Amahebhere Esperantoname Guqulela

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje Kuye Kwanda Imfuneko Yabaguquleli besihebhere

Imfuno yenguqulelo yesihebhere iya isanda, njengoko amashishini amaninzi ngakumbi efuna iinkonzo ukuvala umqobo wolwimi phakathi kwabo kunye nemibutho yamaqabane aphesheya kolwandle. Kwixesha elidluleyo, oku kwakupheleliselwe ekuguqulelweni kweendinyana zonqulo, kodwa ihlabathi lanamhlanje liye landa kakhulu kunxibelelwano lwenkcubeko, olukhokelela kwimfuno engakumbi yabaguquleli besihebhere.

Njengolunye lweelwimi ezindala emhlabeni, isihebhere siyintsonkothile kwaye sibhetyebhetye kakhulu. Ikwayilwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Lakwasirayeli, isenza ukuba kubaluleke ngakumbi kumashishini ehlabathi ukuba akwazi ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zokuguqulela zesihebhere ezinokuthenjwa. Ngezithethi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezili-9 kwihlabathi liphela, akukho kunqongophala kwabathengi abanokufuna uncedo lokuguqulela amaxwebhu abo, iiwebhusayithi, ii-apps, okanye ii-imeyile ukusuka okanye ukuya kwisihebhere.

Noko ke, ngenxa yokuntsonkotha kwayo, inguqulelo yesihebhere inokuba ngumsebenzi onzima. Umguquleli akafanele aphelele nje ngokutyibilikayo kulwimi lwakhe kuphela, kodwa umele azazi izinto ezifihlakeleyo neziyeleleneyo ezisetyenziswa ziinkcubeko nemimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, igrama yesihebhere yahluke kakhulu kwisingesi, ke umguquleli kufuneka aqhelane nazo zombini ukuze adlulisele ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo yombhalo wantlandlolo.

Ngethamsanqa, abaguquleli besihebhere abanamava bafumaneka ehlabathini lonke. Nokuba ufuna umguquleli ozinikeleyo ukuba ancede kwiinkqubo zakho zeshishini zamanye amazwe, okanye umntu oza kukunceda ngenguqulelo yoxwebhu lwexesha elinye, unokufumana ingcali efanelekileyo enokukunceda.

Ukusuka kwezomthetho nezonyango ukusa kwezezimali nakwezamasiko, ubuchule bokuguqulela isihebhere bunokuvulela amathuba amaninzi anengeniso. Njengoko imfuno yeenkonzo zokuguqulela iqhubeka ikhula, ngokunjalo nemfuno yabaguquleli abasemgangathweni kule nkalo. Iingcali ezinamava ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kufumana umsebenzi omninzi, ngelixa abo batsha ekuguquleleni banokuzuza kwimfuno ekhulayo ngokwandisa ubuchule babo.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isihebhere?

Isihebhere sithethwa Kwasirayeli, eunited States, Ekhanada, Efransi Naseargentina. Ukongeza, isetyenziselwa iinjongo zonqulo kwamanye amazwe amaninzi, kubandakanya I-United Kingdom, Ijamani, Isweden Nebulgaria.

Iyintoni imbali yesihebhere?

Ulwimi lwesihebhere lunembali yamandulo kunye nebali. Yenye yeelwimi ezindala emhlabeni kwaye iyinxalenye yesazisi kunye nenkcubeko Yamayuda. Kukholelwa ukuba uhlobo lokuqala lwesihebhere lwaphuhliswa kwindawo Yasepalestina ngekhulu le-12 BCE. Isihebhere sasilulwimi oluphambili Lwamasirayeli ebudeni bexesha Lokubhalwa Kwebhayibhile, yaye kamva saba lulwimi loncwadi Loorabhi nomthandazo.
Ngexesha lokuthinjwa Kwamabhabhiloni ukususela ngo-586-538 BCE, Amayuda amkela iimali-mboleko Ze-Akkadian. Emva kokuwa Kwetempile yesibini ngo-70 CE, isihebhere saqala ukuhla ngokukhawuleza ekusebenziseni kwansuku zonke, kwaye ulwimi oluthethwayo luye lwaguquka ngokuthe ngcembe kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo, Ezifana Nesiyuda Sasepalestina Aramaic Kunye Neyiddish. Ukusetyenziswa kwesihebhere kwavuselelwa ngenkulungwane ye-19 ngokuzalwa kwengcamango Yeziyon kunye nokusekwa Kwelizwe lakwasirayeli lanamhlanje ngo-1948. Namhlanje, isihebhere sithetha ngezigidi zabantu Kwasirayeli nakwihlabathi liphela.

Ngoobani abantu aba-5 abaphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesihebhere?

1. U-Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (1858-1922): Owaziwa ngokuba "Nguyise Wesihebhere samanje," Uben-Yehuda waba negalelo ekuvuseleleni ulwimi lwesihebhere, olwaluphelile njengolwimi oluthethwayo. Wadala isichazi-magama sokuqala sesihebhere, waqulunqa inkqubo yokupela kunye neencwadi ezininzi zokunceda ukusasaza ulwazi lolwimi.
2. Umoses Mendelssohn (1729-1786): Umyuda wasejamani ochazwa ngokwazisa isihebhere kunye nenkcubeko Yamayuda kubantu abathetha isijamani ngokubanzi. Ukuguqulelwa Kwakhe Kwetorah ukusuka kwisihebhere ukusa kwisijamani kwazisa le nguqulelo kubaphulaphuli abaninzi kwaza kwakhuthaza ukwamkelwa kwesihebhere Eyurophu.
3. U-Hayim Nachman Bialik (1873-1934): imbongi engumsirayeli kunye nomphengululi, Ubialik wayengumxhasi omkhulu wesihebhere kunye nokudala isithethe esityebileyo soncwadi lwesihebhere. Wabhala imisebenzi emininzi yeklasikhi kulwimi kwaye wazisa amagama amatsha esihebhere kunye namabinzana aqhelekileyo asetyenziswa namhlanje.
4. Uezra Ben-Yehuda (1858-1922): Unyana Kaeliyezere, lo mbhali wolwimi nombhali wesichazi-magama wathabatha umsebenzi kayise waza waqhubeka nawo. Wadala ithesaurus yokuqala yesihebhere, wabhala ngokubanzi ngegrama yesihebhere, kwaye wabhala ngokubambisana iphephandaba lokuqala lesihebhere.
5. Uchaim Nachman Bialik (1873-1934): Umntakwabo Hayim, Uchaim naye waba negalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesihebhere. Wayengumhlalutyi woncwadi owaziwayo, egxeka uncwadi lwesihebhere yaye ephuhlisa ilayibrari yembekiselo yesihebhere. Kwakhona wayenoxanduva lokuguqulela imisebenzi yeklasikhi ukusuka kwiilwimi Zaseyurophu ukuya kwisihebhere.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi lwesihebhere?

Ulwimi lwesihebhere lulwimi Lwamasemitic kwaye lulandela inkqubo yokubhala ye-abjad. Kubhaliwe ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo, kusetyenziswa oonobumba besihebhere. Igama elisisiseko lesivakalisi sesihebhere sisenzi-isihloko-into. Izibizo, izichazi, izibhengezo, kunye nezihlomelo zichaphazeleka ngenxa yesini, inombolo, kunye/okanye ilifa. Izenzi zidibaniswa nomntu, inombolo, isini, uxinzelelo, imood kunye nomba.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwesihebhere ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngealfabhethi. Zive ukhululekile ukufunda, ukubhala nokubhala iileta. 2. Funda iziseko zegrama yesihebhere. Qala ngokudibanisa izenzi kunye nokuhla kwesibizo. 3. Yakha isigama sakho. Funda amagama asisiseko afana neentsuku zeveki, iinyanga, amanani, amabinzana aqhelekileyo kunye namabinzana. 4. Ziqhelise ukuthetha isihebhere nesithethi somthonyama. Ukuncokola yenye yeendlela ezilungileyo zokufunda! 5. Funda iincwadi zesihebhere uze ubukele iividiyo zesihebhere ezinemibhalo engezantsi. 6. Mamela umculo wesihebhere kunye nokurekhodwa komsindo. 7. Sebenzisa izibonelelo zesihebhere ezikwi-intanethi. Zininzi iiwebhusayithi eziluncedo kunye neeapps zokufunda isihebhere. 8. Yenza isihebhere sibe yinxalenye yobomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. Ukubandakanya ulwimi kwimihla ngemihla kuya kukunceda ukuba uluthathe ngokukhawuleza.

I-Esperanto lulwimi lwamazwe aphesheya olwakhiwe ngo-1887 Ngugqirha Ll Zamenhof, ugqirha ozelwe epoland kunye nengcali yeelwimi. Yenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukuqonda kwamazwe aphesheya kunye nonxibelelwano lwamanye amazwe, kwaye ibe lulwimi lwesibini olusebenzayo kubantu abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Namhlanje, I-Esperanto ithetha ngabantu abazizigidi ezininzi kumazwe angaphezu kwe-100, kwaye isetyenziswa yimibutho emininzi yezizwe ngezizwe njengolwimi olusebenzayo.

Igrama Yase-Esperanto ithathwa njengento elula kakhulu, eyenza kube lula ukufunda kunezinye iilwimi. Oku kwenza ukuba kube lula ngakumbi ukuguqulela. Ukongeza, I-Esperanto yamkelwa ngokubanzi kwaye iqondwa, ivumela ukuba isetyenziswe kwiiprojekthi zokuguqulela eziya kufuna iilwimi ezininzi.

Inguqulelo ye-Esperanto inendawo ekhethekileyo kwihlabathi lokuguqulela. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iinguqulelo, ezidalwe zizithethi zomthonyama zolwimi ekujoliswe kulo, inguqulelo Ye-Esperanto ixhomekeke kwiitoliki ezinolwazi oluhle zombini I-Esperanto kunye nolwimi lomthombo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abaguquleli akufuneki babe zizithethi zomthonyama zolwimi ukuze baguqulele ngokuchanekileyo.

Xa uguqulela ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya Esperanto, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwimi lomthombo lumelwe ngokuchanekileyo kuguqulelo olunesiphumo. Oku kunokuba ngumceli mngeni, njengoko ezinye iilwimi ziqulathe amabinzana, amagama, kunye neengcamango ezingaguqulelwanga ngokuthe ngqo Kwi-Esperanto. Uqeqesho olulodwa kunye nobuchule bunokufuneka ukuqinisekisa ukuba le miba yolwimi lwantlandlolo ichazwe ngokufanelekileyo kwinguqulelo Yesi-Esperanto.

Ukongezelela, ekubeni I-Esperanto ayinayo i-concepts okanye amagama athile, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa i-circumcution ukuchaza ezi ngcamango ngokucacileyo nangokuchanekileyo. Le yenye indlela yokuba inguqulelo Ye-Esperanto yahluke kakhulu kwiinguqulelo ezenziwa kwezinye iilwimi, apho ibinzana elifanayo okanye ingqiqo inokuba nokulingana ngokuthe ngqo.

Ngokubanzi, inguqulelo Ye-Esperanto sisixhobo esahlukileyo nesiluncedo ekukhuthazeni ukuqonda kunye nonxibelelwano lwamanye amazwe. Ngokuxhomekeka kwiitoliki ngokuqonda okunzulu kolwimi lomthombo kunye Ne-Esperanto, iinguqulelo zinokugqitywa ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo. Okokugqibela, ngokusebenzisa i-circumcution ukuchaza iikhonsepthi ezinzima kunye nezaci, abaguquleli banokuqinisekisa ukuba intsingiselo yolwimi lomthombo idluliselwa ngokuchanekileyo kwinguqulelo Ye-Esperanto.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwe-Esperanto?

I-Esperanto ayilulo ulwimi oluvunyiweyo ngokusemthethweni kulo naliphi na ilizwe. Kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga nabantu abazizigidi ezi-2 kwihlabathi liphela banokuthetha I-Esperanto, ke kuthethwa kumazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela. Ithethwa kakhulu kumazwe afana Nejamani, Ijapan, Ipoland, Ibrazil Netshayina.

Luluphi ulwimi Oluthethwa Yi-Esperanto?

I-Esperanto lulwimi lwamazwe aphesheya olwakhiwe ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 yi-ophthalmologist Yasepoland Ull Zamenhof. Injongo yakhe yayikukuyila ulwimi oluya kuba yibhulorho esetyenziswa ngokubanzi phakathi kweenkcubeko, iilwimi kunye nobuzwe. Wakhetha ulwimi olulula, awayekholelwa ukuba kuya kuba lula ukulufunda kuneelwimi ezikhoyo.
Uzamenhof wapapasha incwadi yokuqala ngolwimi lwakhe, " Unua Libro "("Incwadi Yokuqala"), ngojulayi 26, 1887 phantsi kwegama elingugqirha Esperanto (elithetha "lowo unethemba"). I-Esperanto yasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yaba yintshukumo yezizwe ngezizwe. Ngeli xesha, imisebenzi emininzi enzulu nefundileyo yabhalwa ngolwimi. I-International Congress yaqala ngo-1905 Efransi.
Ngomnyaka we-1908, I-Universal Esperanto Association (I-UEA) yasungulwa ngenjongo yokukhuthaza ulwimi kunye nokuqhubela phambili ukuqonda kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, Amazwe aliqela amkela Iesperanto njengolwimi lwawo olusemthethweni oluncedisayo yaye kwasekwa imibutho emitsha eliqela ehlabathini lonke.
Imfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibili yabangela ubunzima ekuphuhlisweni Kwe-Esperanto, kodwa ayizange ife. Ngo-1954, I-UEA yamkela Isibhengezo Saseboulogne, esabeka imigaqo esisiseko kunye neenjongo Ze-Esperanto. Oku kwalandelwa kukwamkelwa Kwesibhengezo Samalungelo E-Esperanto ngo-1961.
Namhlanje, Iesperanto ithetha ngabantu abangamawaka aliqela ehlabathini lonke, ngokuyintloko njengomdlalo wokuzonwabisa, nangona eminye imibutho isakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengolwimi olusebenzisekayo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Ngoobani abona bantu ba-5 baphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwase-Esperanto?

1. Ludoviko Zamenhof-Umdali Wolwimi Lwe-Esperanto.
2. Uwilliam Auld-imbongi yasescotland kunye nombhali owabhala inkondlo yeklasi "Adiaŭ" E-Esperanto, kunye neminye imisebenzi emininzi ngolwimi.
3. U-Humphrey Tonkin-unjingalwazi wasemelika kunye nowayesakuba ngumongameli We-Universal Esperanto Association obhale ngaphezulu kweencwadi ezilishumi E-Esperanto.
4. Unkulunkulu uqobo lwakhe, oyingqayizivele i izwi lesishiyagalolunye Izwi lesishiyagalolunye Unkulunkulu uqobo lwakhe, oyingqayizivele i Izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili
5. Probal Dasgupta-umbhali Waseindiya, umhleli kunye nomguquleli owabhala incwadi ecacileyo kwigrama Ye-Esperanto, "Igrama Entsha Eyenziwe Lula Ye-Esperanto". Kwakhona unikwe ithuba lokuvuselela ulwimi Lwase-Indiya.

Luluphi ulwimi Oluthethwa Yi-Esperanto?

I-Esperanto lulwimi olwakhiwe ngabom, oko kuthetha ukuba lwenzelwe ngabom ukuba lube sesikweni, lube sengqiqweni kwaye lube lula ukulufunda. Lulwimi oluguqukayo oluthetha ukuba amagama amatsha ayenziwa ngokudibanisa iingcambu kunye nezihlanganisi, esenza ukuba ulwimi lube lula ngakumbi ukufunda kuneelwimi zendalo. Umyalelo wayo osisiseko ulandela indlela efanayo yeelwimi Ezininzi Zaseyurophu: isihloko-isenzi-into (SVO). Igrama ilula kakhulu njengoko kungekho nqaku eliqinisekileyo okanye elingapheliyo kwaye akukho mahluko wesini kwizibizo. Akukho zitenxo, oko kuthetha ukuba xa ufunda imigaqo, unokuyisebenzisa kulo naliphi na igama.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lwe-Esperanto ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda iziseko zolwimi Lwase-Esperanto. Funda iziseko zegrama, isigama, kunye nokubiza amagama. Zininzi izibonelelo zasimahla kwi-intanethi, Ezinje Ngeduolingo, Lernu, Kunye Ne-La Lingvo Internacia.
2. Sebenzisa ulwimi. Thetha Kwi-Esperanto kunye nezithethi zomthonyama okanye kuluntu Lwe-Esperanto ekwi-intanethi. Xa kunokwenzeka, yiya kwimisitho Yase-Esperanto nakwiindibano zocweyo. Oku kuya kukunceda ufunde ulwimi ngendlela yendalo ngakumbi kwaye ufumane ingxelo kwizithethi ezinamava.
3. Funda iincwadi uze ubukele iifilimu Esperanto. Oku kuya kukunceda uphuhlise ukuqonda kwakho ulwimi kwaye kukunceda wakhe isigama sakho.
4. Fumana iqabane lencoko okanye uthathe ikhosi Ye-Esperanto. Ukuba nomntu onokuziqhelanisa nolwimi rhoqo kuyindlela entle yokufunda.
5. Sebenzisa ulwimi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Eyona ndlela yokufumana ulwimi lwakho kukulusebenzisa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Nokuba uncokola nabahlobo okanye ubhala ii-imeyile, sebenzisa I-Esperanto kangangoko unako.