Isiczech I-ukrainian Guqulela

Czech yenye yeelwimi ezininzi umdla ehlabathini. Ithethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-10 kwaye yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko Kwiriphabhlikhi yaseczech. Ukusebenzisa inguqulelo yesiczech kunokuba yindlela entle yokuqinisekisa ukuba ishishini lakho, iwebhusayithi, okanye unxibelelwano lwendawo efanelekileyo ukufikelela kule ntengiso ibalulekileyo.

Ngaphambi kokuba uthathe isigqibo ngenkonzo yokuguqulela yaseczech, kubalulekile ukuqonda ubunzima bokuguqulela ngokuchanekileyo ukusuka eczech. Isiczech lulwimi Lwesislavic, nto leyo ethetha ukuba inesakhiwo sayo esikhethekileyo segrama, oonobumba abohlukeneyo, neziyelelane eziliqela. Oku kuthetha ukuba abaguquleli kufuneka babe nobuchule kulwimi lwesiczech nolwimi ekujoliswe kulo ukuze baguqulele ngempumelelo.

Ukuba ufuna inkonzo ethembekileyo yeenguqulelo, kufuneka ukhangele inkampani enamava kunye nobuchule kulwimi lwesiczech. Kufuneka bakwazi ukunika iinguqulelo ezichanileyo nezifanelekileyo ngokwenkcubeko. Umguquleli olungileyo uya kuba nolwazi olunzulu lwenkcubeko yendawo ukuze bakwazi ukufumana umxholo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba kufanelekile ngokwenkcubeko.

Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuguqulela isiczech. Abaguquleli kufuneka bakwazi ukufumana umyalezo ngokucacileyo nangokuchanekileyo, ngaphandle kokulalanisa ithoni okanye injongo yombhalo wokuqala. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba uguqulelo lukhangelwe ngokuchanekileyo sisithethi somthonyama saseczech ngaphambi kokuba sipapashwe.

Ekugqibeleni, inkonzo elungileyo yokuguqulela yaseczech iya kubonelela ngamaxesha okutshintsha ngokukhawuleza. Ixesha lihlala liyinto ebalulekileyo xa kuziwa ekuhlaleni, ke kuya kufuneka uqiniseke ukuba inkonzo oyikhethayo inokuhambisa kwimihla ebekiweyo ngaphandle kokuncama umgangatho.

Xa kuziwa kwinguqulelo yesiczech, kubalulekile ukufumana inkonzo yobungcali eqonda izinto zolwimi kunye nenkcubeko. Ngenkonzo yokuguqulela efanelekileyo, unokuqinisekisa ukuba umxholo wakho wendawo ngokuchanekileyo, unxibelelene ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye wamkelwe kakuhle ngabantu abathetha isiczech.

Ziziphi iilwimi zesiczech?

Ulwimi lwesiczech ikakhulu luthethwa Kwiriphabhlikhi yaseczech. Kukho nabantu abathetha isiczech Eostriya, Ejamani, Ehungary, Epoland, Eslovakia Naseukraine. Ikwathethwa ngamanani amancinci abantu kwamanye amazwe, Afana Neostreliya, Ikhanada, Icroatia, Ifransi, I-Itali, Iromania, Iserbia, Neunited states.

Ziziphi iilwimi zesiczech?

Ulwimi lwesiczech lulwimi Olusentshona Slavonic, inxalenye yentsapho Yeelwimi Zaseyurophu. Oku kuhambelana kakhulu neslovak kwaye ulwimi olusemthethweni Lweriphabhlikhi yaseczech. Ulwimi luye lwaphenjelelwa kakhulu ngesilatini, isijamani nesipolish ukutyhubela iinkulungwane.
Ubungqina bokuqala bolwimi buqala emva kwinkulungwane ye-10, xa yaqala ukubhalwa kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiczech Republic. Ngelo xesha, ulwimi Lwalubizwa Ngokuba Yi-Bohemian kwaye lwaluthethwa kakhulu kummandla Wasebohemian. Ukutyhubela inkulungwane ye-11 neye-12, yavela Kwicawa Yakudala Islavonic, nangona yayisagcina ezinye iinkalo zolwimi lwantlandlolo.
Ngekhulu le-14, ulwimi lwesiczech lwaqala ukusetyenziswa kwifom ebhaliweyo kwaye inguqu yokuqala yolwimi, eyaziwa Ngokuba Yi-Middle Czech, yavela. Ngeli xesha, ulwimi lwenziwa utshintsho oluninzi ngenxa yempembelelo yesilatini, isijamani nesipolish kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe lwaphuhliswa lwaba yiczech Yanamhlanje.
Ngowe-1882, Ingcali yeelwimi Yesiczech Čeněk Zíbrt yapapasha igrama yakhe yesiczech, eyayisebenza njengesiseko sokumiselwa kwemigangatho yolwimi. Olu lwimi lwadityaniswa kamva phantsi Komthetho Wamaothography wesiczech ka-1943, owaseka ulwimi olubhaliweyo oluqhelekileyo kwiriphabhlikhi yonke yaseczech.
Ukususela ngoko, olu lwimi luye lwaqhubeka lukhula yaye lukhula, yaye namhlanje luthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-9 eczech Republic Naseslovakia.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesiczech?

1. Ujan Hus (malunga no-1369-1415): umguquleli wezenkolo waseczech, isifilosofi, kunye nomhlohli wezakwalizwi Kwiyunivesithi Yasecharles Eprague, Ujan Hus wayenempembelelo enkulu ekuphuhlisweni kolwimi lwesiczech. Ukushumayela kwakhe nemibhalo yakhe enempembelelo yabhalwa ngesiczech yaza yanceda ekuqiniseni isimo sayo njengolwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Ebohemia.
2. Uváclav Hladký (1883-1949): ingcali yeelwimi yesiczech kunye nonjingalwazi Weelwimi Zeslavic Kwiyunivesithi Yasecharles Eprague, Uváclav Hladký wabhala imisebenzi emininzi kulwimi lwesiczech, kuquka Igrama yesiczech Kunye Ne-Orthography. Kwakhona waba negalelo elikhulu Isithethe Ulwimi Czechoslovak State, leyo yamkelwa 1926 kwaye ihlala umgangatho osemthethweni Czech namhlanje.
3. Boženaěmcová (1820-1862): Eyaziwa Kakhulu ngenoveli Yakhe Ubabička( Ugogo), Uboženaěmcová wayengumntu omkhulu kwiczech National Revival movement kwaye phakathi kwababhali bokuqala ukubhala ngokubanzi ngesiczech. Imisebenzi yakhe yaba negalelo ekuveleni kolwimi loncwadi lwesiczech kwaye yanceda ekwandiseni ukusetyenziswa kwalo kuncwadi.
4. Ujosef Jungmann (1773-1847): imbongi kunye nengcali yeelwimi, Ujosef Jungmann waba negalelo ekwakheni ulwimi lwesiczech. Ubizwa ngokuba ukwazisa amagama amaninzi avela kwezinye iilwimi, njengesijamani, isitaliyane nesifrentshi, ngesiczech, kwaye wanceda ukuseka ulwimi lwesiczech njengolwimi loncwadi.
5. Prokop Diviš (1719-1765): i-linguist kunye ne-polyglot, Iprokop Diviš ithathwa njengenye yookhokho beelwimi zaseczech. Wabhala ngokubanzi kwiilwimi zokuthelekisa, igrama, kunye ne-phonology, kwaye uncedwa ekuncedeni ukuguqula ulwimi lwesiczech kwaye lwenze lufaneleke ngakumbi ekubhaleni ngokusemthethweni.

Njani ulwimi lwesiczech?

Ulwimi lwesiczech lulwimi Lwasentshona Slavic, oko kuthetha ukuba lolwentsapho efanayo nezinye iilwimi Zeslavic ezifana nesipolish, islovak nesirashiya. Zineempawu ezahlukileyo ezenza ukuba zahluke kwezinye iilwimi.
Ulwimi lwesiczech lulwimi oluguqukayo, oko kuthetha ukuba amagama atshintsha ifom yabo kuxhomekeke ekusebenzeni kwabo kwisivakalisi. Ikwaqulethe i-agglutination, oko kuthetha ukuba izimaphambili kunye nezimamva zongezwa kumagama ukwenza amagama amatsha okanye ukubonisa intsingiselo. I-Czech inamatyala asixhenxe (ngokwahlukileyo kwisingesi esinezihloko ezimbini, umxholo kunye nento). Amatyala asixhenxe achaphazela izibizo, izimelabizo, izichazi kunye namanani, kwaye abonisa indima yegama kwisivakalisi.
Ekugqibeleni, isiczech lulwimi lwefonetiki, olunembalelwano phakathi kwamagama abhaliweyo nathethwayo. Oku kwenza kube lula ukufunda nokubiza, nangona ngaphandle kokuqonda intsingiselo yamagama.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwesiczech ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda iziseko zegrama yesiczech kunye nokubiza amagama. Zininzi iincwadi kunye nezixhobo ezikwi-intanethi ezifumanekayo ukukunceda ufunde iziseko zolwimi.
2. Ntywila kwisigama. Funda amabinzana aphambili kunye namagama aqhelekileyo asetyenziswa ukuqala ukwakha isiseko sokuqonda.
3. Zicel ' umngeni ngezihloko ezintsonkothileyo. Pholisha ulwimi lwakho oluthethwayo nolubhaliweyo ngokuqhelisela izivakalisi ezintsonkothileyo, iifom zezenzi, kunye namaxesha ahlukeneyo.
4. Mamela izithethi zomthonyama kwaye ubukele iifilimu zangaphandle. Ukuze uphucule ukubiza kwakho kunye nokuqonda ulwimi, jonga imithombo yeendaba efana neenkqubo ZETV,izitishi zerediyo, kunye neepodcasts ukuze uve kwaye uqhelane nesiczech accent kunye nesilang.
5. Chitha ixesha kwilizwe elithetha isiczech. Le yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuzifaka ngokupheleleyo kulwimi nakwinkcubeko. Ukuba oku akunjalo, zama ukuthetha nabantu abathetha isiczech okanye usebenzisane namaqela athetha isiczech okanye uluntu.

I-Ukrainian translation ibalulekile kumashishini amaninzi kunye nemibutho efuna ukunxibelelana nabantu abavela Okanye ngaphakathi E-Ukraine. Kukho uluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo ezikhoyo ukubanceda bafikelele kubaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo, ukusuka kubaguquleli abazimeleyo ukuya kwiinkampani ezikhethekileyo zokuguqulela. Isidingo sokuguqulela i-Ukrainian siyaqhubeka sikhula njengoko uqoqosho lwelizwe kunye nobudlelwane bamanye amazwe buqhubeka banda.

Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu xa kufikwa kwinguqulelo yesiukraine kukufumana umguquleli oneziqinisekiso eziyimfuneko kunye nobuchule bokuguqulela ngokuchanekileyo ukusuka kulwimi lomthombo ukuya kulwimi lwesiukraine. Ukongeza ekubeni nemfundo kuzo zombini iilwimi kunye neelwimi abaziguqulelayo, kufuneka babe nolwazi lwangaphambili kunye namava asebenza kwiiprojekthi zokuguqulela zaseukraine.

Umguquleli kufuneka abe nolwazi kakuhle kwiimpawu zolwimi lwaseukraine kunye naziphi na izingqinisiso zenkcubeko ezinokufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo. Iinguqulelo ezininzi zinokuchaphazeleka yimbali yelizwe, inkcubeko, kunye nemozulu yezopolitiko, ke kubalulekile ukusebenzisa umguquleli owaziyo ulwimi kwaye uyazi ngophuhliso lwamva Nje Eukraine.

Xa kuziwa ekusebenzeni nomguquleli oqeqeshiweyo waseukraine, kubalulekile ukuba ukhethe enye eneenkqubo ezichazwe kakuhle kunye namanyathelo okuqinisekisa umgangatho. Ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo, kuba ukuchaneka kunye nokungaguquguquki kubalulekile kunxibelelwano olusebenzayo. Ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho olungileyo kubandakanya ukujonga uguqulelo rhoqo ngokuchasene nomthombo wokuqala womthombo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba nakuphi na ukungangqinelani kuyaziswa kumguquleli ukuze aguqulelwe kwakhona.

Kwakhona kuluncedo ukusebenzisa inkampani ebonelela ngeenkonzo ezongezelelweyo ezinjengendawo yokuhlala, eqinisekisa ukuba uguqulelo lufanelekile ngokwenkcubeko nangolwimi kubaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo. Oku kuthetha ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwimi lulungelelaniswe nommandla othile, kusetyenziswa iilwimi zasekuhlaleni kunye nemifanekiso apho kuyimfuneko. Ikwaquka ukubonelela ngefomathi efanelekileyo kunye noyilo lobeko ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto eziguqulelweyo zijongeka ngokufanayo nemithombo yomthombo.

Eyona nto iphambili kuyo, inguqulelo yaseukraine imalunga nokudlulisa umyalezo ocetywayo ngokuchanekileyo, ngelixa iqinisekisa ukuba yonke imvakalelo yenkcubeko kunye nomxholo uphela uthathelwa ingqalelo. Ukufumana umguquleli okwaziyo ukwenza oku, kwaye ikwasebenza kwimigangatho ephezulu yobungcali kunye namanyathelo okuqinisekisa umgangatho, kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba ufumana ezona ziphumo zibalaseleyo.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isiukraine?

Ulwimi lwaseukraine luthethwa ikakhulu Eukraine nakwiindawo Zaserashiya, Ebelarus, Emoldova, Epoland, Eslovakia, Ehungary, Eromania nasebulgaria. Ikwasetyenziswa njengolwimi oluncinci Ekazakhstan, Eserbia, Egrisi Nasecroatia.

Ziziphi iilwimi ezisemthethweni zaseukraine?

Ulwimi lwase-ukraine lunembali ende kunye neyinkimbinkimbi yophuhliso. Ulwimi Lwasempuma Slavic, lilungu losapho olufanayo nesirashiya Nesibelarusian. Kuye kwathethwa Eukraine ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-11. Kwinkoliso yembali yayo yayiyinxalenye Yolwimi Lwesislavonic Lwecawa, olusetyenziswa kuncwadi nakwimibhalo yonqulo. Ukutyhubela inkoliso yenkulungwane ye-16 neye-19, yaqhubeka igqalwa njengolwimi lwesirashiya, phezu kwazo nje iimpawu ezithile ezahlukileyo.
Kwada kwafika ngekhulu le-19 ukuba isiukraine saqala ukufumana ukwamkelwa njengolwimi olwahlukileyo, njengenxalenye yokuvuselelwa koncwadi E-Ukraine. Isiseko Ukrainian lanamhlanje yasekwa ngeli xesha. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, isiukraine sasilulwimi lwabemi Abaninzi Baseukraine.
Ngo-1917, I-Ukraine yafumana inkululeko Kwirussia kwaye yamkela i-Ukrainian njengolwimi lwaseburhulumenteni. Oku kwaqalisa ixesha lokubekwa emgangathweni nokuphuhliswa kolwimi, izichazi-magama ezininzi, iincwadi zegrama, nezinto zemfundo ezipapashwayo ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwalo.
Ukususela kwinkululeko yayo kwi-1991, Ukrainian iye yavuka ngakumbi. Iye yaba lulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni lwesizwe, kwaye ifundiswa ngokubanzi ezikolweni kwaye isetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintlobo zonxibelelwano loluntu. Nangona ubukho Russian kwezinye iindawo zelizwe, Ukrainian uhlala ulwimi ephambili Ukraine.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwaseukraine?

1. U-Ivan Kotlyarevsky (1769-1838): Njengomsunguli weencwadi zanamhlanje zase-ukraine, Ukotlyarevsky wabhala inkondlo yokuqala yesizwe e-ukraine, E-Eneyida. Imisebenzi yakhe yanceda ukwandisa kunye nokubeka emgangathweni ulwimi.
2. Utaras Shevchenko (1814-1861): umntu ophambili kuncwadi lwaseukraine kunye nobugcisa, Ushevchenko ngamanye amaxesha ubizwa ngokuba "nguyise wolwimi lwaseukraine". Wayengumxhasi onamandla wokusetyenziswa kwe-Ukrainian kwiincwadi nakwinkcubeko kwaye wabhala inani lemibongo kunye neenoveli ngolwimi.
3. U-Ivan Franko (1856-1916): umbhali onempembelelo Kunye nembongi, Ufranko wabhala eminye yemisebenzi yokuqala yoncwadi lwangoku lwaseukraine. Kwakhona yaseka Ivan Franko National University of lviv, leyo liphuhlise iindlela zemfundo revolution egxininisa ukubaluleka ulwimi Ukrainian.
4. Uvolodymyr Vernadsky (1863-1945): umbhali-mbali obalaseleyo, isithandi sobulumko, kunye nesazi ngejoloji, Uvernadsky wayeyinkokeli ephambili kuphuhliso lwenkcubeko yanamhlanje yaseukraine. Wayengomnye wabasunguli Be-Shevchenko Scientific Society kwaye wabhala iincwadi ezininzi kunye neencoko kwizihloko ze-Ukrainian ngolwimi.
5. U-Oleksandr Oles (1884-1962): ingcali yeelwimi kunye ne-philologist, U-Oles wayengumkhosi omkhulu emva kokuphuhliswa kwegrama yase-ukraine. Wayengumbhali wemisebenzi emikhulu kulwimi, kubandakanya Ulwimi lwase-Ukrainian Kwizikolo Eziziiprayimari, kwaye wayelilungu elinempembelelo Kwi-Ukrainian Academy Of Sciences.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi Ukrainian?

Ulwimi lwase-ukraine lulwimi oluthethwa kakhulu Eukraine, apho luthethwa khona njengolwimi lwaseburhulumenteni. Inxulumene ngokusondeleyo Nebelarusian, isipolish kunye nesirashiya kunye nezinye iilwimi Zeslavic. I-alfabhethi yayo ivela Kwi-Cyrillic, kwaye igrama yayo ifana naleyo yezinye iilwimi Zeslavic, kunye nezibizo, izichazi, izenzi kunye nezihlomelo ezineenkcazo ezicacileyo kunye nokudibanisa. Umyalelo wegama ngokuqhelekileyo ngumxholo-isenzi-into, kodwa iyaguquguquka kwaye iyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kugxininiso lwesithethi.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwase-ukraine ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana ulwimi olulungileyo: Qala ngokufumana ikhosi yolwimi elungileyo egxile kulwimi lwaseukraine. Khangela into ebanzi kwaye ikufundisa igrama kunye nesigama solwimi.
2. Thenga iincwadi ezilungileyo zokufunda ulwimi: Iincwadi yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo xa kufikwa ekufundeni ulwimi. Khangela iincwadi ezijolise kulwimi lwaseukraine kungekuphela kwigrama kodwa nakwinkcubeko, imbali kunye nezaci.
3. Ziqhelanise! Eyona ndlela ingcono yokufunda ulwimi kukuluqhelanisa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Khangela ithuba lokuba neencoko kunye nezithethi zomthonyama, nokuba ezikwi-intanethi okanye kwindawo yakho. Mamela unomathotholo waseukraine kwaye ubukele iimovie ZASE-ukraine KUNYE nemiboniso YETV. Oku kuya kukunceda ukuba uqhelane ngakumbi nolwimi kwaye uluqonde ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi.
4. Sebenzisa iiapps kunye neewebhusayithi: zininzi iiapps kunye neewebhusayithi ezinokukunceda uphucule izakhono zakho zolwimi lwaseukraine. Khangela iiforamu ezikwi-intanethi, iibhlog kunye neewebhusayithi ezijolise ekufundiseni isiukraine.
5. Zicwilise: enye yeendlela ezilungileyo zokufunda ulwimi kukuhamba kwaye uzicwilise kwinkcubeko yendawo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ukuba uhambo Oluya Eukraine alukhethi kuwe, zama ukufumana iqela lokuhlangana lendawo okanye inkqubo yokutshintshiselana ngolwimi.