Isislovak Isicatalan Humusha

Ukuhumusha ngesislovak kuwumkhuba wokuhumusha ulimi olubhaliwe noma olukhulunywayo kusuka kolunye ulimi kuya kolunye. Kuyinkambu ekhethekile kakhulu, futhi idinga ulwazi oluningi nobuchwepheshe. Isislovak siwulimi olusemthethweni Eslovakia, ngakho noma yimuphi umbhalo noma ukuxhumana okufanele kuhunyushwe kufanele kunamathele ezindinganisweni eziphakeme kakhulu zokunemba nobuchwepheshe.

Inqubo yokuhumusha ngesislovak iqala ngokukhethwa komhumushi ofanelekayo ukuze aqedele umsebenzi. Umhumushi kumelwe abe nolwazi oluhle ngolimi lomthombo nolimi okubhekiswe kulo, futhi kumelwe futhi ajwayelane nemininingwane ehlukile yamasiko nezilimi ezihlobene nesislovak. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhumushi kumelwe akwazi ukuhumusha ngokunembile umyalezo ohlosiwe womthombo.

Lapho umhumushi ofanele esekhethiwe, isinyathelo esilandelayo siwukuthi baqale ukuhumushela ukwaziswa okuyisisekelo olimini okuhloswe ngalo. Kuye ngokuthi umbhalo uyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani, lokhu kungathatha imizuzu embalwa kuya emahoreni amaningana. Kwezinye izimo, umhumushi kungase kudingeke ukuba axhumane nochwepheshe wolimi noma isiko ukuze aqiniseke ukuthi ukuhumusha kunembile futhi kuphelele.

Lapho ukuhumusha sekuqediwe, kubalulekile ukuba umhumushi ahlole umsebenzi wakhe ukuze abone ukuthi awunembile yini. Lokhu kusho ukufunda umbhalo izikhathi eziningi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi wonke amaqiniso, izibalo, ngisho nemininingwane emincane idluliselwa kahle. Umhumushi kufanele futhi aqaphele ukungaqondakali nokungalungi okungenzeka emthonjeni, futhi enze noma yikuphi ukulungiswa okudingekayo.

Ukuhumusha ngesislovak kungaba umsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ozuzisayo. Ngolwazi olufanele nobuchwepheshe, umhumushi ofanelekayo anganikeza izinguqulo ezingenaphutha futhi aholele ekuxhumaneni okuphumelelayo phakathi kwamasiko amabili ahlukene.

Yimaphi amazwe okukhulunywa kuwo isislovak?

Ulimi lwesislovak lukhulunywa kakhulu Eslovakia, kodwa lungatholakala nakwamanye amazwe kuhlanganise Ne-Austria, Iczech Republic, Ihungary, Ipoland, Iserbia Ne-Ukraine.

Uyini umlando wolimi lwesislovak?

Isislovak siwulimi Lwasentshonalanga Slavic futhi sinemvelaphi yaso Kuproto-Slavic, eyaqala ngekhulu lesi-5 ad. Phakathi Nenkathi Ephakathi, isislovak saqala ukukhula saba ulimi lwaso oluhlukile futhi sathonywa kakhulu izilimi zesilatini, isiczech nesijalimane. Ngekhulu le-11, Isislavonic Esidala Sesonto sase siphenduke ulimi oluvamile Lwaseslovakia futhi sahlala sinjalo kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-19. Maphakathi nawo-1800, kwaqala ukuhlelwa kabusha kweslovak futhi kwasungulwa uhlelo lolimi oluhlanganisiwe nokupela amagama. Ngo-1843, U-Anton bernolák wanyathelisa inguqulo yolimi ehleliwe, kamuva eyaziwa ngokuthi I-Bernolák Standard. Lolu hlelo lwavuselelwa futhi lwabuyekezwa izikhathi eziningana phakathi nekhulu le-19, ekugcineni lwaholela eslovak yanamuhla esetshenziswa namuhla.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini lwesislovak?

1. Uludovít Štúr (1815 1856): isazi sezilimi saseslovak, umbhali nosopolitiki owayengumuntu obalulekile ngesikhathi sokuvuselelwa kwesizwe Saseslovakia ngekhulu le - 19. Wasungula indinganiso yokuqala yolimi lwesislovak eyaziwa Ngokuthi Ulimi Lukaljudovít Štúr.
2. Upavol dobšinský (1827 1885): imbongi yaseslovak, umbhali wemidlalo kanye nomlobi wephrozi omsebenzi wakhe wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ulimi lwanamuhla lwezincwadi zaseslovak.
3. Ujozef miloslav hurban (18171886): umbhali waseslovak, imbongi nomshicileli owayengumsekeli wokuqala wobunikazi besizwe saseslovak. Imisebenzi yakhe, kuhlanganise nezinkondlo nezinoveli zomlando, yasiza ekwakheni ukuthuthukiswa kolimi lwesislovak lwanamuhla.
4. U-Anton bernolák (1762 1813): isazi sezilimi saseslovak nompristi owasungula uhlobo lokuqala oluhlanganisiwe lwesislovak sanamuhla, alubiza Ngokuthi Ulimi Lukabernolák.
5. Umartin hattala (1910 1996): isazi sezilimi saseslovak kanye nesazi sezichazamazwi esabhala isichazamazwi sokuqala saseslovak futhi sabhala kabanzi ngohlelo lolimi lwesislovak nokwakheka kwamagama.

Ulimi lwesislovak lunesakhiwo esingakanani?

Isakhiwo sesislovak sisekelwe kakhulu kwezinye izilimi Zesislavic, njengesiczech nesirashiya. Landela i-syntax yesihloko-isenzo-into futhi inohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokwehla kwegama, ukuhlanganiswa kwesenzo, nokumaka icala. Luwulimi olushintshashintshayo, olunezimo eziyisikhombisa nobulili obubili. Isislovak sinezici ezihlukahlukene zomlomo, kanye nezikhathi ezimbili (zamanje nezangesikhathi esidlule). Njengakwezinye izilimi zesislavic, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zohlelo lolimi zamagama zithathwe emsukeni owodwa.

Indlela ukufunda ulimi Slovak ngendlela efanele kunazo?

1. Thenga incwadi Slovak course kanye workbook. Lokhu kuyoba umthombo wakho oyinhloko wamagama, uhlelo lolimi, namasiko.
2. Sebenzisa imithombo eku-inthanethi. I-YouTube inamavidiyo amaningi amahhala afundisa isislovak atholakala mahhala. Kukhona futhi amawebhusayithi amaningi anikeza izivivinyo nezinye izinto zokufunda.
3. Cabanga ngokuthatha amakilasi. Uma ukhuluma iqiniso ngokufunda ulimi, indlela engcono kakhulu yokuqonda ngempela izisho zendawo iwukuba nokuxhumana njalo nesikhulumi sendawo esingakunikeza impendulo futhi sikuqondise kule nqubo.
4. Prakthiza ngangokunokwenzeka. Ungazijwayeza ukukhuluma nokulalela ngokuba nezingxoxo nezikhulumi zomdabu noma ukuthola umlingani wokushintshana ngolimi. Sebenzisa amabhayisikobho, IMIBUKISO TV nezingoma in Slovak ukuthuthukisa amakhono akho ukufunda nokulalela.
5. Zicwilise emasikweni. Zama ukufunda ngokuphila kwansuku zonke Slovak, amasiko, amaholide nokuningi. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukuba uqonde kangcono ulimi oluvamile nemishwana yendawo.
6. Ungadikibali. Ukufunda olunye ulimi akuwona umsebenzi olula, kodwa kungenziwa. Beka imigomo enengqondo futhi unamathele kubo. Uma uzithola ukhungathekile, thatha ikhefu ubuyele kuwo kamuva.

Isicatalan siwulimi lwesiromance olukhulunywa Ikakhulukazi Espain Naseandorra, kanye nakwezinye izindawo Zaseyurophu Njenge-Italy, Ifrance Nemalta. Ulimi olusemthethweni esifundeni Sasecatalonia Espain futhi lukhulunywa nasezifundeni ezingomakhelwane Zasevalencia naseziqhingini Zasebalearic. Ngenxa yomlando wayo ohlukile, nakuba inokufana okuningi nezinye izilimi Zasespain, iyilimi elihlukile ngokwalo, futhi ukuhumusha phakathi kwesicatalan nezinye izilimi Zaseyurophu kungenza ama-nuances amaningi nobuciko kulahleke kalula.

Kumabhizinisi afuna ukuxhumana namakhasimende noma abasebenzi abakhuluma isicatalan, izinsizakalo zokuhumusha zibalulekile. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa abahumushi abanolwazi nabaqeqeshiwe abangajwayelene nolimi kuphela, kodwa nanoma yiziphi izincazelo ezithile zamasiko. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi lapho kuhunyushwa imibhalo enjengezinkontileka zomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba imithetho Ye-European Union kufanele yenziwe itholakale kuzo zonke izilimi ezisemthethweni ze-Eu, ukuhunyushelwa olimini lwesicatalan kuyadingeka kuzo zonke izinkampani ezenza ibhizinisi e-eu.

Ngokufanayo, okuqukethwe okuku-inthanethi njengamawebhusayithi, imikhankaso yokumaketha nokuthunyelwe kwezokuxhumana kudingeka kuhunyushwe ngokunembile kubabukeli basecatalan. Izinsizakalo zokuhumusha ezisebenza ngokuzikhandla ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhumusha kunembile futhi akunamaphutha, futhi kusesikhathini futhi kufanelekile ngokwesiko.

Lapho ufuna izinsizakalo zokuhumusha, kubalulekile ukukhetha umhlinzeki wesevisi onerekhodi elibanzi emkhakheni. Eck ulwazi lwabo kanye nesipiliyoni ulimi, kanye nezindlela zabo. Ukusebenza nomhlinzeki wesevisi ofanelekayo nonolwazi kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhumusha kwenziwa ngokunembile nangendlela ecabangela ukuzwela kwamasiko. Isevisi enhle yokuhumusha izosiza futhi ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi okuqukethwe kusendaweni futhi kufanelekile kubabukeli ababhekiswe kubo.

Ekuphetheni, izinsizakalo zokuhumusha ezisebenza ngokuzikhandla zinikeza ukuxhumana okubalulekile phakathi kwezilaleli ezikhuluma isicatalan nezingakhulumi isicatalan. Abahumushi abanolwazi nabanolwazi bangasiza amabhizinisi ukuba afinyelele futhi ahlanganyele ezimakethe ezihlosiwe, kanye nokufeza izibopho zawo zomthetho. Ekugcineni, ukulandela amathiphu angenhla kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuhumusha okuphumelelayo nokunembile.

Yiluphi ulimi olukhulunywa ecatalan?

Isicatalan sikhulunywa emazweni amaningana, kuhlanganise Nespain, I-Andorra Nefrance. Yaziwa nangokuthi Ivalencian kwezinye izingxenye Zomphakathi Wasevalencian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isicatalan sikhulunywa emadolobheni azimele Aseceuta Nasemelilla Enyakatho Afrika, Naseziqhingini Zasebalearic.

Uyini umlando wolimi lwesicatalan?

Ulimi lwesicatalan lunomlando omude futhi ohlukahlukene, kusukela ngekhulu le-10. Luwulimi Lwesiromance, okusho ukuthi lwavela olimini lwesilatini, futhi lusuka engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yenhlonhlo Yaseiberia. Isicatalan sasiwulimi Lomqhele Wase-Aragon, owawuhlanganisa izingxenye zefrance yanamuhla, I-Italy Nespain kusukela ngekhulu le-11 kuya kwele-15. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi ulimi lwasakazekela eningizimu nasempumalanga kuyo yonke le ndawo.
Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, isicatalan siye sathonywa kakhulu ezinye izilimi ezihlanganisa isifulentshi, ispanishi nesintaliyane. Ngenkathi Ephakathi, kwakuwulimi olusemthethweni Lombuso Wasemallorca futhi lwaba ulimi oluthandwayo ezinkantolo Zasecatalonia Nase-Aragon. Yayisetshenziswa nasezindaweni ezithile Zasevalencia Naseziqhingini Zasebalearic. Ngenxa yalokho, lolu limi lwakwazi ukulondoloza izici zalo eziyingqayizivele nakuba lwalusebenzise izici zezinye izilimi.
Ekhulwini le-18, lapho Amabourbon ethatha izintambo kule ndawo, isicatalan sathathelwa indawo ispanishi njengolimi olusemthethweni futhi kwathiwa asikho emthethweni ezingxenyeni ezithile zale ndawo. Lokhu kwenqatshelwa kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu le-19 futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lolu limi luye lwaphinde lwathandwa. Manje lolu limi selubhekwa njengolimi olusemthethweni Espain Nasefrance, futhi luye lwavuselelwa emashumini eminyaka amuva.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini lwesicatalan?

1. Ujaume II Wase-Aragon (12671327): wahlanganisa isicatalan nezinye izilimi nezilimi Zasenhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia, wakha umanduleli wesicatalan sanamuhla.
2. Upompeu fabra (18681948): Ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi "uyise wesicatalan sanamuhla", Ufabra wayengusosayensi wezilimi ovelele owahlela futhi wahlela uhlelo lolimi.
3. Ujoan Coromines (18931997): Ucoromines wabhala isichazamazwi esiphelele solimi lwesicatalan, esihlala siyincwadi ebalulekile namuhla.
4. Usalvador Espriu( 1913-1985): U-Espriu wayengumbongi, umbhali wemidlalo, nomlobi wezindaba owasiza ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwesicatalan ezincwadini.
5. Ugabriel ferrater (1922-1972): Uferrater wayengumbongi nomlobi wezindatshana izingoma zakhe eziye zaba yizimpawu ezivelele zesiko lasecatalan.

Isakhiwo solimi lwesicatalan sakhiwa kanjani?

Isakhiwo solimi lwesicatalan silandela ukuhleleka kwamagama kwe-svo (Isihloko-Isenzo-Into). Luwulimi olwenziwe, okusho ukuthi igama ngalinye lingadlulisela ukwaziswa okuningi kohlelo lolimi. Izici eziyinhloko ze-morphology yolimi zihlanganisa ubulili, inombolo kanye nokuvumelana kwesimo. Kunezinhlobo ezine zokuhlanganiswa kwamazwi, ezakha amapharadigm ngamazwi kuye ngomuntu, inombolo, isici, nesimo sengqondo. Kukhona nezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko zamagama: okuchazayo nokungachazeki. Amagama anqunyiwe anezihloko ezicacile, kuyilapho amagama angenqunyiwe engenayo.

Indlela ukufunda ulimi Catalan ngendlela efanele kunazo?

1. Thola incwadi enhle yolimi lwesicatalan noma inkambo eku – inthanethi-Bheka okuthile okuhlanganisa izinto eziyisisekelo zohlelo lolimi nolwazimagama, futhi unezibonelo nokuzivocavoca ukukusiza uzijwayeze.
2. Sebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ulimi-Sebenzisa app mobile like duolingo, enikeza saqala-level catalan izifundo futhi isebenzisa imidlalo ukukusiza ufunde.
3. Buka catalan films-ukubukela films in Catalan kuyindlela enkulu ukuze uthole izindlebe zakho ujwayelene ulimi.
4. Funda ngesicatalan-Zama ukuthola izincwadi, omagazini, noma amaphephandaba ezibhalwe ngesicatalan, ngisho noma nje ufunda amakhasi ambalwa, kungakusiza pick up amagama amasha nemishwana.
5. Lalela izikhulumi bomdabu - kukhona podcasts eziningi, imibukiso yomsakazo, nezinhlelo TV atholakalayo Catalan ngakho sebenzisa kubo ukukusiza uthole pronunciation yakho ilungelo.
6. Prakthiza ukukhuluma-indlela engcono kakhulu yokufunda noma yiluphi ulimi iwukuba empeleni ukuyisebenzisa. Kunemiphakathi eminingi ekhuluma isicatalan emhlabeni wonke ngakho-ke kufanele kube lula ukuthola umuntu ozozijwayeza naye!