Amahebhere Sundanese Guqulela

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje Kuye Kwanda Imfuneko Yabaguquleli besihebhere

Imfuno yenguqulelo yesihebhere iya isanda, njengoko amashishini amaninzi ngakumbi efuna iinkonzo ukuvala umqobo wolwimi phakathi kwabo kunye nemibutho yamaqabane aphesheya kolwandle. Kwixesha elidluleyo, oku kwakupheleliselwe ekuguqulelweni kweendinyana zonqulo, kodwa ihlabathi lanamhlanje liye landa kakhulu kunxibelelwano lwenkcubeko, olukhokelela kwimfuno engakumbi yabaguquleli besihebhere.

Njengolunye lweelwimi ezindala emhlabeni, isihebhere siyintsonkothile kwaye sibhetyebhetye kakhulu. Ikwayilwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Lakwasirayeli, isenza ukuba kubaluleke ngakumbi kumashishini ehlabathi ukuba akwazi ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zokuguqulela zesihebhere ezinokuthenjwa. Ngezithethi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezili-9 kwihlabathi liphela, akukho kunqongophala kwabathengi abanokufuna uncedo lokuguqulela amaxwebhu abo, iiwebhusayithi, ii-apps, okanye ii-imeyile ukusuka okanye ukuya kwisihebhere.

Noko ke, ngenxa yokuntsonkotha kwayo, inguqulelo yesihebhere inokuba ngumsebenzi onzima. Umguquleli akafanele aphelele nje ngokutyibilikayo kulwimi lwakhe kuphela, kodwa umele azazi izinto ezifihlakeleyo neziyeleleneyo ezisetyenziswa ziinkcubeko nemimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, igrama yesihebhere yahluke kakhulu kwisingesi, ke umguquleli kufuneka aqhelane nazo zombini ukuze adlulisele ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo yombhalo wantlandlolo.

Ngethamsanqa, abaguquleli besihebhere abanamava bafumaneka ehlabathini lonke. Nokuba ufuna umguquleli ozinikeleyo ukuba ancede kwiinkqubo zakho zeshishini zamanye amazwe, okanye umntu oza kukunceda ngenguqulelo yoxwebhu lwexesha elinye, unokufumana ingcali efanelekileyo enokukunceda.

Ukusuka kwezomthetho nezonyango ukusa kwezezimali nakwezamasiko, ubuchule bokuguqulela isihebhere bunokuvulela amathuba amaninzi anengeniso. Njengoko imfuno yeenkonzo zokuguqulela iqhubeka ikhula, ngokunjalo nemfuno yabaguquleli abasemgangathweni kule nkalo. Iingcali ezinamava ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kufumana umsebenzi omninzi, ngelixa abo batsha ekuguquleleni banokuzuza kwimfuno ekhulayo ngokwandisa ubuchule babo.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isihebhere?

Isihebhere sithethwa Kwasirayeli, eunited States, Ekhanada, Efransi Naseargentina. Ukongeza, isetyenziselwa iinjongo zonqulo kwamanye amazwe amaninzi, kubandakanya I-United Kingdom, Ijamani, Isweden Nebulgaria.

Iyintoni imbali yesihebhere?

Ulwimi lwesihebhere lunembali yamandulo kunye nebali. Yenye yeelwimi ezindala emhlabeni kwaye iyinxalenye yesazisi kunye nenkcubeko Yamayuda. Kukholelwa ukuba uhlobo lokuqala lwesihebhere lwaphuhliswa kwindawo Yasepalestina ngekhulu le-12 BCE. Isihebhere sasilulwimi oluphambili Lwamasirayeli ebudeni bexesha Lokubhalwa Kwebhayibhile, yaye kamva saba lulwimi loncwadi Loorabhi nomthandazo.
Ngexesha lokuthinjwa Kwamabhabhiloni ukususela ngo-586-538 BCE, Amayuda amkela iimali-mboleko Ze-Akkadian. Emva kokuwa Kwetempile yesibini ngo-70 CE, isihebhere saqala ukuhla ngokukhawuleza ekusebenziseni kwansuku zonke, kwaye ulwimi oluthethwayo luye lwaguquka ngokuthe ngcembe kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo, Ezifana Nesiyuda Sasepalestina Aramaic Kunye Neyiddish. Ukusetyenziswa kwesihebhere kwavuselelwa ngenkulungwane ye-19 ngokuzalwa kwengcamango Yeziyon kunye nokusekwa Kwelizwe lakwasirayeli lanamhlanje ngo-1948. Namhlanje, isihebhere sithetha ngezigidi zabantu Kwasirayeli nakwihlabathi liphela.

Ngoobani abantu aba-5 abaphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesihebhere?

1. U-Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (1858-1922): Owaziwa ngokuba "Nguyise Wesihebhere samanje," Uben-Yehuda waba negalelo ekuvuseleleni ulwimi lwesihebhere, olwaluphelile njengolwimi oluthethwayo. Wadala isichazi-magama sokuqala sesihebhere, waqulunqa inkqubo yokupela kunye neencwadi ezininzi zokunceda ukusasaza ulwazi lolwimi.
2. Umoses Mendelssohn (1729-1786): Umyuda wasejamani ochazwa ngokwazisa isihebhere kunye nenkcubeko Yamayuda kubantu abathetha isijamani ngokubanzi. Ukuguqulelwa Kwakhe Kwetorah ukusuka kwisihebhere ukusa kwisijamani kwazisa le nguqulelo kubaphulaphuli abaninzi kwaza kwakhuthaza ukwamkelwa kwesihebhere Eyurophu.
3. U-Hayim Nachman Bialik (1873-1934): imbongi engumsirayeli kunye nomphengululi, Ubialik wayengumxhasi omkhulu wesihebhere kunye nokudala isithethe esityebileyo soncwadi lwesihebhere. Wabhala imisebenzi emininzi yeklasikhi kulwimi kwaye wazisa amagama amatsha esihebhere kunye namabinzana aqhelekileyo asetyenziswa namhlanje.
4. Uezra Ben-Yehuda (1858-1922): Unyana Kaeliyezere, lo mbhali wolwimi nombhali wesichazi-magama wathabatha umsebenzi kayise waza waqhubeka nawo. Wadala ithesaurus yokuqala yesihebhere, wabhala ngokubanzi ngegrama yesihebhere, kwaye wabhala ngokubambisana iphephandaba lokuqala lesihebhere.
5. Uchaim Nachman Bialik (1873-1934): Umntakwabo Hayim, Uchaim naye waba negalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesihebhere. Wayengumhlalutyi woncwadi owaziwayo, egxeka uncwadi lwesihebhere yaye ephuhlisa ilayibrari yembekiselo yesihebhere. Kwakhona wayenoxanduva lokuguqulela imisebenzi yeklasikhi ukusuka kwiilwimi Zaseyurophu ukuya kwisihebhere.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi lwesihebhere?

Ulwimi lwesihebhere lulwimi Lwamasemitic kwaye lulandela inkqubo yokubhala ye-abjad. Kubhaliwe ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo, kusetyenziswa oonobumba besihebhere. Igama elisisiseko lesivakalisi sesihebhere sisenzi-isihloko-into. Izibizo, izichazi, izibhengezo, kunye nezihlomelo zichaphazeleka ngenxa yesini, inombolo, kunye/okanye ilifa. Izenzi zidibaniswa nomntu, inombolo, isini, uxinzelelo, imood kunye nomba.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwesihebhere ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngealfabhethi. Zive ukhululekile ukufunda, ukubhala nokubhala iileta. 2. Funda iziseko zegrama yesihebhere. Qala ngokudibanisa izenzi kunye nokuhla kwesibizo. 3. Yakha isigama sakho. Funda amagama asisiseko afana neentsuku zeveki, iinyanga, amanani, amabinzana aqhelekileyo kunye namabinzana. 4. Ziqhelise ukuthetha isihebhere nesithethi somthonyama. Ukuncokola yenye yeendlela ezilungileyo zokufunda! 5. Funda iincwadi zesihebhere uze ubukele iividiyo zesihebhere ezinemibhalo engezantsi. 6. Mamela umculo wesihebhere kunye nokurekhodwa komsindo. 7. Sebenzisa izibonelelo zesihebhere ezikwi-intanethi. Zininzi iiwebhusayithi eziluncedo kunye neeapps zokufunda isihebhere. 8. Yenza isihebhere sibe yinxalenye yobomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. Ukubandakanya ulwimi kwimihla ngemihla kuya kukunceda ukuba uluthathe ngokukhawuleza.

Isisundanese sesinye sezona lwimi zithethwa Kakhulu Eindonesia. Yinxalenye yosapho lolwimi Lwaseostreliya kwaye kuthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-40 kwingingqi Yasesunda. Ulwimi luye lwaba ngumxholo weelwimi ezininzi kunye nabaphengululi kule minyaka, kwaye inembali yenkcubeko etyebileyo ebuyela emva kweenkulungwane.

Uguqulelo lwesundanese yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuthandwa kolwimi kunye nokwamkelwa. Ngeentetho ezincinci emhlabeni jikelele, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ziyafumaneka Ngesundanese ukuze zihlale zidlamkile kwaye zifikeleleke kubo bonke.

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuguqulela Kwisundanese, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwezixhobo eziguqulelwayo. Ngokomzekelo, izicatshulwa zonqulo zifuna ukuchaneka okukhulu kunye nokuchaneka, kunye nolwazi lweempawu zonqulo kunye nezithethe. Ngelixa iinguqulelo ngokubanzi zinokusingathwa zizithethi zomthonyama zolwimi, ezi meko zikhethekileyo zihlala zifuna abaguquleli abaziingcali abanolwazi olukhethekileyo kuloo ndawo.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba inguqulelo Yesundanese ayikho malunga namagama kuphela. Njengenxalenye yenkcubeko, zininzi izinto zolwimi ekufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo ukuze kuguqulelwe ngempumelelo izixhobo Kwisundanese. Oku kufuna inqanaba elithile lobuchule kunye namava ngolwimi, kunye nokuqonda amasiko kunye nenkcubeko yendawo.

Ukongeza ekuboneleleni ngenkonzo yokuguqulela, kukho ezinye iindlela zokunceda ukugcina Isundanese iphila kwaye ifanelekile kwindawo yanamhlanje. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzenzile kukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zolwimi Lwesundanese zifumaneka ngokulula kwi-intanethi. Oku kuthetha ukwenza izichazi-magama ezisekwe kwiwebhu kunye nezinye izinto ezinokusetyenziswa nangubani na ononxibelelwano lwe-intanethi. Njengoko ulwimi luqhubeka luguquka, izixhobo ezinjalo zinokunceda ukugcina ulwimi lwangoku kwaye luhambelana neemfuno zezithethi zalo.

Uguqulelo lwesundanese luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba ulwimi luhlala ludlamkile kwaye luphila kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Ngemizamo yabo bobabini abaziingcali kunye nabemi bomthonyama, ulwimi lunokuqhubeka nokuba ngumthombo wamandla kunye nekratshi elizweni, ngelixa likwanceda ukuphucula unxibelelwano phakathi kweenkcubeko.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwesundanese?

I-Sundanese ithethwa kumaphondo Aseindonesia Asebanten Nasentshona Java, kunye neendawo Zejava Esembindini. Ikwathethwa ngamanani amancinci abantu Beentlanga Zesundanese abahlala kwezinye iindawo Zase-Indonesia, Esingapore Nasemalaysia.

Lithini ixesha lokubhalwa kweelwimi Zesintu?

Ulwimi Lwesundanese lulwimi Lwaseostreliya oluthethwa ngabantu abaqikelelwa kwizigidi ezingama-30 abahlala Kumaphondo Asentshona Java Nasebanten Eindonesia. Lulwimi lwesibini oluthethwa kakhulu kwilizwe emva Kwesijavanese, kwaye ibilulwimi loncwadi lwenkundla ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-14. Imibhalo yokuqala eyaziwayo Yesundanese yabhalwa emva kwekhulu LE-11 AD, kwaye kucingelwa ukuba ulwimi luye lwajikeleza ubuncinane iminyaka eyi-1 500. I-Sundanese iyinxalenye yesebe lasentshona Lasemalayo-Polynesia losapho Lweelwimi Zase-Australia, kwaye inxulumene Nejavanese Kunye Nebalinese. I-Sundanese isetyenziselwa unxibelelwano lwemihla ngemihla, njengolwimi lwezorhwebo, kwaye njengendlela yobugcisa nenkcubeko, ebonakaliswe ngomdaniso wesintu, injana yesithunzi (I-Wayang Golek), kunye nomculo odumileyo wesitayile somculo owaziwa Ngokuba Yi-Kecapi Suling. Olu lwimi luye lwasetyenziswa kangangeenkulungwane kwizicwangciso zemfundo, nemibhalo-ngqangi yakudala edla ngokubhalwa Ngesisundanese okanye ngomxube Wesundanese Nejavanese.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesundanese?

1. I-Sunandari, eyaziwa ngokuba Yi "Mama Of Sundanese Poetry," yayiyimbongi yasesundanese eyaziwayo eyaziswa ngokuzisa ulwimi Lwesundanese kwifom yemibongo ngeminyaka yoo-1700.
2. Ua Maramis (1914-1995), umbhali, umguquleli, kunye nengcali yeelwimi, wandise kakhulu umzimba wolwazi kulwimi Lwesundanese kwaye waseka i-academy yokuqala yesundanese yemfundo yolwimi.
3. Udardiri M. Arief (1917-1996), imbongi edumileyo, iguqulele imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ukusuka Ejavanese ukuya Kwisundanese, inegalelo kuphuhliso lwesundanese yoncwadi lwangoku kwinkulungwane yama-20.
4. Unjingalwazi H. Koesmanto (1929-2016), i-anactivist kunye nomphengululi, waseka I-Faculty Yeeleta Kwiyunivesithi Yasebandung, ezinikele kulwimi kunye noncwadi lwazo zonke iintlobo, kwaye wabhala iincwadi ezininzi kunye namanqaku ejenali ngolwimi Lwesundanese.
5. Suryadi (b. 1934), imbongi edumileyo Yasesundanese kunye nomfanekiso woluntu, ibhale ngokubanzi kwisundanese Naseindonesia, kwaye ihlonitshwa kakhulu ngemisebenzi yakhe kwisiko nakwinkcubeko yabantu Basesundanese.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi Lwesundanese?

Ulwimi Lwesundanese lulwimi Lwaseostreliya oluthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-39 ikakhulu kwinxalenye esentshona Yesiqithi Sasejava Eindonesia. Yeyeqela elingaphantsi Lasemalayo-Polynesia losapho lolwimi Lwase-Australia kwaye inxulumene ngokusondeleyo Nejavanese, Madurese Kunye Nebalinese.
I-Sundanese lulwimi LWE-SVO (umxholo-isenzi-into). Izenzi ziyavumelana neengxoxo zabo ngokubhekiselele kumntu, inombolo, kunye nesini. Izibizo azingeniswa kwimeko kwaye akukho manqaku aqinisekileyo okanye angapheliyo. Kukho amadoda amathathu (abesilisa ,abesifazana nabangathathi neothi) kunye namanani amabini (isinye kunye nesininzi). I-Sundanese ineseti ephucukileyo yezihlomelo zomlomo, kubandakanya amanqaku aliqela kunye nezinye izinto zokumakisha. Ulwimi lukwasebenzisa umyalelo wegama njengendlela yokubonisa intsingiselo.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lwesundanese ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana isithethi somthonyama Sesundanese kwaye unxibelelane nabo rhoqo. Kungcono ukuba neqabane lencoko onokuthi ulisebenzise ulwimi kwaye uncedane bafunde.
2. Thenga ezinye iincwadi okanye izixhobo zomsindo malunga nolwimi kwaye uqale ukufunda ngokwakho. Izibonelelo ezilungileyo ziquka iincwadi zegrama, iincwadi zezifundo, iincwadi zokusebenzela kunye nokurekhodwa komsindo.
3. Bhalisa kwiiklasi zolwimi okanye iiseshoni zokufundisa zabucala ezinokubonelela ngemfundo eyenzelwe wena kunye nengxelo.
4. Xa sele ukulungele, thatha uhambo Eindonesia kwaye uzame ukuntywilisela ngolwimi. Ngale ndlela, unokufunda ulwimi ngokumamela kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo kunye nezithethi zomthonyama.
5. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi ezinje ngeewebhusayithi, iiforamu kunye nemithombo yeendaba zentlalo ukuncokola nezithethi zomthonyama kwaye ufumane izixhobo ezongezelelweyo zokukunceda ekufundeni kwakho.