Isibhunu Isicatalan Humusha

Isibhunu siwulimi olukhulunywa Ikakhulukazi Eningizimu Afrika, Enamibia Nasebotswana ngabantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-7. Njengoba ulimi lwavela esidashi, luqukethe izici zalo eziningi eziyingqayizivele, okwenza ukuhumushela esingisini kube inselele.

Njengoba lolu limi luhlobene kakhulu nesidashi, ukuhumusha Isibhunu kudinga okungaphezu nje kokumane kushintshwe igama elilodwa kwelinye, njengoba kunama-nuances amaningi nezinto zesitayela okudingeka zicatshangelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, isidashi sisebenzisa izimelabizo eziqondene nobulili, kuyilapho Isibhunu singasebenzisi; ngaphezu kwalokho, amagama esidashi abhalwe ngamagama amakhulu kuyilapho Isibhunu ngokuvamile singasebenzisi amagama amakhulu.

Ngaphezu kobunzima bokuhumushela Isibhunu esingisini, kunokwehluka okuningi kwamasiko phakathi kwala mazwe amabili okudinga ukuzwela nokuqonda. Umhumushi angakwazi ukubamba incazelo yombhalo wokuqala kuphela ngokuqonda lezi zincazelo.

Lapho uhumusha Isibhunu, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa umhumushi ofanelekayo ojwayelene nezilimi namasiko. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukunemba, kanye nokuhambisana nezidingo zomthetho ezifana nomthetho we-copyright.

Kulabo abasanda kuqala ukusebenza Ngesibhunu, ulwazi oluyisisekelo lolimi lubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba kokuhumusha. Umhumushi onguchwepheshe kufanele ajwayelane nesakhiwo sohlelo lolimi, izinkulumo ezivamile nezisho, uma sibala ezimbalwa.

Ezinguqulweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengamadokhumenti obuchwepheshe noma izinkontileka zomthetho, ngokuvamile kuyazuzisa ukuqasha iqembu labahumushi ukuze kuqinisekiswe imiphumela enembile nevumelanayo.

Inqubo yokuhumusha Isibhunu ingase ibonakale inzima ekuqaleni, kodwa ngamathuluzi afanele nolwazi, ingafinyelelwa kalula. Ngokusebenzisa umhumushi professional abanekhono Kokubili Afrikaans and English, uyoqinisekisa ukunemba kanye nekhwalithi izinguqulo zakho zibe English.

Yimaphi amazwe okukhulunywa Kuwo Isibhunu?

Isibhunu sikhulunywa Kakhulu Eningizimu Afrika Nasenamibia, kunezikhulumi ezincane Ebotswana, Ezimbabwe, Ezambia Nase-Angola. Kukhulunywa futhi yingxenye enkulu yabantu abavela Kwamanye amazwe e-Australia, e-United States, Ejalimane nasenetherlands.

Uyini umlando wolimi Lwesibhunu?

Ulimi Lwesibhunu lunomlando omude futhi oyinkimbinkimbi. Luwulimi Lwaseningizimu Afrika olwakhiwa ngesidashi olwalukhulunywa abahlali bedutch East India Company kulokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi Idutch Cape Colony. Inomsuka wayo ngekhulu le-17, lapho abahlali basenetherlands Ekapa Colony besebenzisa isidashi njengolimi lwabo oluvamile. Yavela ezilimini zesidashi ezazikhulunywa yilaba bahlali, ezaziwa ngokuthi isidashi Sasecape. Futhi inethonya lezilimi Zesimalay, isiputukezi, isijalimane, isifulentshi, Isikhoi Nesibantu.
Ekuqaleni lolu limi lwalubizwa ngokuthi "isidashi Sasekapa "noma"isidashi Sasekhishini". Lwaqashelwa ngokusemthethweni njengolimi oluzimele ngo-1925. Ukuthuthuka kwalo kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: uhlobo olukhulunywayo, nohlobo olubhaliwe.
Ezingeni lokuqala lokuthuthuka kwalo, Isibhunu sasihlotshaniswa nesimo esiphansi emphakathini, futhi sasibhekwa njengophawu lokungazi. Lokhu kwashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, Futhi Isibhunu saqala ukubhekwa njengolimi lokulingana, ikakhulukazi lapho samukelwa yinhlangano elwa nobandlululo ngawo-1960.
Namuhla, Isibhunu sikhulunywa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-16 Kulo Lonke Elaseningizimu Afrika Nasenamibia, futhi singesinye sezilimi ezingu-11 ezisemthethweni (kanye nolimi olungafuneki) Eningizimu Afrika. Ngaphandle Kweningizimu Afrika, lolu limi lukhulunywa Nase-Australia, e-United states nasebelgium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvamile lolu limi lubhalwa ngezinhlamvu zesilatini, nakuba abanye ababhali bekhetha ukusebenzisa indlela yokubhala yesidashi.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini Lwesibhunu?

1. Ujan Christiaan Smuts (18701950): wayengumuntu ovelele waseningizimu Afrika owaba nendima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni izincwadi Zesibhunu nasekukhuthazeni ulimi kuzo zonke izici zokuphila.
2. S. J. du toit (18471911): waziwa ngokuthi 'ubaba Wesibhunu' ngenxa yomnikelo wakhe obalulekile ekusungulweni kolimi njengolimi olusemthethweni Eningizimu Afrika.
3. Ud. F. malan (18741959): wayengundunankulu wokuqala Waseningizimu Afrika futhi kuthiwa waqaphela ngokusemthethweni Isibhunu njengolimi olusemthethweni ngo-1925.
4. Ut. V. mofokeng (18931973): wayenguthisha owaziwayo, imbongi, umbhali kanye nesikhulumi esiza ukuthuthukisa nokukhuthaza izincwadi Zesibhunu.
5. Uc. P. Hoogenhout (19021972): ubhekwa njengomunye wamaphayona ezincwadi Zesibhunu, njengoba abhala izinkondlo, imidlalo, izindaba ezimfushane namanoveli athonya kakhulu izincwadi zesibhunu zanamuhla.

Isakhiwo solimi Lwesibhunu sakhiwa kanjani?

Ulimi Lwesibhunu lunesakhiwo esilula, esiqondile. Lisuselwa olimini lwesidashi futhi linezici eziningi ezifanayo. Isibhunu asinalo uhlelo lolimi, sisebenzisa izikhathi ezimbili kuphela zesenzo, futhi sihlanganisa izenzi ngesethi eyisisekelo yamaphethini. Kukhona futhi ukuguqulwa okumbalwa kakhulu, iningi lamagama linomumo owodwa kuzo zonke izimo nezinombolo.

Indlela yokufunda Ulimi Lwesibhunu ngendlela efanele kakhulu?

1. Start ngokujwayelana nezisekelo Zohlelo Lolimi Lwesibhunu. Kunezinsiza eziningi ezikuyi-internet ezifundisa izifundo zokuqala zohlelo lolimi, noma ungathenga izincwadi noma ezinye izinto ukuze zikusize uqale.
2. Prakthiza amakhono akho okulalela ngokubuka amabhayisikobho, IMIBUKISO YE-TV, nezinhlelo zomsakazo Ngesibhunu. Lokhu kungakusiza ufunde amagama amaningi nemishwana, kanye pronunciation.
3. Funda izincwadi, amaphephandaba, kanye nomagazini ebhalwe Afrikaans. Lokhu kuzokusiza ufunde kabanzi ngolimi futhi ukhululeke ngohlelo lolimi kanye pronunciation.
4. Joyina iqembu Ingxoxo Afrikaans ukuze ukwazi ukuzijayeza ukukhuluma izikhulumi bomdabu. Lokhu kungakusiza ukuba uzizwe uzethemba ngokwengeziwe lapho ukhuluma nabanye.
5. Sebenzisa flashcards kanye zokusebenza ukukusiza ufunde amagama amasha nemishwana. Lena indlela enhle kakhulu yokwengeza izikhathi zakho zokufunda ezivamile.
6. Ukuya ezifundweni zolimi uma kungenzeka. Ukuthatha ikilasi elihlelekile kungaba yindlela enhle yokuqonda ulimi kangcono nokuzijwayeza nabanye abafundi.

Isicatalan siwulimi lwesiromance olukhulunywa Ikakhulukazi Espain Naseandorra, kanye nakwezinye izindawo Zaseyurophu Njenge-Italy, Ifrance Nemalta. Ulimi olusemthethweni esifundeni Sasecatalonia Espain futhi lukhulunywa nasezifundeni ezingomakhelwane Zasevalencia naseziqhingini Zasebalearic. Ngenxa yomlando wayo ohlukile, nakuba inokufana okuningi nezinye izilimi Zasespain, iyilimi elihlukile ngokwalo, futhi ukuhumusha phakathi kwesicatalan nezinye izilimi Zaseyurophu kungenza ama-nuances amaningi nobuciko kulahleke kalula.

Kumabhizinisi afuna ukuxhumana namakhasimende noma abasebenzi abakhuluma isicatalan, izinsizakalo zokuhumusha zibalulekile. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa abahumushi abanolwazi nabaqeqeshiwe abangajwayelene nolimi kuphela, kodwa nanoma yiziphi izincazelo ezithile zamasiko. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi lapho kuhunyushwa imibhalo enjengezinkontileka zomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba imithetho Ye-European Union kufanele yenziwe itholakale kuzo zonke izilimi ezisemthethweni ze-Eu, ukuhunyushelwa olimini lwesicatalan kuyadingeka kuzo zonke izinkampani ezenza ibhizinisi e-eu.

Ngokufanayo, okuqukethwe okuku-inthanethi njengamawebhusayithi, imikhankaso yokumaketha nokuthunyelwe kwezokuxhumana kudingeka kuhunyushwe ngokunembile kubabukeli basecatalan. Izinsizakalo zokuhumusha ezisebenza ngokuzikhandla ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhumusha kunembile futhi akunamaphutha, futhi kusesikhathini futhi kufanelekile ngokwesiko.

Lapho ufuna izinsizakalo zokuhumusha, kubalulekile ukukhetha umhlinzeki wesevisi onerekhodi elibanzi emkhakheni. Eck ulwazi lwabo kanye nesipiliyoni ulimi, kanye nezindlela zabo. Ukusebenza nomhlinzeki wesevisi ofanelekayo nonolwazi kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhumusha kwenziwa ngokunembile nangendlela ecabangela ukuzwela kwamasiko. Isevisi enhle yokuhumusha izosiza futhi ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi okuqukethwe kusendaweni futhi kufanelekile kubabukeli ababhekiswe kubo.

Ekuphetheni, izinsizakalo zokuhumusha ezisebenza ngokuzikhandla zinikeza ukuxhumana okubalulekile phakathi kwezilaleli ezikhuluma isicatalan nezingakhulumi isicatalan. Abahumushi abanolwazi nabanolwazi bangasiza amabhizinisi ukuba afinyelele futhi ahlanganyele ezimakethe ezihlosiwe, kanye nokufeza izibopho zawo zomthetho. Ekugcineni, ukulandela amathiphu angenhla kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuhumusha okuphumelelayo nokunembile.

Yiluphi ulimi olukhulunywa ecatalan?

Isicatalan sikhulunywa emazweni amaningana, kuhlanganise Nespain, I-Andorra Nefrance. Yaziwa nangokuthi Ivalencian kwezinye izingxenye Zomphakathi Wasevalencian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isicatalan sikhulunywa emadolobheni azimele Aseceuta Nasemelilla Enyakatho Afrika, Naseziqhingini Zasebalearic.

Uyini umlando wolimi lwesicatalan?

Ulimi lwesicatalan lunomlando omude futhi ohlukahlukene, kusukela ngekhulu le-10. Luwulimi Lwesiromance, okusho ukuthi lwavela olimini lwesilatini, futhi lusuka engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yenhlonhlo Yaseiberia. Isicatalan sasiwulimi Lomqhele Wase-Aragon, owawuhlanganisa izingxenye zefrance yanamuhla, I-Italy Nespain kusukela ngekhulu le-11 kuya kwele-15. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi ulimi lwasakazekela eningizimu nasempumalanga kuyo yonke le ndawo.
Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, isicatalan siye sathonywa kakhulu ezinye izilimi ezihlanganisa isifulentshi, ispanishi nesintaliyane. Ngenkathi Ephakathi, kwakuwulimi olusemthethweni Lombuso Wasemallorca futhi lwaba ulimi oluthandwayo ezinkantolo Zasecatalonia Nase-Aragon. Yayisetshenziswa nasezindaweni ezithile Zasevalencia Naseziqhingini Zasebalearic. Ngenxa yalokho, lolu limi lwakwazi ukulondoloza izici zalo eziyingqayizivele nakuba lwalusebenzise izici zezinye izilimi.
Ekhulwini le-18, lapho Amabourbon ethatha izintambo kule ndawo, isicatalan sathathelwa indawo ispanishi njengolimi olusemthethweni futhi kwathiwa asikho emthethweni ezingxenyeni ezithile zale ndawo. Lokhu kwenqatshelwa kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu le-19 futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lolu limi luye lwaphinde lwathandwa. Manje lolu limi selubhekwa njengolimi olusemthethweni Espain Nasefrance, futhi luye lwavuselelwa emashumini eminyaka amuva.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini lwesicatalan?

1. Ujaume II Wase-Aragon (12671327): wahlanganisa isicatalan nezinye izilimi nezilimi Zasenhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia, wakha umanduleli wesicatalan sanamuhla.
2. Upompeu fabra (18681948): Ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi "uyise wesicatalan sanamuhla", Ufabra wayengusosayensi wezilimi ovelele owahlela futhi wahlela uhlelo lolimi.
3. Ujoan Coromines (18931997): Ucoromines wabhala isichazamazwi esiphelele solimi lwesicatalan, esihlala siyincwadi ebalulekile namuhla.
4. Usalvador Espriu( 1913-1985): U-Espriu wayengumbongi, umbhali wemidlalo, nomlobi wezindaba owasiza ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwesicatalan ezincwadini.
5. Ugabriel ferrater (1922-1972): Uferrater wayengumbongi nomlobi wezindatshana izingoma zakhe eziye zaba yizimpawu ezivelele zesiko lasecatalan.

Isakhiwo solimi lwesicatalan sakhiwa kanjani?

Isakhiwo solimi lwesicatalan silandela ukuhleleka kwamagama kwe-svo (Isihloko-Isenzo-Into). Luwulimi olwenziwe, okusho ukuthi igama ngalinye lingadlulisela ukwaziswa okuningi kohlelo lolimi. Izici eziyinhloko ze-morphology yolimi zihlanganisa ubulili, inombolo kanye nokuvumelana kwesimo. Kunezinhlobo ezine zokuhlanganiswa kwamazwi, ezakha amapharadigm ngamazwi kuye ngomuntu, inombolo, isici, nesimo sengqondo. Kukhona nezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko zamagama: okuchazayo nokungachazeki. Amagama anqunyiwe anezihloko ezicacile, kuyilapho amagama angenqunyiwe engenayo.

Indlela ukufunda ulimi Catalan ngendlela efanele kunazo?

1. Thola incwadi enhle yolimi lwesicatalan noma inkambo eku – inthanethi-Bheka okuthile okuhlanganisa izinto eziyisisekelo zohlelo lolimi nolwazimagama, futhi unezibonelo nokuzivocavoca ukukusiza uzijwayeze.
2. Sebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ulimi-Sebenzisa app mobile like duolingo, enikeza saqala-level catalan izifundo futhi isebenzisa imidlalo ukukusiza ufunde.
3. Buka catalan films-ukubukela films in Catalan kuyindlela enkulu ukuze uthole izindlebe zakho ujwayelene ulimi.
4. Funda ngesicatalan-Zama ukuthola izincwadi, omagazini, noma amaphephandaba ezibhalwe ngesicatalan, ngisho noma nje ufunda amakhasi ambalwa, kungakusiza pick up amagama amasha nemishwana.
5. Lalela izikhulumi bomdabu - kukhona podcasts eziningi, imibukiso yomsakazo, nezinhlelo TV atholakalayo Catalan ngakho sebenzisa kubo ukukusiza uthole pronunciation yakho ilungelo.
6. Prakthiza ukukhuluma-indlela engcono kakhulu yokufunda noma yiluphi ulimi iwukuba empeleni ukuyisebenzisa. Kunemiphakathi eminingi ekhuluma isicatalan emhlabeni wonke ngakho-ke kufanele kube lula ukuthola umuntu ozozijwayeza naye!