Isicroatian Sundanese Guqulela

Uguqulelo Lwemalta lwenza ukuba abantu baqonde ulwimi kunye nenkcubeko Yasemalta, isiqithi Kulwandle Lwemeditera emazantsi Esicily. Ulwimi olusemthethweni Lwemalta Yimalta, ulwimi Lwesimitic olubhalwa kusetyenziswa oonobumba besilatini. Nangona Imalta ifana nesiarabhu, inomahluko othile, okwenza kube nzima kwabo bangengabo abathetha bomthonyama ukuba baqonde ngaphandle kwenguqulelo Yasemalta.

Imalta inembali ende, enokulandelwa Emva Kwamafenike namaroma. Kangangeenkulungwane, ezinye iilwimi ziye zaphembelela Ukuphuhliswa Kwesimalta, njengesitaliyane, isingesi nesifrentshi. Ngenxa yoku, kubalulekile ukufumana uguqulelo Lwesimalta ukuze uqonde ngokupheleleyo izinto zolwimi.

Xa kuziwa ekufumaneni uguqulelo oluchanekileyo Lwemalta, kukho iindlela ezininzi ezikhoyo. Iinkonzo zokuguqulela ngobuchule zinokubonelela ngeenkonzo zokutolika kuwo nawaphi na amaxwebhu okanye isicatshulwa, ukusukela kumaxwebhu oshishino ukuya kumaxwebhu asemthethweni kunye nonyango. Ukusebenza nenkonzo yokuguqulela ngobuchule kuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umbhalo uguqulelwe ngokuchanekileyo, ugcina intsingiselo yoqobo kunye nenjongo.

Ukuba ujonga ukhetho olusebenzayo ngakumbi, kukho iiwebhusayithi ezininzi ezibonelela ngeenkonzo zokuguqulela kwi-intanethi. Ezi webhusayithi zibonelela ngeenguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zeelwimi, kubandakanya Imalta. Nangona iinkonzo zokuguqulela kwi-intanethi zinokubonelela ngeenguqulelo ezichanekileyo, zisenokungasoloko zibandakanya yonke into yenkcubeko. Ke ngoko, uguqulelo Lwemalta yedijithali lusetyenziswa ngcono kumaxwebhu alula kunye neetekisi.

Ekugqibeleni, kukho izichazi-magama Ezininzi Zesimalta-isingesi ezifumanekayo, zombini kwi-intanethi nakwifomu yokuprinta. Ezi zichazi-magama zinokukunika iinguqulelo ezichanileyo zamagama, kunye neengcebiso eziluncedo kwigrama kunye nokubiza amagama. Ngelixa iinguqulelo zesichazi-magama zinokuba luncedo, zihlala zilinganiselwe kububanzi kwaye akufuneki zisetyenziselwe amaxwebhu antsonkothileyo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba luhlobo luni lweenguqulelo Zesitaliyane ozifunayo, kubalulekile ukufumana isisombululo esifanelekileyo kwiimfuno zakho. Iinkonzo zokuguqulela ngobuchule zinokukunika iinguqulelo ezichanileyo, ngoxa iinkonzo zokuguqulela kwi-intanethi nezichazi-magama zinokuba luncedo kwiinguqulelo ezisisiseko. Nokuba ukhetha ntoni, inguqulelo Yasemalta inokukunika ukuqonda okungcono kolwimi nenkcubeko Yasemalta.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwasemalta?

Imalta ithethwa ikakhulu Emalta, kodwa ikwathethwa ngamalungu E-Diaspora Yasemalta kwamanye amazwe Afana Ne-Australia, Canada, Jamani, Italy, I-United Kingdom Kunye Ne-United states.

Yintoni Imbali Yolwimi Lwasemalta?

Ulwimi Lwasemalta lunembali ende kwaye eyahlukileyo, enobungqina obuqala emva kwenkulungwane ye-10 AD. Kukholelwa ukuba iguquke kwiilwimi Zesiculo-arabhu ezithethwa ngabahlali abavela Enyakatho Afrika Kwi-Middle Ages, ezaye ziphenjelelwa kakhulu yintaliyane, isifrentshi, ispanish nesingesi. Njengoko isiqithi Sasemalta sasilawulwa ngamagunya ahlukeneyo kwimbali yaso, ulwimi lwathatha amagama ahlukeneyo kunye namabinzana kwiilwimi zamagunya awayehlala kwesi siqithi. Ngenxa yoko, Imalta yenye yeelwimi ezizodwa Eyurophu, kwaye isichazi-magama sayo siqulathe izinto zazo zonke iinkcubeko ebeziyinxalenye yembali yayo.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwasemalta?

1) Umikiel Anton Vassalli (1764-1829): Owaziwa ngokuba "Nguyise Wolwimi Lwasemalta", Uvassalli wayengumfilosofi Wolwimi Lwasemalta, ifilosofi kunye ne-philologist owayengowokuqala ukulungelelanisa ulwimi Lwasemalta.
I-Dun Karm Psaila (1871-1961): imbongi kunye nembongi yokuqala yesizwe Yasemalta, Upsaila wabhala Kakhulu Ngesimalta kwaye wayenoxanduva lokongezwa kunye nokwandiswa koluhlu lwamagama amatsha kunye namabinzana ngolwimi.
3) Guze Muscat Azzopardi( 1927-2007): utitshala, ingcali yeelwimi, kunye nomfundi weencwadi Zasemalta, Uazzopardi wabhala ngokubanzi Ngesimalta, kunye nokuvelisa isifundo esikhulu solwimi kunye noncwadi lolwimi olusebenza njengesiseko solwimi lwangoku Lwasemalta.
U-Anton van Lear (1905-1992): umfundisi Wamajesuit, Uvan Lear wayengomnye wabantu abaphambili kwicandelo lolwimi Lwesimalta kunye noncwadi ngenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwaye unoxanduva lokudala inkqubo yopelo oluchanekileyo lolwimi.
Ujoe Friggieri (1936-2020): imbongi yasemalta kunye nombhali, Ufriggieri wabhala ngokubanzi ngesingesi Nangesimalta kwaye wayeligalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lolwimi lwangoku Lwasemalta, kunye nokuqwalaselwa njengomnye wababhali abaphambili kwimibongo Yasemalta.

Ulwakhiwo Njani ulwimi Lwemalta?

Isakhiwo Semalta sifana nesiarabhu, apho amagama akhiwa kwiingcambu ezintathu. Isakhiwo siphenjelelwa kakhulu sisifrentshi nesitaliyane, kunye nokongezwa kwenqaku eliqinisekileyo ngaphambi kwezibizo kunye nobukho bezifinyezo ezimbalwa zesilatini. Imalta inenombolo ephindwe kabini, okuthetha ukuba izibizo, izichazi kunye nezenzi zingafakelwa kwifom enye okanye ezimbini.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwasemalta ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda iziseko zegrama Yasemalta kunye nokubiza amagama. Khangela izixhobo ze-intanethi kunye nezifundo ezichaza imigaqo yegrama, kunye nendlela yokubiza amagama ngokuqonda.
2. Fumana iqabane lokutshintshiselana ngolwimi okanye iqela onokuziqhelanisa nalo. Ukuthetha nomntu osele ethetha Nesimalta yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokufunda.
3. Mamela unomathotholo Wasemalta, iimuvi kunye neenkqubo zikamabonwakude. Nika ingqalelo kulwimi kwaye uzame ukuphinda into oyivayo.
4. Sebenzisa usetyenziso olufana Neduolingo ukwenza isigama kunye negrama. Kungaluncedo ukuba ube nendlela ecwangcisiweyo yokuziqhelanisa nezakhono zakho zolwimi.
5. Yenza abahlobo Basemalta. Le yindlela efanelekileyo yokufunda ulwimi kuba iya kukunika iincoko eziyinyani, kunye nezithethi zomthonyama ezikulungele ukukunceda ufunde.
6. Ndwendwela Imalta, ukuba unako. Zifake kulwimi, inkcubeko kunye nabantu Basemalta. Uya kuthatha ulwimi ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ngale ndlela!

Isisundanese sesinye sezona lwimi zithethwa Kakhulu Eindonesia. Yinxalenye yosapho lolwimi Lwaseostreliya kwaye kuthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-40 kwingingqi Yasesunda. Ulwimi luye lwaba ngumxholo weelwimi ezininzi kunye nabaphengululi kule minyaka, kwaye inembali yenkcubeko etyebileyo ebuyela emva kweenkulungwane.

Uguqulelo lwesundanese yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuthandwa kolwimi kunye nokwamkelwa. Ngeentetho ezincinci emhlabeni jikelele, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ziyafumaneka Ngesundanese ukuze zihlale zidlamkile kwaye zifikeleleke kubo bonke.

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuguqulela Kwisundanese, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwezixhobo eziguqulelwayo. Ngokomzekelo, izicatshulwa zonqulo zifuna ukuchaneka okukhulu kunye nokuchaneka, kunye nolwazi lweempawu zonqulo kunye nezithethe. Ngelixa iinguqulelo ngokubanzi zinokusingathwa zizithethi zomthonyama zolwimi, ezi meko zikhethekileyo zihlala zifuna abaguquleli abaziingcali abanolwazi olukhethekileyo kuloo ndawo.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba inguqulelo Yesundanese ayikho malunga namagama kuphela. Njengenxalenye yenkcubeko, zininzi izinto zolwimi ekufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo ukuze kuguqulelwe ngempumelelo izixhobo Kwisundanese. Oku kufuna inqanaba elithile lobuchule kunye namava ngolwimi, kunye nokuqonda amasiko kunye nenkcubeko yendawo.

Ukongeza ekuboneleleni ngenkonzo yokuguqulela, kukho ezinye iindlela zokunceda ukugcina Isundanese iphila kwaye ifanelekile kwindawo yanamhlanje. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzenzile kukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zolwimi Lwesundanese zifumaneka ngokulula kwi-intanethi. Oku kuthetha ukwenza izichazi-magama ezisekwe kwiwebhu kunye nezinye izinto ezinokusetyenziswa nangubani na ononxibelelwano lwe-intanethi. Njengoko ulwimi luqhubeka luguquka, izixhobo ezinjalo zinokunceda ukugcina ulwimi lwangoku kwaye luhambelana neemfuno zezithethi zalo.

Uguqulelo lwesundanese luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba ulwimi luhlala ludlamkile kwaye luphila kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Ngemizamo yabo bobabini abaziingcali kunye nabemi bomthonyama, ulwimi lunokuqhubeka nokuba ngumthombo wamandla kunye nekratshi elizweni, ngelixa likwanceda ukuphucula unxibelelwano phakathi kweenkcubeko.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwesundanese?

I-Sundanese ithethwa kumaphondo Aseindonesia Asebanten Nasentshona Java, kunye neendawo Zejava Esembindini. Ikwathethwa ngamanani amancinci abantu Beentlanga Zesundanese abahlala kwezinye iindawo Zase-Indonesia, Esingapore Nasemalaysia.

Lithini ixesha lokubhalwa kweelwimi Zesintu?

Ulwimi Lwesundanese lulwimi Lwaseostreliya oluthethwa ngabantu abaqikelelwa kwizigidi ezingama-30 abahlala Kumaphondo Asentshona Java Nasebanten Eindonesia. Lulwimi lwesibini oluthethwa kakhulu kwilizwe emva Kwesijavanese, kwaye ibilulwimi loncwadi lwenkundla ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-14. Imibhalo yokuqala eyaziwayo Yesundanese yabhalwa emva kwekhulu LE-11 AD, kwaye kucingelwa ukuba ulwimi luye lwajikeleza ubuncinane iminyaka eyi-1 500. I-Sundanese iyinxalenye yesebe lasentshona Lasemalayo-Polynesia losapho Lweelwimi Zase-Australia, kwaye inxulumene Nejavanese Kunye Nebalinese. I-Sundanese isetyenziselwa unxibelelwano lwemihla ngemihla, njengolwimi lwezorhwebo, kwaye njengendlela yobugcisa nenkcubeko, ebonakaliswe ngomdaniso wesintu, injana yesithunzi (I-Wayang Golek), kunye nomculo odumileyo wesitayile somculo owaziwa Ngokuba Yi-Kecapi Suling. Olu lwimi luye lwasetyenziswa kangangeenkulungwane kwizicwangciso zemfundo, nemibhalo-ngqangi yakudala edla ngokubhalwa Ngesisundanese okanye ngomxube Wesundanese Nejavanese.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesundanese?

1. I-Sunandari, eyaziwa ngokuba Yi "Mama Of Sundanese Poetry," yayiyimbongi yasesundanese eyaziwayo eyaziswa ngokuzisa ulwimi Lwesundanese kwifom yemibongo ngeminyaka yoo-1700.
2. Ua Maramis (1914-1995), umbhali, umguquleli, kunye nengcali yeelwimi, wandise kakhulu umzimba wolwazi kulwimi Lwesundanese kwaye waseka i-academy yokuqala yesundanese yemfundo yolwimi.
3. Udardiri M. Arief (1917-1996), imbongi edumileyo, iguqulele imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ukusuka Ejavanese ukuya Kwisundanese, inegalelo kuphuhliso lwesundanese yoncwadi lwangoku kwinkulungwane yama-20.
4. Unjingalwazi H. Koesmanto (1929-2016), i-anactivist kunye nomphengululi, waseka I-Faculty Yeeleta Kwiyunivesithi Yasebandung, ezinikele kulwimi kunye noncwadi lwazo zonke iintlobo, kwaye wabhala iincwadi ezininzi kunye namanqaku ejenali ngolwimi Lwesundanese.
5. Suryadi (b. 1934), imbongi edumileyo Yasesundanese kunye nomfanekiso woluntu, ibhale ngokubanzi kwisundanese Naseindonesia, kwaye ihlonitshwa kakhulu ngemisebenzi yakhe kwisiko nakwinkcubeko yabantu Basesundanese.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi Lwesundanese?

Ulwimi Lwesundanese lulwimi Lwaseostreliya oluthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-39 ikakhulu kwinxalenye esentshona Yesiqithi Sasejava Eindonesia. Yeyeqela elingaphantsi Lasemalayo-Polynesia losapho lolwimi Lwase-Australia kwaye inxulumene ngokusondeleyo Nejavanese, Madurese Kunye Nebalinese.
I-Sundanese lulwimi LWE-SVO (umxholo-isenzi-into). Izenzi ziyavumelana neengxoxo zabo ngokubhekiselele kumntu, inombolo, kunye nesini. Izibizo azingeniswa kwimeko kwaye akukho manqaku aqinisekileyo okanye angapheliyo. Kukho amadoda amathathu (abesilisa ,abesifazana nabangathathi neothi) kunye namanani amabini (isinye kunye nesininzi). I-Sundanese ineseti ephucukileyo yezihlomelo zomlomo, kubandakanya amanqaku aliqela kunye nezinye izinto zokumakisha. Ulwimi lukwasebenzisa umyalelo wegama njengendlela yokubonisa intsingiselo.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lwesundanese ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana isithethi somthonyama Sesundanese kwaye unxibelelane nabo rhoqo. Kungcono ukuba neqabane lencoko onokuthi ulisebenzise ulwimi kwaye uncedane bafunde.
2. Thenga ezinye iincwadi okanye izixhobo zomsindo malunga nolwimi kwaye uqale ukufunda ngokwakho. Izibonelelo ezilungileyo ziquka iincwadi zegrama, iincwadi zezifundo, iincwadi zokusebenzela kunye nokurekhodwa komsindo.
3. Bhalisa kwiiklasi zolwimi okanye iiseshoni zokufundisa zabucala ezinokubonelela ngemfundo eyenzelwe wena kunye nengxelo.
4. Xa sele ukulungele, thatha uhambo Eindonesia kwaye uzame ukuntywilisela ngolwimi. Ngale ndlela, unokufunda ulwimi ngokumamela kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo kunye nezithethi zomthonyama.
5. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi ezinje ngeewebhusayithi, iiforamu kunye nemithombo yeendaba zentlalo ukuncokola nezithethi zomthonyama kwaye ufumane izixhobo ezongezelelweyo zokukunceda ekufundeni kwakho.