. Ikwathethwa nakwiindawo ezithile zamanye amazwe, njenge-Iraq, I-United Arab Emirates, Ibahrain, Iturkey, I-Oman Ne-Uzbekistan.

Iyiphi imbali yamapersi?

Ulwimi lwasepersi lolunye lweelwimi ezindala Zase-Indo-European emhlabeni kwaye kukholelwa ukuba luvela Kumazantsi E-Iran malunga nekhulu le-8 BCE. Ekuqaleni, Amapersi Amadala athethwa ngabemi Basepersi, ummandla okumzantsi-ntshona weiran yanamhlanje. Ngo-550 BCE, Ubukhosi Be-Achaemenid benziwa, Kunye Ne-old Persian yaba lulwimi lwenkundla yasebukhosini. Ebudeni beenkulungwane ezalandelayo, Ubukhosi Baseachaemenid bandiswa yaye amapersi Amadala asasazeka ngokuthe ngcembe kwiindawo ezinkulu Kumbindi Mpuma, Eafghanistan, Kumbindi Asia nakwimimandla Yaseyurophu.
Xa ukunqoba Kwamasulumane kwaqala ngo-651 ce, isiarabhu saba lulwimi olusemthethweni lwehlabathi Lamasulumane. Ekugqibeleni amapersi amkela amagama namabinzana amaninzi esiarabhu ukuze ahambisane namaxesha aguqukayo. Isiphumo sale nkqubo kukuvela kolwimi olutsha olwaziwa ngokuba yi "Middle Persian" (ekwabizwa Ngokuba Yipahlavi okanye Iparthian). Amapersi aphakathi asasazeka kulo lonke ummandla kwaye ekugqibeleni aya kuphembelela ukuphuhliswa kwezinye iilwimi zanamhlanje Zaseiran.
Ngekhulu le-10 CE, ulwimi Olutsha lwesipersi lwavela ekuveleni Kwamapersi Aphakathi. Isipersi esitsha siboleke uninzi lwamagama aso kwisiarabhu, isiturkish, nakwezinye iilwimi, kodwa sagcina ezinye zegrama Yesipersi Esiphakathi. Eli xesha likwabone ukuphuhliswa kweemitha zemibongo, eziza kuqhubeka zibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoncwadi lwasepersi.
Namhlanje, isipersi lulwimi lweenkobe lwabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-65 Eiran, Eafghanistan, Etajikistan, Euzbekistan nakwezinye iindawo zehlabathi. Iselulwimi olukhulu loncwadi kulo mmandla kwaye ihlala inxulunyaniswa nenkcubeko kunye nembali yabantu bala mazwe.

Ngoobani abona bantu ba-5 baphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesipersi?

1. Uferdowsi (c. 940-1020): Wayebhekwa njengembongi enkulu yasepersi kunye nomlobi We-Shahnameh, umbongo we-epic oxelela amabali Asendulo Aseiran.
2. I-Rumi (1207-1273): Enye yeembongi ezinkulu zasepersi Zasesufi kunye nomsunguli We-Order Of Mevlevi, umyalelo wenkolo onqula ngomculo kunye nemibongo.
3. U-Omar Khayyam (1048-1131): ingcali yezibalo yasepersi, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi, kunye nenye yeembongi ezidumileyo zasepersi.
4. Usaadi Shirazi (malunga no-1184-1283): imbongi engummangaliso yasepersi, umbhali kunye nombhali wemibongo emibini: Ibustan Negulistan.
5. Uhafez (1315-1390): imbongi yasepersi, eyaziwayo ngengoma yakhe kunye nemibongo yesini, edla ngokukhankanywa kunye Norumi.

Uluphi ulwimi lwesipersi?

Isakhiwo solwimi lwasepersi sisekelwe kwi-morphology ye-agglutinative, oku kuthetha ukuba amagama ayenziwa ngokudibanisa i-morphemes kunye ngendlela eguqula intsingiselo yegama. I-Persian ine-SOV (i-subject-object-verb) umyalelo wegama kunye nesakhiwo sebinzana lesibizo-isenzi. Ikwasebenzisa iiposti endaweni yezindululo njengezinye iilwimi. Izenzi zithatha inani elikhulu lezimaphambili kunye nezimamva ezibonisa izinto ezifana nokuqina, isimo sengqondo kunye nomntu. Okokugqibela, inohlobo olukhethekileyo lwesenzi esibizwa ngokuba yi-optative, esibonisa iminqweno okanye iminqweno.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwasepersi ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Joyina ikhosi yolwimi lwesipersi: indlela efanelekileyo yokufunda ulwimi lwesipersi kukujoyina ikhosi yolwimi kwiyunivesithi yasekuhlaleni okanye isikolo solwimi. Oku kuya kukunika ulwakhiwo kunye nesikhokelo, kunye nabaqeqeshi abanolwazi abanokunika ingxelo ngenkqubela yakho.
2. Sebenzisa ii-apps zokufunda ulwimi: ii-Apps zokufunda Ulwimi Ezinje Ngeduolingo, Ibabbel, Kunye Nememrise zizixhobo ezilungileyo zokufunda naluphi na ulwimi. Banikezela ngezifundo ezonwabisayo nezisebenzisanayo ezikunceda ukuba uziqhelanise kwaye uqinise isigama kunye negrama ekufuneka uyazi ukuze ukwazi ukunxibelelana ngesipersi.
3. Bukela iimovie zasepersi kunye nemiboniso YETV: Ukubukela iimovie KUNYE nemiboniso YETV ngesipersi yindlela entle yokuzifaka kulwimi kwaye uziqhelanise ngcono nezimvo ezahlukeneyo kunye neelwimi. Unokufumana iifilimu ezininzi zasepersi kunye nemiboniso yokusasaza kwi-intanethi, okanye ungathenga Iidvd ngokunjalo.
4. Fumana iqabane lolwimi: Ukuba unokufumana isithethi somthonyama sasepersi esizimisele ukuziqhelanisa nolwimi kunye nawe, oku kunokuba yindlela entle yokuphucula izakhono zakho zolwimi. Ungababuza imibuzo malunga namagama kunye namabinzana, ukubiza ukubiza, kwaye ufumane ukuqonda okungcono kwenkcubeko kunye namasiko E-Iran ngokuthetha neqabane lakho lolwimi.
5. Mamela umculo wasepersi: Ukumamela umculo wasepersi yindlela entle yokuthatha ulwimi. Kukho abaculi abaninzi abavela E-Iran Nasemiddle East abavelisa umculo omkhulu ngolwimi. Ukubaphulaphula kuya kukunceda ukuba uqhelane ngakumbi nolwimi kwaye wandise izakhono zakho zokuqonda ilizwi.

I-Ukrainian translation ibalulekile kumashishini amaninzi kunye nemibutho efuna ukunxibelelana nabantu abavela Okanye ngaphakathi E-Ukraine. Kukho uluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo ezikhoyo ukubanceda bafikelele kubaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo, ukusuka kubaguquleli abazimeleyo ukuya kwiinkampani ezikhethekileyo zokuguqulela. Isidingo sokuguqulela i-Ukrainian siyaqhubeka sikhula njengoko uqoqosho lwelizwe kunye nobudlelwane bamanye amazwe buqhubeka banda.

Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu xa kufikwa kwinguqulelo yesiukraine kukufumana umguquleli oneziqinisekiso eziyimfuneko kunye nobuchule bokuguqulela ngokuchanekileyo ukusuka kulwimi lomthombo ukuya kulwimi lwesiukraine. Ukongeza ekubeni nemfundo kuzo zombini iilwimi kunye neelwimi abaziguqulelayo, kufuneka babe nolwazi lwangaphambili kunye namava asebenza kwiiprojekthi zokuguqulela zaseukraine.

Umguquleli kufuneka abe nolwazi kakuhle kwiimpawu zolwimi lwaseukraine kunye naziphi na izingqinisiso zenkcubeko ezinokufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo. Iinguqulelo ezininzi zinokuchaphazeleka yimbali yelizwe, inkcubeko, kunye nemozulu yezopolitiko, ke kubalulekile ukusebenzisa umguquleli owaziyo ulwimi kwaye uyazi ngophuhliso lwamva Nje Eukraine.

Xa kuziwa ekusebenzeni nomguquleli oqeqeshiweyo waseukraine, kubalulekile ukuba ukhethe enye eneenkqubo ezichazwe kakuhle kunye namanyathelo okuqinisekisa umgangatho. Ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo, kuba ukuchaneka kunye nokungaguquguquki kubalulekile kunxibelelwano olusebenzayo. Ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho olungileyo kubandakanya ukujonga uguqulelo rhoqo ngokuchasene nomthombo wokuqala womthombo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba nakuphi na ukungangqinelani kuyaziswa kumguquleli ukuze aguqulelwe kwakhona.

Kwakhona kuluncedo ukusebenzisa inkampani ebonelela ngeenkonzo ezongezelelweyo ezinjengendawo yokuhlala, eqinisekisa ukuba uguqulelo lufanelekile ngokwenkcubeko nangolwimi kubaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo. Oku kuthetha ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwimi lulungelelaniswe nommandla othile, kusetyenziswa iilwimi zasekuhlaleni kunye nemifanekiso apho kuyimfuneko. Ikwaquka ukubonelela ngefomathi efanelekileyo kunye noyilo lobeko ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto eziguqulelweyo zijongeka ngokufanayo nemithombo yomthombo.

Eyona nto iphambili kuyo, inguqulelo yaseukraine imalunga nokudlulisa umyalezo ocetywayo ngokuchanekileyo, ngelixa iqinisekisa ukuba yonke imvakalelo yenkcubeko kunye nomxholo uphela uthathelwa ingqalelo. Ukufumana umguquleli okwaziyo ukwenza oku, kwaye ikwasebenza kwimigangatho ephezulu yobungcali kunye namanyathelo okuqinisekisa umgangatho, kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba ufumana ezona ziphumo zibalaseleyo.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isiukraine?

Ulwimi lwaseukraine luthethwa ikakhulu Eukraine nakwiindawo Zaserashiya, Ebelarus, Emoldova, Epoland, Eslovakia, Ehungary, Eromania nasebulgaria. Ikwasetyenziswa njengolwimi oluncinci Ekazakhstan, Eserbia, Egrisi Nasecroatia.

Ziziphi iilwimi ezisemthethweni zaseukraine?

Ulwimi lwase-ukraine lunembali ende kunye neyinkimbinkimbi yophuhliso. Ulwimi Lwasempuma Slavic, lilungu losapho olufanayo nesirashiya Nesibelarusian. Kuye kwathethwa Eukraine ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-11. Kwinkoliso yembali yayo yayiyinxalenye Yolwimi Lwesislavonic Lwecawa, olusetyenziswa kuncwadi nakwimibhalo yonqulo. Ukutyhubela inkoliso yenkulungwane ye-16 neye-19, yaqhubeka igqalwa njengolwimi lwesirashiya, phezu kwazo nje iimpawu ezithile ezahlukileyo.
Kwada kwafika ngekhulu le-19 ukuba isiukraine saqala ukufumana ukwamkelwa njengolwimi olwahlukileyo, njengenxalenye yokuvuselelwa koncwadi E-Ukraine. Isiseko Ukrainian lanamhlanje yasekwa ngeli xesha. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, isiukraine sasilulwimi lwabemi Abaninzi Baseukraine.
Ngo-1917, I-Ukraine yafumana inkululeko Kwirussia kwaye yamkela i-Ukrainian njengolwimi lwaseburhulumenteni. Oku kwaqalisa ixesha lokubekwa emgangathweni nokuphuhliswa kolwimi, izichazi-magama ezininzi, iincwadi zegrama, nezinto zemfundo ezipapashwayo ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwalo.
Ukususela kwinkululeko yayo kwi-1991, Ukrainian iye yavuka ngakumbi. Iye yaba lulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni lwesizwe, kwaye ifundiswa ngokubanzi ezikolweni kwaye isetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintlobo zonxibelelwano loluntu. Nangona ubukho Russian kwezinye iindawo zelizwe, Ukrainian uhlala ulwimi ephambili Ukraine.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwaseukraine?

1. U-Ivan Kotlyarevsky (1769-1838): Njengomsunguli weencwadi zanamhlanje zase-ukraine, Ukotlyarevsky wabhala inkondlo yokuqala yesizwe e-ukraine, E-Eneyida. Imisebenzi yakhe yanceda ukwandisa kunye nokubeka emgangathweni ulwimi.
2. Utaras Shevchenko (1814-1861): umntu ophambili kuncwadi lwaseukraine kunye nobugcisa, Ushevchenko ngamanye amaxesha ubizwa ngokuba "nguyise wolwimi lwaseukraine". Wayengumxhasi onamandla wokusetyenziswa kwe-Ukrainian kwiincwadi nakwinkcubeko kwaye wabhala inani lemibongo kunye neenoveli ngolwimi.
3. U-Ivan Franko (1856-1916): umbhali onempembelelo Kunye nembongi, Ufranko wabhala eminye yemisebenzi yokuqala yoncwadi lwangoku lwaseukraine. Kwakhona yaseka Ivan Franko National University of lviv, leyo liphuhlise iindlela zemfundo revolution egxininisa ukubaluleka ulwimi Ukrainian.
4. Uvolodymyr Vernadsky (1863-1945): umbhali-mbali obalaseleyo, isithandi sobulumko, kunye nesazi ngejoloji, Uvernadsky wayeyinkokeli ephambili kuphuhliso lwenkcubeko yanamhlanje yaseukraine. Wayengomnye wabasunguli Be-Shevchenko Scientific Society kwaye wabhala iincwadi ezininzi kunye neencoko kwizihloko ze-Ukrainian ngolwimi.
5. U-Oleksandr Oles (1884-1962): ingcali yeelwimi kunye ne-philologist, U-Oles wayengumkhosi omkhulu emva kokuphuhliswa kwegrama yase-ukraine. Wayengumbhali wemisebenzi emikhulu kulwimi, kubandakanya Ulwimi lwase-Ukrainian Kwizikolo Eziziiprayimari, kwaye wayelilungu elinempembelelo Kwi-Ukrainian Academy Of Sciences.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi Ukrainian?

Ulwimi lwase-ukraine lulwimi oluthethwa kakhulu Eukraine, apho luthethwa khona njengolwimi lwaseburhulumenteni. Inxulumene ngokusondeleyo Nebelarusian, isipolish kunye nesirashiya kunye nezinye iilwimi Zeslavic. I-alfabhethi yayo ivela Kwi-Cyrillic, kwaye igrama yayo ifana naleyo yezinye iilwimi Zeslavic, kunye nezibizo, izichazi, izenzi kunye nezihlomelo ezineenkcazo ezicacileyo kunye nokudibanisa. Umyalelo wegama ngokuqhelekileyo ngumxholo-isenzi-into, kodwa iyaguquguquka kwaye iyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kugxininiso lwesithethi.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwase-ukraine ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana ulwimi olulungileyo: Qala ngokufumana ikhosi yolwimi elungileyo egxile kulwimi lwaseukraine. Khangela into ebanzi kwaye ikufundisa igrama kunye nesigama solwimi.
2. Thenga iincwadi ezilungileyo zokufunda ulwimi: Iincwadi yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo xa kufikwa ekufundeni ulwimi. Khangela iincwadi ezijolise kulwimi lwaseukraine kungekuphela kwigrama kodwa nakwinkcubeko, imbali kunye nezaci.
3. Ziqhelanise! Eyona ndlela ingcono yokufunda ulwimi kukuluqhelanisa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Khangela ithuba lokuba neencoko kunye nezithethi zomthonyama, nokuba ezikwi-intanethi okanye kwindawo yakho. Mamela unomathotholo waseukraine kwaye ubukele iimovie ZASE-ukraine KUNYE nemiboniso YETV. Oku kuya kukunceda ukuba uqhelane ngakumbi nolwimi kwaye uluqonde ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi.
4. Sebenzisa iiapps kunye neewebhusayithi: zininzi iiapps kunye neewebhusayithi ezinokukunceda uphucule izakhono zakho zolwimi lwaseukraine. Khangela iiforamu ezikwi-intanethi, iibhlog kunye neewebhusayithi ezijolise ekufundiseni isiukraine.
5. Zicwilise: enye yeendlela ezilungileyo zokufunda ulwimi kukuhamba kwaye uzicwilise kwinkcubeko yendawo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ukuba uhambo Oluya Eukraine alukhethi kuwe, zama ukufumana iqela lokuhlangana lendawo okanye inkqubo yokutshintshiselana ngolwimi.