Urduname Isijamani Guqulela

I-Urdu lulwimi olubalulekileyo oluye lwasetyenziswa kwilizwekazi Laseindiya kangangeenkulungwane. Ithethwa zizigidi zabantu, Zombini Eindiya Nasepakistan, kwaye lulwimi olusemthethweni kuwo omabini la mazwe.

I-Urdu lulwimi Lwase-Indo-Aryan kwaye ineengcambu zayo kuzo zombini isipersi nesiarabhu. Sele iguqukile ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye namhlanje, inokubonwa kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, EZINJE NGE-UK Kunye Nepacific Islands.

Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo, akumangalisi ukuba kukho imfuno enkulu yeenkonzo zokuguqulela I-Urdu. Ayifunwa kuphela yimibutho yeshishini efuna ukunxibelelana nabathengi bayo ngolwimi, kodwa nangabantu abafuna ukuqonda okanye ukuguqulela amaxwebhu E-Urdu.

Kulabo bafuna ukwenza iinguqulelo ngaphakathi nangaphandle Kwe-Urdu, kufuneka bafumane umntu ofanelekileyo okanye i-arhente yokwenza umsebenzi. Oku kuthetha ukufumana umntu oneziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo, amava kunye neziqinisekiso zokubonelela ngeenguqulelo ezisemgangathweni.

Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba umguquleli unolwazi oluhle lwenkcubeko, ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwinguqulelo yokugqibela. Oku kuquka ukuqonda amasiko nezithethe zasekuhlaleni, kwakunye nokuqonda kwemozulu yezopolitiko kumazwe apho ulwimi luthethwa khona.

Enye yezona zinto ziphambili ekuguquleleni Kwe-Urdu kukusetyenziswa kolwimi olufanelekileyo. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba amagama namabinzana asetyenziswe ekuguquleleni achanekile kwaye afanelekile kumongo. Amaxesha amaninzi, abaguquleli kusenokufuneka bathembele kwisibizo okanye kumabinzana aqhelekileyo ukuze badlulisele intsingiselo echanileyo.

Kukwabalulekile ukuba uqaphele indlela ulwimi olubhalwa ngayo. Umzekelo, indlela ebhaliweyo Ye-Urdu isebenzisa iskripthi esahlukileyo kunezinye iilwimi ezininzi. Ngaloo ndlela, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe kwisipelingi kunye negrama yenguqulelo.

Okokugqibela, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele imida yenguqulelo Ye-Urdu. Amaxesha amaninzi, ulwimi kunzima ukuluqonda okanye ukucacisa, kwaye iimpazamo zinokwenziwa ngokulula. Ke ngoko, kuyacetyiswa ukuba usebenze nomguquleli onamava onokubonelela ngeenguqulelo ezisemgangathweni.

Ukuqukumbela, uguqulelo Lwe-Urdu ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo nobunzima ofuna izakhono ezifanelekileyo kunye namava. Abo bafuna ukusebenzisa ezi nkonzo kufuneka bahlale beqinisekisa ukuba basebenzisa umntu ofanelekileyo okanye iarhente ukwenza umsebenzi. Ngendlela efanelekileyo, inokuba yindlela elungileyo yokunceda ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kweenkcubeko ezimbini kunye neelwimi.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwesiurdu?

I-Urdu lulwimi olusemthethweni Epakistan Naseindiya kwaye kuthethwa ngokubanzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, kubandakanya Ibangladesh, Nepal, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Qatar, Nasebahrain.

Ziziphi iilwimi Ze-Urdu?

I-Urdu lulwimi lwesizwe Lwasepakistan kunye nolunye lweelwimi ezingama-23 ezisemthethweni zaseindiya, kunye nokuthethwa ngokubanzi kwiindawo Zaseafghanistan Nasebangladesh. Kukholelwa ukuba uvela kwiqela leelwimi Zase-Indo-Aryan, ngokuqhelekileyo kubhalwe kwiskripthi sesiarabhu esinempembelelo ebalulekileyo evela kwisipersi, isiarabhu nesiturkey. Imvelaphi yolwimi ayiqinisekanga, kodwa kukholelwa ukuba yavela kwingingqi Yasedelhi ngekhulu le-13 CE kwaye yayiphenjelelwa kakhulu yinkcubeko kunye nezopolitiko zelizwekazi Laseindiya. Ngexesha Lobukhosi Basemughal, I-Urdu yaphuhliswa ngakumbi, yandisa impembelelo yayo Enyakatho Yeindiya, kwaye yathatha amagama kunye namabinzana kwiilwimi ezininzi ezithethwa zizifundo zobukhosi. Ngekhulu le-19 CE, I-Urdu yaba yilwimi enkulu yokubhala, esetyenziselwa izibongo kunye nezinye iindlela zokubhala. Emva kwesahlulo sase-India kwi-1947, I-Urdu yaba lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasepakistan, apho isasetyenziswa ngokukhutheleyo namhlanje.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesiurdu?

1. Allama Iqbal 2. Mirza Ghalib 3. Sir Syed Khan 4. Muhammad Hussain Aze 5. Ifaiz Ahmed Faiz

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi Urdu?

Isakhiwo solwimi Lwe-Urdu sisekelwe kwisihloko-into-isenzi igama elithi umyalelo. Inesigama esityebileyo kunye nokuboleka okuninzi okuvela kwisipersi, isiarabhu Nesichagatai, kubandakanya ezinye iilwimi ezinje Ngesihindi. Ulwimi lunobudlelwane obuqinileyo Nesihindustani kwaye lwabelana ngeempawu ezithile zolwimi kunye nalo, njengenkqubo yalo eyahlukileyo yezikhamiso, equlathe ii-morphemes ezimbini kwisikhamiso ngasinye. Izibizo kunye nezichazi zithuthukiswa ngenani, isini, ityala kunye nokuchazwa, ngelixa izenzi zithuthukiswa kumntu kunye nenani. Kukho ezinye izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kwigrama, okwenza I-Urdu ulwimi olunomdla ukufunda nokuqonda.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwesiurdu ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana utitshala ohloniphekileyo We-Urdu okanye ikhosi: Khangela utitshala onamava okanye ikhosi eyamkelwa ngumbutho ohloniphekileyo njengebhunga Lasemelika Lootitshala Beelwimi Zangaphandle (ACTFL).
2. Funda i-Urdu literature: Ukufunda iincwadi ze-classical kunye nezangoku Ze-Urdu ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokufunda ulwimi kwaye kunokukunceda wakhe isigama sakho kunye nokuqonda ulwimi.
3. Mamela izithethi zomthonyama Ze-Urdu: Ukuziqhelanisa nokuphulaphula I-Urdu yindlela enkulu yokuqhelana nolwimi kunye nokubiza kwalo. Jonga iipodcasts, iividiyo Zeyoutube kunye nokurekhodwa komsindo okubonisa izithethi zomthonyama Zeurdu.
4. Ukuziqhelanisa nokuthetha: eyona ndlela yokufunda ulwimi kukuziqhelanisa nokuthetha nabanye abantu. Ukuba awunayo ukufikelela Kwizithethi zomthonyama Zesiurdu, ungasebenzisa iiforamu zotshintshiselwano ngolwimi kwi-intanethi ukufumana amaqabane encoko.
5. Sebenzisa iiapps kunye neewebhusayithi: Iiapps kunye neewebhusayithi ezifana Neduolingo, Amathontsi Kunye Nememrise zizixhobo ezibalaseleyo zokufunda iilwimi ezintsha. Baya umsebenzi ezininzi quizzes, exercises kwaye imidlalo ukuba unako ukunceda wena mfundisi ulwimi.

Ukuba ufuna indlela yokunxibelelana nabathengi bamanye amazwe, okanye ukuba ufuna uncedo ekuguquleleni uxwebhu olubalulekileyo ukusuka kwisijamani ukuya kwisingesi, iinkonzo zokuguqulela isijamani zinokunceda. Isijamani yindlela ebalulekileyo ulwimi Kwi-Yurophu, zombini kuba ushishino kwaye personal unxibelelwano. Kuthethwa zizigidi zabantu Ejamani, Eostriya, Eswitzerland Naseluxembourg, nakwezinye iindawo zasebelgium, Eitali, Efransi nakwamanye amazwe. Ngenxa yoko, iinkonzo zokuguqulela zasejamani zifunwa kakhulu.

Xa kuziwa kwiinkonzo zokuguqulela zesijamani, kukho izinto ezininzi ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Okokuqala, kufuneka uthathe isigqibo malunga nenjongo yokuguqulela kwaye ukhethe umboneleli wenkonzo yokuguqulela. Umzekelo, uxwebhu olusemthethweni luya kufuna uhlobo olwahlukileyo lokuguqulela kunephepha lasekhaya kwiwebhusayithi. Umguquleli oguqulelayo kufuneka abe nakho ukubonelela abaguquleli abanamava kuhlobo oluthile lokuguqulela olifunayo. Kukwabalulekile ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kokuguqulelwa kunye nokufumaneka kwendawo. Inguqulelo ibandakanya ukudlulisela ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo yombhalo ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye, ngelixa ulwakhiwo lwasekhaya luthathela ingqalelo umahluko wengingqi kunye nenkcubeko onokuthi uhambelane noguqulelo.

Xa ukhetha umguquleli wasejamani, kubalulekile ukuba ukhangele umntu onamava okuguqulela amaxwebhu ukusuka kwisijamani ukuya kwisingesi. Iinkonzo zokuguqulela ngobuchule kufuneka zibandakanye ukuhlolwa okusisiseko kunye nokuhlelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba uxwebhu oluguqulelweyo luchanekile, lucacile, kwaye luhambelana nomthombo wokuqala. Xa ukhetha umboneleli wenkonzo yokuguqulela, kubalulekile ukujonga izingqinisiso kunye neziqinisekiso, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba umguquleli uqhelene neelwimi zesijamani kunye ne-colloquialisms.

Xa kuziwa ekuguquleleni amaxwebhu asejamani, kubalulekile ukuba unikele ingqalelo kuzo naziphi na iimfuno zokufomatha. Ukuba uxwebhu lubandakanya ukufomatha okukhethekileyo, njengetafile kunye noluhlu, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba zifomathiwe ngokufanelekileyo kwinguqulelo. Oku kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi luboniswa ngokucacileyo nangokusemthethweni kwinguqulelo eguqulelweyo.

Ngokuthatha ixesha lokukhetha iinkonzo zokuguqulela zasejamani, amashishini angaqinisekisa ukuba amaxwebhu abo aguqulelwe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye aphephe iimpazamo ezibizayo. Abaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo abanamava kwi-German-English translation banokunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaxwebhu aguqulelwe ngokucacileyo nangokuchanekileyo, ekuncedeni ukuququzelela unxibelelwano olusebenzayo kunye nabathengi bamanye amazwe kunye namaqabane.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isijamani?

Isijamani lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasejamani, Iaustria, Iswitzerland, Iliechtenstein, Iluxembourg, Nomzantsi Tyrol Eitali. Ikwayilwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Ebelgium (Kwingingqi Yeflemish), Kumantla Erhine-Westphalia, nakwezinye iindawo zasejamani. Isijamani sikwathethwa kwimimandla Yasempuma Yurophu, njengealsace Nelorraine Efransi, amaphondo athile Asepoland, Emzantsi Jutland Edenmark, Esilesia Kwiriphabliki yaseczech, neminye imimandla yomda Enetherlands Nasehungary. Ukongezelela, isijamani lulwimi oluthethwa ngabantu abambalwa kwiindawo Ezithile Eitali, Eromania, Ekazakhstan Nasenamibia.

Yintoni imbali yesijamani?

Ulwimi lwasejamani luyinxalenye Yentsapho Ye-Indo-European kwaye yenye yeelwimi ezindala Eyurophu. Kukholelwa ukuba ivela Kwiproto-Germanic, ulwimi lwakudala oluthethwa ngabantu Basejamani Basenyakatho Yurophu. Ngenkulungwane yesi-2 AD, yayisele ikhule yaba ziilwimi ezahlukeneyo, ezaqhubeka nokuvela ukutyhubela iinkulungwane.
Ngenkulungwane ye-9, izizwe Zasejamani zazimanyene phantsi Kwecharlemagne kwaye ulwimi lwazo lwaqala ukubonakala njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokunxibelelana. Kwinkulungwane ye-11th, iintlobo ezimbini Endala High German kwavela njengolwimi oluphambili uncwadi, uncwadi, nenkcubeko; Eliphakathi Eliphezulu German kwimimandla ephezulu Irhine Kunye Upper Saxony, Kunye Upper German Ebavaria Naseostriya.
Ngenkulungwane ye-14, ukuveliswa kokushicilela nokunyuka komatshini wokushicilela kwanceda ekumiseleni umgangatho wolwimi kwaza kwakhokelela ekupapashweni kwemisebenzi efana "Nomthetho Kagrimm," owamisela imithetho yokubhala nokuthetha ulwimi.
Ngexesha lokuhlola nokukhanyisa, ukuphuhliswa kwesijamani sanamhlanje kwaqala ngokuqaliswa kwesigama esitsha kunye negrama elula. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, ulwimi lwesijamani lwahlanganiswa, kunye Nolwimi Oluphakathi Noluphezulu lwesijamani lube lulwimi olusemthethweni lwelizwe. Ulwimi luyaqhubeka nokuphuhlisa kwaye luguquke namhlanje kwaye lolunye lweelwimi ezithethwa kakhulu kwihlabathi.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwasejamani?

1. Umartin Luther (1483-1546): Umartin Luther wayenoxanduva lokudala isiseko solwimi lwangoku lwesijamani ngokuguqulela Ibhayibhile kwisijamani kunye nokuphuhlisa uhlobo olutsha lokubhala olusebenzisa iziyelelane ezimbini eziphambili zasejamani ngelo xesha: Ijamani Ephezulu Kunye Ne-Lower Saxon. Impembelelo yakhe isavakalelwa namhlanje kulwakhiwo kunye nopelo lolwimi lwasejamani.
2. Ujohann Wolfgang Von Goethe (1749-1832): Ugoethe wayeyimbongi edumileyo, umbhali wokudlala, kunye nomlobi wenoveli owayesebenza ukumanyanisa iilwimi ezahlukeneyo zesijamani kulwimi olunye olumiselweyo. Waqulunqa amagama amaninzi asejamani afana ne" schadenfreude", "weltschmerz", kunye ne "landsknecht". Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, imisebenzi yakhe isafundwa zizithethi zasejamani kwihlabathi liphela.
3. Uheinrich Himmler (1900-1945): Uhimmler wayeligosa Elinempembelelo Yamanazi elalinegalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lolwimi lwasejamani. Wayedume ngokuqulunqa amagama amatsha kunye nokunika abantu abadala iintsingiselo ezintsha ukuqinisekisa ukuba zihambelana neengcamango Zamanazi, ngaloo ndlela ziqinisekisa ukuba ziya kuhlala ixesha elide nangemva kokuwa kolawulo.
4. U-Ulrich Ammon (1937-2006): U-Ammon wayengumlimi ofunda ukuphuhliswa kolwimi lwasejamani ngokuhamba kwexesha. Wabhala iincwadi zegrama kunye neencwadi zezifundo, wasungula umbutho Wedeutsche Sprache e. V, kwaye wakhonza njengomongameli Wombutho Wophando Lwezenzululwazi Kunye Namaxwebhu Olwimi lwasejamani ukusuka ngo-1982-2006.
5. Fritz (Frederic) Kempe (1945-): Kempe yi ulwimi isijamani othe wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo ulwimi isijamani, ingakumbi ngokwemiqathango syntax. Wabhala iincwadi ezininzi kwi-syntax yesijamani kwaye iingcamango zakhe ziye zaba nefuthe elikhulu kwindlela ulwimi lwesijamani olufundiswa ngayo ezikolweni.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi German?

Ulwimi lwesijamani lunokuchazwa njengolwimi oluqhelekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba isebenzisa izinto zombini zeelwimi zokuhlalutya kunye nezenziweyo, ezibangela ukuhlanganiswa kwayo, ubuninzi kunye nokuchasana okwenziwa ngokudibanisa iinxalenye ezininzi zamagama. Ukongeza, isijamani sinamatyala amane aphambili (ukutyunjwa, ukutyholwa, i-dative, kunye ne-genitive), kwaye izenzi zidibaniswa ngokomntu, inombolo, kunye nomoya.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwasejamani ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Zifake Ngokwakho: eyona ndlela ukufunda isijamani kukuba immerse ngokwakho kuyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Yenza umzamo wokunxibelelana ngesijamani nabantu, ubukele umabonwakude wasejamani kunye neefilimu, kwaye umamele unomathotholo wasejamani. Chitha ixesha kunye nezithethi zomthonyama zasejamani kwaye uzibandakanye neengxoxo kunye nabo ngesijamani.
2. Fumana Incwadi Elungileyo yesijamani: incwadi elungileyo yesikhokelo inokukunceda ngegrama kunye nesigama, kwaye inokukunika imithambo yokuziqhelanisa nezinto ozifundayo.
3. Sebenzisa Indlela Yakho Yokubiza: ukubizwa kwamagama kungundoqo ekuqondeni. Njengoko ufunda amagama amatsha kunye namabinzana, qiniseka ukuba uqhelisela ukubiza kwakho de uzive uqinisekile ngayo.
4. Sebenzisa Izixhobo Ezikwi-Intanethi: zininzi izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi zokukunceda ufunde isijamani. Khangela iiwebhusayithi kunye neeapps ezibonelela ngemithambo esebenzisanayo, ukurekhodwa kweaudiyo yezithethi zomthonyama zasejamani, kunye nezinye izixhobo zokukunceda ufunde kwaye uziqhelanise.
5. Sebenzisa Itekhnoloji: kukho zonke iintlobo zeapps, iipodcasts, kunye nezinye izixhobo ezisekwe kubuchwephesha ukukunceda uphucule izakhono zakho zolwimi. Zama ukusebenzisa enye okanye ezingaphezulu kwezi rhoqo, ukuze izifundo zakho zolwimi ziqinise iteknoloji.
6. Joyina Inkqubo Yokutshintshiselana Ngolwimi: iinkqubo zokutshintshiselana Ngeelwimi ngamathuba amahle okuziqhelanisa nokuthetha nezithethi zasejamani zomthonyama kunye nokuphucula ukubiza kwakho.