Isislovak Ikazakh (Isilatini) Humusha

Ukuhumusha ngesislovak kuwumkhuba wokuhumusha ulimi olubhaliwe noma olukhulunywayo kusuka kolunye ulimi kuya kolunye. Kuyinkambu ekhethekile kakhulu, futhi idinga ulwazi oluningi nobuchwepheshe. Isislovak siwulimi olusemthethweni Eslovakia, ngakho noma yimuphi umbhalo noma ukuxhumana okufanele kuhunyushwe kufanele kunamathele ezindinganisweni eziphakeme kakhulu zokunemba nobuchwepheshe.

Inqubo yokuhumusha ngesislovak iqala ngokukhethwa komhumushi ofanelekayo ukuze aqedele umsebenzi. Umhumushi kumelwe abe nolwazi oluhle ngolimi lomthombo nolimi okubhekiswe kulo, futhi kumelwe futhi ajwayelane nemininingwane ehlukile yamasiko nezilimi ezihlobene nesislovak. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhumushi kumelwe akwazi ukuhumusha ngokunembile umyalezo ohlosiwe womthombo.

Lapho umhumushi ofanele esekhethiwe, isinyathelo esilandelayo siwukuthi baqale ukuhumushela ukwaziswa okuyisisekelo olimini okuhloswe ngalo. Kuye ngokuthi umbhalo uyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani, lokhu kungathatha imizuzu embalwa kuya emahoreni amaningana. Kwezinye izimo, umhumushi kungase kudingeke ukuba axhumane nochwepheshe wolimi noma isiko ukuze aqiniseke ukuthi ukuhumusha kunembile futhi kuphelele.

Lapho ukuhumusha sekuqediwe, kubalulekile ukuba umhumushi ahlole umsebenzi wakhe ukuze abone ukuthi awunembile yini. Lokhu kusho ukufunda umbhalo izikhathi eziningi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi wonke amaqiniso, izibalo, ngisho nemininingwane emincane idluliselwa kahle. Umhumushi kufanele futhi aqaphele ukungaqondakali nokungalungi okungenzeka emthonjeni, futhi enze noma yikuphi ukulungiswa okudingekayo.

Ukuhumusha ngesislovak kungaba umsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ozuzisayo. Ngolwazi olufanele nobuchwepheshe, umhumushi ofanelekayo anganikeza izinguqulo ezingenaphutha futhi aholele ekuxhumaneni okuphumelelayo phakathi kwamasiko amabili ahlukene.

Yimaphi amazwe okukhulunywa kuwo isislovak?

Ulimi lwesislovak lukhulunywa kakhulu Eslovakia, kodwa lungatholakala nakwamanye amazwe kuhlanganise Ne-Austria, Iczech Republic, Ihungary, Ipoland, Iserbia Ne-Ukraine.

Uyini umlando wolimi lwesislovak?

Isislovak siwulimi Lwasentshonalanga Slavic futhi sinemvelaphi yaso Kuproto-Slavic, eyaqala ngekhulu lesi-5 ad. Phakathi Nenkathi Ephakathi, isislovak saqala ukukhula saba ulimi lwaso oluhlukile futhi sathonywa kakhulu izilimi zesilatini, isiczech nesijalimane. Ngekhulu le-11, Isislavonic Esidala Sesonto sase siphenduke ulimi oluvamile Lwaseslovakia futhi sahlala sinjalo kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-19. Maphakathi nawo-1800, kwaqala ukuhlelwa kabusha kweslovak futhi kwasungulwa uhlelo lolimi oluhlanganisiwe nokupela amagama. Ngo-1843, U-Anton bernolák wanyathelisa inguqulo yolimi ehleliwe, kamuva eyaziwa ngokuthi I-Bernolák Standard. Lolu hlelo lwavuselelwa futhi lwabuyekezwa izikhathi eziningana phakathi nekhulu le-19, ekugcineni lwaholela eslovak yanamuhla esetshenziswa namuhla.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini lwesislovak?

1. Uludovít Štúr (1815 1856): isazi sezilimi saseslovak, umbhali nosopolitiki owayengumuntu obalulekile ngesikhathi sokuvuselelwa kwesizwe Saseslovakia ngekhulu le - 19. Wasungula indinganiso yokuqala yolimi lwesislovak eyaziwa Ngokuthi Ulimi Lukaljudovít Štúr.
2. Upavol dobšinský (1827 1885): imbongi yaseslovak, umbhali wemidlalo kanye nomlobi wephrozi omsebenzi wakhe wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ulimi lwanamuhla lwezincwadi zaseslovak.
3. Ujozef miloslav hurban (18171886): umbhali waseslovak, imbongi nomshicileli owayengumsekeli wokuqala wobunikazi besizwe saseslovak. Imisebenzi yakhe, kuhlanganise nezinkondlo nezinoveli zomlando, yasiza ekwakheni ukuthuthukiswa kolimi lwesislovak lwanamuhla.
4. U-Anton bernolák (1762 1813): isazi sezilimi saseslovak nompristi owasungula uhlobo lokuqala oluhlanganisiwe lwesislovak sanamuhla, alubiza Ngokuthi Ulimi Lukabernolák.
5. Umartin hattala (1910 1996): isazi sezilimi saseslovak kanye nesazi sezichazamazwi esabhala isichazamazwi sokuqala saseslovak futhi sabhala kabanzi ngohlelo lolimi lwesislovak nokwakheka kwamagama.

Ulimi lwesislovak lunesakhiwo esingakanani?

Isakhiwo sesislovak sisekelwe kakhulu kwezinye izilimi Zesislavic, njengesiczech nesirashiya. Landela i-syntax yesihloko-isenzo-into futhi inohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokwehla kwegama, ukuhlanganiswa kwesenzo, nokumaka icala. Luwulimi olushintshashintshayo, olunezimo eziyisikhombisa nobulili obubili. Isislovak sinezici ezihlukahlukene zomlomo, kanye nezikhathi ezimbili (zamanje nezangesikhathi esidlule). Njengakwezinye izilimi zesislavic, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zohlelo lolimi zamagama zithathwe emsukeni owodwa.

Indlela ukufunda ulimi Slovak ngendlela efanele kunazo?

1. Thenga incwadi Slovak course kanye workbook. Lokhu kuyoba umthombo wakho oyinhloko wamagama, uhlelo lolimi, namasiko.
2. Sebenzisa imithombo eku-inthanethi. I-YouTube inamavidiyo amaningi amahhala afundisa isislovak atholakala mahhala. Kukhona futhi amawebhusayithi amaningi anikeza izivivinyo nezinye izinto zokufunda.
3. Cabanga ngokuthatha amakilasi. Uma ukhuluma iqiniso ngokufunda ulimi, indlela engcono kakhulu yokuqonda ngempela izisho zendawo iwukuba nokuxhumana njalo nesikhulumi sendawo esingakunikeza impendulo futhi sikuqondise kule nqubo.
4. Prakthiza ngangokunokwenzeka. Ungazijwayeza ukukhuluma nokulalela ngokuba nezingxoxo nezikhulumi zomdabu noma ukuthola umlingani wokushintshana ngolimi. Sebenzisa amabhayisikobho, IMIBUKISO TV nezingoma in Slovak ukuthuthukisa amakhono akho ukufunda nokulalela.
5. Zicwilise emasikweni. Zama ukufunda ngokuphila kwansuku zonke Slovak, amasiko, amaholide nokuningi. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukuba uqonde kangcono ulimi oluvamile nemishwana yendawo.
6. Ungadikibali. Ukufunda olunye ulimi akuwona umsebenzi olula, kodwa kungenziwa. Beka imigomo enengqondo futhi unamathele kubo. Uma uzithola ukhungathekile, thatha ikhefu ubuyele kuwo kamuva.

Ukuhunyushwa kwesikazakh (ngesilatini) kuvame ukusetshenziselwa imibhalo yebhizinisi neyomthetho, ukuhumusha izikhulumi zesikazakh ezingakhulumi isingisi noma ezinye izilimi, noma ukuxhumana ngokunembile nezethameli ezikhuluma isikazakh. Ekazakhstan, isilatini siwuhlelo lokubhala olusemthethweni lolimi lwesikazakh, kuyilapho Isicyrillic sisasetshenziswa kabanzi kwezinye izindawo.

Namuhla, kunesidingo esikhula njalo sokuhunyushwa kwemibhalo esezingeni eliphakeme isuka futhi iye olimini lwesikazakh (isilatini). Umhumushi onguchwepheshe kumelwe ajwayelane nolimi lwesikazakh nohlelo lwayo lolimi futhi abe nokuqonda okuhle ngolimi oluwumthombo. Ukuhunyushwa kwemibhalo nemibhalo eyinkimbinkimbi kuba inselele ngokwengeziwe lapho ulimi oluwumthombo lungafani nolimi oluqondisiwe.

Umhumushi kudingeka abe nokuqonda okuhle kwesakhiwo, ukupela, nezisho zolimi azama ukukhiqiza inguqulo esezingeni eliphakeme. Isici esibalulekile sokuhumushela olimini lwesikazakh (isilatini) ukuthi kunesidingo sokuba umhumushi alondoloze izinga eliphakeme lokunemba ukuze aqiniseke ukuthi lo mbhalo awuhunyushwa ngokungeyikho.

Kubalulekile futhi ukuba umhumushi aqonde isiko nomlando walesi sifunda ukuze ukuhumusha kwakhe kungabi okunembile kuphela, kodwa futhi kubonise umongo walesi sifunda. Ukuqonda okunjalo kungasiza umhumushi ukuba akhiqize inguqulo enembile ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ulimi lusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele nokuthi noma yiziphi izinkomba zamasiko embhalweni zihunyushwa ngendlela efanele.

Ukunemba kubaluleke ngokukhethekile uma kuziwa ekuhumusheni imibhalo engokomthetho, edinga ukunemba nokunemba. Umhumushi onguchwepheshe kufanele akwazi ukubona noma yiziphi izinkinga ezingase zivele ngokuhumusha futhi azixazulule ngaphambi kokuletha umkhiqizo wokugcina.

Ekuphetheni, kusobala ukuthi umhumushi onguchwepheshe kudingeka aqonde kahle ulimi azama ukuluhumusha, kanye nolwazi olujulile ngamasiko nomlando walesi sifunda ukuze akhiqize inguqulo esezingeni eliphakeme yesikazakh (isilatini).

Yimaphi amazwe olimi lwesikazakh (isilatini) olukhulunywa kuwo?

Ulimi lwesikazakh, olubhalwe ngezinhlamvu zesilatini, lukhulunywa iningi labantu Basekazakhstan futhi lukhulunywa Nasemongolia, Echina, e-Afghanistan, e-Iran, Eturkey, Eturkmenistan Nase-Uzbekistan.

Uyini umlando wolimi lwesikazakh (isilatini)?

Ulimi lwesikazakh luwulimi Lwesiturkic olukhulunywa kakhulu Ekazakhstan futhi luwulimi olusemthethweni ezweni. Futhi ingenye yezilimi ezisemthethweni Esifundazweni sasebayan-Ölgii Emongolia. Isikazakh singesinye sezilimi ezindala Kakhulu Zamaturkic futhi umlando waso obhaliwe ungahle ulandelwe emuva ngekhulu lesi-8 lapho wasetshenziswa emibhalweni Yase-Orkhon Emongolia. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, lolu limi luye lwaguquka futhi lwazivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo zamasiko nezombangazwe Zasekazakhstan.
Isikazakh ekuqaleni sasibhalwe ngezinhlamvu zesi-arabhu kodwa ngawo-1930, ngesikhathi Sesoviet, kwasetshenziswa izinhlamvu zesilatini eziguquliwe njengohlelo lokubhala olujwayelekile lolimi. Izinhlamvu zesilatini zesikazakh zinezinhlamvu ezingu-32 futhi zihlanganisa izinhlamvu ezihlukile zamagama anonkamisa amafushane namade kanye neminye imisindo eyingqayizivele yolimi. Ngo-2017, izinhlamvu zesilatini zesikazakh zashintshwa kancane futhi manje zifaka izinhlamvu ezingu-33.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu kakhulu olimini lwesikazakh (isilatini)?

1. U-Abay Qunanbayuli (18451904) – ubuhlakani bezincwadi zabantu basekazakh, kuthiwa wenza uhlelo lokubhala lwesilatini lwesikazakh lwaba sesikhathini samanje futhi walwethula ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19.
2. Umagzhan zhumabayev (18661919) wayengumsekeli omkhulu Wokwenziwa kwesilatini kolimi lwesikazakh. Waqhubeka nomsebenzi Ka-Abay futhi unesibopho sokwakha izinhlamvu zamagama zesilatini zasekazakh zanamuhla.
3. Ubauyrzhan momyshuly (18971959) wayengumbhali odumile, imbongi kanye nosopolitiki wasekazakhstan odunyiswa ngokuthuthukisa ulimi lwesikazakh lube ulimi oluhlanganisiwe, olujwayelekile.
4. Umukhtar auezov (18971961) – umbhali wasekazakh onethonya, U-auezov wayezibophezele ekuthuthukiseni ulimi lwesikazakh namasiko.. Wabhala izincwadi eziningi ngesikazakh, enza uhlelo lokubhala lwesilatini lwaziwa.
5. Ukenzhegali bulegenov (1913-1984) – Bulegenov wayengusosayensi wezilimi obalulekile futhi engumuntu ovelele ekuthuthukiseni ulimi lwesikazakh. Wasebenza ezincwadini eziningi, ezichazamazwini nasezinhlelweni zolimi, esiza ekwenzeni isikazakh sibe ulimi lokubhala.

Isakhiwo solimi lwesikazakh (isilatini) sinjani?

Isakhiwo solimi lwesikazakh (isilatini) sisekelwe kakhulu olimini lwesiturkey. Ifonoloji yayo ibonakala ngokuvumelana kwezwi, izinga eliphakeme lokunciphisa imisho, nokuthanda imisho evulekile. Ngokwe-grammatic, ulimi oluhlanganisa kakhulu, olunamagama nezichasiso ezibonisa ama-affix amaningi kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zamapharadigm okuguquguquka. Uhlelo lwayo lwesenzo nalo luyinkimbinkimbi, lunezinhlelo ezimbili zamagama (ezivamile nezisizayo), iziqalo, izijobelelo kanye nohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwesimo nesimo sengqondo. Uhlelo lokubhala lwesikazakh (isilatini) luyi-alfabhethi elisekelwe olimini lwesilatini.

Indlela yokufunda ulimi Kazakh (Latin) ngendlela efanele kakhulu?

1. Funda izinhlamvu zamagama. Izinhlamvu zamagama zesikazakh zibhalwe ngezinhlamvu zesilatini, ngakho kuyodingeka ufunde izinhlamvu ezingu-26 nemisindo yazo.
2. Jwayelana lolimi eziyisisekelo. Ungakwenza lokhu ngokutadisha izincwadi ezikhuluma ngezinto eziyisisekelo zolimi noma ngezinsiza ezikuyi-internet njengamavidiyo E-YouTube.
3. Prakthiza ukukhuluma. Njengoba lolu limi lungakhulunywa kabanzi, kungase kudingeke uthole umuntu olukhulumayo noma inkambo yomsindo eku-inthanethi ongazijwayeza ngayo.
4. Ukutshala imali kwezinye izinto zokufunda ezisezingeni. Lezi zingahlanganisa izincwadi, izifundo zomsindo noma zevidiyo, noma ngisho namawebhusayithi nezinhlelo zokusebenza.
5. Lalela izikhulumi zomdabu kaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ungasebenzisa umculo, imibukiso yethelevishini, ama-video, nama-podcast ukukusiza ukuba ujwayele isigqi esivamile solimi.
6. Inselelo ngokwakho. Funda silulumagama ezintsha kanye practice usebenzisa it in izingxoxo. Zama ukubhala imibhalo nokuyifunda ngokuzwakalayo.
7. Ungadikibali! Ukufunda ulimi kuyinqubo ende, ngakho yiba nesineke futhi nijabula nalo!