Swahili Sundanese Guqulela

Isiswahili lulwimi oluthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50 Empuma Afrika nakwingingqi Yamachibi Amakhulu. Lulwimi Lwabantu, olunxulumene neelwimi ezifana nesizulu Nesixhosa, kwaye lolunye lweelwimi ezisemthethweni zasetanzania Nasekenya. Isiswahili lulwimi oluphambili lonxibelelwano Kulo Lonke Elasempuma Afrika kwaye sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi zizithethi zeelwimi Ezahlukeneyo Zaseafrika njengolwimi lweafranca.

Amashishini, amajelo eendaba, kunye neminye imibutho esebenza kulo mmandla, ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zokuguqulela Ngesiswahili kunokuba yinto exabisekileyo. Iinkonzo zokuguqulela zinokubonelela ngeenguqulelo ezichanekileyo nezithembekileyo zamaxwebhu kunye nezinye izinto ukusuka Kwisiswahili, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uyakwazi ukunxibelelana ngokufanelekileyo nabachaphazelekayo kulo mmandla. Iinkonzo zokuguqulela zinokukunceda wakhe ubudlelwane noluntu lwasekuhlaleni kwaye uqonde inkcubeko yabo ngcono.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela ngobuchule zihamba ngaphaya kwenguqulelo yegama elisisiseko ukuze zithathele ingqalelo imeko yenkcubeko yolwimi. Inkonzo elungileyo yokuguqulela iya kuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqulelo zichanekile kangangoko kwaye zithathela ingqalelo iindibano kunye nezaci zolwimi. Ukongeza, banokubonelela ngeenkonzo ezongezelelweyo ezinje ngokubhala ikopi Ngesiswahili, uguqulelo oluvakalayo okanye ukutolika, kunye nokuguqulelwa kwewebhusayithi. Ezi nkonzo zinokunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba umyalezo wakho ufumana ngokuchanekileyo nangempumelelo.

Xa ukhetha inkonzo yokuguqulela Yesiswahili, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba banamava ngolwimi nangolwimi lwabo. Kukwabalulekile ukuba uqiniseke ukuba banamava kwimeko ethile oyifunayo ukuba baguqulele kuyo, njengamaxwebhu ezonyango okanye asemthethweni. Okokugqibela, qiniseka ukuba ujonga iziqinisekiso zayo nayiphi na inkonzo yokuguqulela oyicingayo ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wokuguqulela.

Isiswahili lulwimi olubalulekileyo kuye nabani na owenza ushishino Empuma Afrika nakwingingqi Yamachibi Amakhulu, kwaye ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zokuguqulela ngobuchule kunokunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba umyalezo wakho uqondwa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye unxibelelene ngokufanelekileyo.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Isiswahili?

Isiswahili sithethwa Ekenya, Etanzania, Euganda, Erwanda, Eburundi, Edemocratic Republic of Congo, Emalawi, Emozambique Nasecomoros. Ikwathethwa ngokubanzi kwiindawo Zasesomalia, E-Ethiopia, Ezambia, Emzantsi Afrika Nasezimbabwe.

Luluphi ulwimi Oluthethwa Sisiswahili?

Ulwimi Lwesiswahili lulwimi Lwesibantu olusuka kusapho Lolwimi Lwaseniger-Congo. Ithethwa ikakhulu kunxweme Lwasempuma Afrika, kwaye irekhodi layo lokuqala libuyela malunga ne-800 AD. Yaqulunqwa ngumxube weelwimi Zomthonyama Zaseafrika ezidityaniswe nesipersi, isiarabhu kunye neempembelelo zesingesi kamva. Lo mxube weelwimi wadala ulwimi loncwadi olwaziwa Ngokuba Sisiswahili okanye Isiswahili.
Ekuqaleni, Isiswahili sasisetyenziswa ngabarhwebi ababephila kunxweme olusempuma Afrika. Olu lwimi lwamkelwa luluntu lwaselunxwemeni lwaza lwasasazeka ukusuka kumazibuko Empuma Afrika ukuya kwihinterland. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, yaba lulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Lwesultanate Yasezanzibar.
Ngenxa yobukoloniyali, Isiswahili sasetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi namhlanje Etanzania, Ekenya, Euganda, Erwanda, Eburundi nakwiindawo ezithile Zasecongo. Namhlanje, yenye yeelwimi ezithethwa Kakhulu E-Afrika kunye nenxalenye yolwimi olusemthethweni lwamazwe Amaninzi Ase-Afrika.

Ngoobani abantu aba-5 abaphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesiswahili?

1. Uedward Steere (1828-1902): umvangeli Wasemazweni Ongumkristu olingesi owaqulunqa isichazi-Magama sokuqala Sesiswahili. 2. U-Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge (1857-1934): I-English Egyptologist kunye nomguquleli Webhayibhile Kwisiswahili. 3. U-Ismail Juma Mziray (1862-1939): Enye yeentsika zoncwadi lwangoku Lwesiswahili, wayenoxanduva lokuzisa ulwimi kwihlabathi. 4. Utilman Jabavu( 1872-1960): utitshala Womzantsi afrika kunye nomfundi Wesiswahili onoxanduva lokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa Kwesiswahili njengolwimi lokufundisa Empuma Afrika. 5. U-Japhet Kahigi (1884-1958): Uvulindlela Weelwimi Zesiswahili, imbongi, kunye nombhali, obizwa ngokuba yi "standard" Isiswahili.

Uluphi ulwimi Lwesiswahili?

Ulwimi Lwesiswahili lulwimi oluguquguqukayo, oko kuthetha ukuba amagama amaninzi formed ngokudibanisa iiyunithi ezincinci zentsingiselo. Inomyalelo wegama lesihloko-isenzi-into, kwaye ubukhulu becala isekelwe kwizikhamiso ezimbalwa. Kwakhona kunciphisa kakhulu, oku kuthetha ukuba izifundo kunye nezinto zingashiywa ukuba zichaziwe.

Indlela yokufunda Isiswahili ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana utitshala wolwimi Lwesiswahili ofanelekileyo okanye umhlohli. Ukusebenza nesithethi esinamava Sesiswahili yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokufunda ulwimi njengoko iqinisekisa ukuba ufumana ulwazi oluchanekileyo ngokuthe ngqo kwisithethi somthonyama. Ukuba utitshala wolwimi okanye umhlohli akafumaneki, khangela ikhosi elungileyo ekwi-intanethi okanye izifundo zevidiyo.
2. Get yourself in Isiswahili! Okukhona usiva kwaye ufunda ulwimi, kokukhona unokuluqonda ngcono kwaye ekugqibeleni ube nakho ukunxibelelana kulo. Mamela umculo Wesiswahili, ubukele iimovie zesiswahili kunye nemiboniso kamabonwakude, kwaye ufunde iincwadi zesiswahili kunye namaphephandaba.
3. Funda isigama. Ukufunda amagama asisiseko kunye namabinzana kuya kukunceda uqonde ulwimi kwaye uxhase incoko yakho. Qala ngamagama alula emihla ngemihla kunye namabinzana kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe uqhubele phambili kwizihloko ezinzima ngakumbi.
4. Ziqhelise ukuthetha kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Kubalulekile ukuba uqhelisele ukuthetha ulwimi nezithethi zomthonyama okanye abanye abafundi. Unokujoyina iqela lolwimi, uthathe inxaxheba kutshintshiselwano lolwimi, okanye uziqhelanise nomhlohli.
5. Gcina umkhondo wenkqubela yakho. Landela into oyifundileyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, zeziphi izihloko ezifuna ukuziqhelanisa ngakumbi, kunye nokuba ingakanani inkqubela oyenzileyo. Oku kuya kukunceda uhlale ukhuthazekile kwaye kukunika ukuqonda okungcono malunga noko kufuneka usebenze.

Isisundanese sesinye sezona lwimi zithethwa Kakhulu Eindonesia. Yinxalenye yosapho lolwimi Lwaseostreliya kwaye kuthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-40 kwingingqi Yasesunda. Ulwimi luye lwaba ngumxholo weelwimi ezininzi kunye nabaphengululi kule minyaka, kwaye inembali yenkcubeko etyebileyo ebuyela emva kweenkulungwane.

Uguqulelo lwesundanese yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuthandwa kolwimi kunye nokwamkelwa. Ngeentetho ezincinci emhlabeni jikelele, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ziyafumaneka Ngesundanese ukuze zihlale zidlamkile kwaye zifikeleleke kubo bonke.

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuguqulela Kwisundanese, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwezixhobo eziguqulelwayo. Ngokomzekelo, izicatshulwa zonqulo zifuna ukuchaneka okukhulu kunye nokuchaneka, kunye nolwazi lweempawu zonqulo kunye nezithethe. Ngelixa iinguqulelo ngokubanzi zinokusingathwa zizithethi zomthonyama zolwimi, ezi meko zikhethekileyo zihlala zifuna abaguquleli abaziingcali abanolwazi olukhethekileyo kuloo ndawo.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba inguqulelo Yesundanese ayikho malunga namagama kuphela. Njengenxalenye yenkcubeko, zininzi izinto zolwimi ekufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo ukuze kuguqulelwe ngempumelelo izixhobo Kwisundanese. Oku kufuna inqanaba elithile lobuchule kunye namava ngolwimi, kunye nokuqonda amasiko kunye nenkcubeko yendawo.

Ukongeza ekuboneleleni ngenkonzo yokuguqulela, kukho ezinye iindlela zokunceda ukugcina Isundanese iphila kwaye ifanelekile kwindawo yanamhlanje. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzenzile kukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zolwimi Lwesundanese zifumaneka ngokulula kwi-intanethi. Oku kuthetha ukwenza izichazi-magama ezisekwe kwiwebhu kunye nezinye izinto ezinokusetyenziswa nangubani na ononxibelelwano lwe-intanethi. Njengoko ulwimi luqhubeka luguquka, izixhobo ezinjalo zinokunceda ukugcina ulwimi lwangoku kwaye luhambelana neemfuno zezithethi zalo.

Uguqulelo lwesundanese luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba ulwimi luhlala ludlamkile kwaye luphila kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Ngemizamo yabo bobabini abaziingcali kunye nabemi bomthonyama, ulwimi lunokuqhubeka nokuba ngumthombo wamandla kunye nekratshi elizweni, ngelixa likwanceda ukuphucula unxibelelwano phakathi kweenkcubeko.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwesundanese?

I-Sundanese ithethwa kumaphondo Aseindonesia Asebanten Nasentshona Java, kunye neendawo Zejava Esembindini. Ikwathethwa ngamanani amancinci abantu Beentlanga Zesundanese abahlala kwezinye iindawo Zase-Indonesia, Esingapore Nasemalaysia.

Lithini ixesha lokubhalwa kweelwimi Zesintu?

Ulwimi Lwesundanese lulwimi Lwaseostreliya oluthethwa ngabantu abaqikelelwa kwizigidi ezingama-30 abahlala Kumaphondo Asentshona Java Nasebanten Eindonesia. Lulwimi lwesibini oluthethwa kakhulu kwilizwe emva Kwesijavanese, kwaye ibilulwimi loncwadi lwenkundla ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-14. Imibhalo yokuqala eyaziwayo Yesundanese yabhalwa emva kwekhulu LE-11 AD, kwaye kucingelwa ukuba ulwimi luye lwajikeleza ubuncinane iminyaka eyi-1 500. I-Sundanese iyinxalenye yesebe lasentshona Lasemalayo-Polynesia losapho Lweelwimi Zase-Australia, kwaye inxulumene Nejavanese Kunye Nebalinese. I-Sundanese isetyenziselwa unxibelelwano lwemihla ngemihla, njengolwimi lwezorhwebo, kwaye njengendlela yobugcisa nenkcubeko, ebonakaliswe ngomdaniso wesintu, injana yesithunzi (I-Wayang Golek), kunye nomculo odumileyo wesitayile somculo owaziwa Ngokuba Yi-Kecapi Suling. Olu lwimi luye lwasetyenziswa kangangeenkulungwane kwizicwangciso zemfundo, nemibhalo-ngqangi yakudala edla ngokubhalwa Ngesisundanese okanye ngomxube Wesundanese Nejavanese.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesundanese?

1. I-Sunandari, eyaziwa ngokuba Yi "Mama Of Sundanese Poetry," yayiyimbongi yasesundanese eyaziwayo eyaziswa ngokuzisa ulwimi Lwesundanese kwifom yemibongo ngeminyaka yoo-1700.
2. Ua Maramis (1914-1995), umbhali, umguquleli, kunye nengcali yeelwimi, wandise kakhulu umzimba wolwazi kulwimi Lwesundanese kwaye waseka i-academy yokuqala yesundanese yemfundo yolwimi.
3. Udardiri M. Arief (1917-1996), imbongi edumileyo, iguqulele imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ukusuka Ejavanese ukuya Kwisundanese, inegalelo kuphuhliso lwesundanese yoncwadi lwangoku kwinkulungwane yama-20.
4. Unjingalwazi H. Koesmanto (1929-2016), i-anactivist kunye nomphengululi, waseka I-Faculty Yeeleta Kwiyunivesithi Yasebandung, ezinikele kulwimi kunye noncwadi lwazo zonke iintlobo, kwaye wabhala iincwadi ezininzi kunye namanqaku ejenali ngolwimi Lwesundanese.
5. Suryadi (b. 1934), imbongi edumileyo Yasesundanese kunye nomfanekiso woluntu, ibhale ngokubanzi kwisundanese Naseindonesia, kwaye ihlonitshwa kakhulu ngemisebenzi yakhe kwisiko nakwinkcubeko yabantu Basesundanese.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi Lwesundanese?

Ulwimi Lwesundanese lulwimi Lwaseostreliya oluthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-39 ikakhulu kwinxalenye esentshona Yesiqithi Sasejava Eindonesia. Yeyeqela elingaphantsi Lasemalayo-Polynesia losapho lolwimi Lwase-Australia kwaye inxulumene ngokusondeleyo Nejavanese, Madurese Kunye Nebalinese.
I-Sundanese lulwimi LWE-SVO (umxholo-isenzi-into). Izenzi ziyavumelana neengxoxo zabo ngokubhekiselele kumntu, inombolo, kunye nesini. Izibizo azingeniswa kwimeko kwaye akukho manqaku aqinisekileyo okanye angapheliyo. Kukho amadoda amathathu (abesilisa ,abesifazana nabangathathi neothi) kunye namanani amabini (isinye kunye nesininzi). I-Sundanese ineseti ephucukileyo yezihlomelo zomlomo, kubandakanya amanqaku aliqela kunye nezinye izinto zokumakisha. Ulwimi lukwasebenzisa umyalelo wegama njengendlela yokubonisa intsingiselo.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lwesundanese ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana isithethi somthonyama Sesundanese kwaye unxibelelane nabo rhoqo. Kungcono ukuba neqabane lencoko onokuthi ulisebenzise ulwimi kwaye uncedane bafunde.
2. Thenga ezinye iincwadi okanye izixhobo zomsindo malunga nolwimi kwaye uqale ukufunda ngokwakho. Izibonelelo ezilungileyo ziquka iincwadi zegrama, iincwadi zezifundo, iincwadi zokusebenzela kunye nokurekhodwa komsindo.
3. Bhalisa kwiiklasi zolwimi okanye iiseshoni zokufundisa zabucala ezinokubonelela ngemfundo eyenzelwe wena kunye nengxelo.
4. Xa sele ukulungele, thatha uhambo Eindonesia kwaye uzame ukuntywilisela ngolwimi. Ngale ndlela, unokufunda ulwimi ngokumamela kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo kunye nezithethi zomthonyama.
5. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi ezinje ngeewebhusayithi, iiforamu kunye nemithombo yeendaba zentlalo ukuncokola nezithethi zomthonyama kwaye ufumane izixhobo ezongezelelweyo zokukunceda ekufundeni kwakho.