I-gujarati Sundanese Guqulela

Isigujarati lulwimi oluthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50 ikakhulu kwilizwe Laseindiya Igujarat. Kwakhona ulwimi olusemthethweni Lwe-Union Territory yasedadra Kunye Nenagar Haveli Kunye Nedaman Kunye Nediu. Kule minyaka ingamashumi idlulileyo, inani lezithethi Zasegujarati liye landa kakhulu ngenxa yokwanda kwabemi be-diaspora. Ngenxa yoko, ngoku kukho imfuno eyandayo yeenkonzo zokuguqulela Isigujarati ezinokunceda amashishini kunye neminye imibutho ifikelele kweli nani likhulu labathengi abanokubakho.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela zesigujarati zihlala zibandakanya ukuguqulela amaxwebhu, iiwebhusayithi, iaudiyo kunye nevidiyo ukusuka kwisingesi okanye naluphi na olunye ulwimi Ukuya Egujarati. Inkqubo yokuguqulela ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye inzima kakhulu kwaye ixhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi. Ezinye zezi zinto zibandakanya abaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo, injongo, isimbo, umxholo kunye nesiphumo esifunwayo senguqulelo.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela zesigujarati zisetyenziswa ikakhulu yimibutho ukunxibelelana nabathengi abathetha Isigujarati. Umzekelo, imibutho inokufuna ukuguqulela izivumelwano zabo zomthetho, izinto zokuthengisa, inkcazo yemveliso kunye neencwadana zomsebenzisi Egujarati. Banokuyisebenzisa ukwenza iintengiso ezibuthathaka ngokwenkcubeko, iincwadana, iincwadi ze-e, iileta zeendaba kunye nezinto zemfundo. Amashishini anokufuna ukunxibelelana nabasebenzi babo Egujarati.

Ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wokuguqulela, kubalulekile ukubandakanya abaguquleli Besigujarati abanolwimi lwenkobe. Kwakhona, ukuba uneshishini kwaye ufuna ukwandisa kwiimarike ezithetha Isigujarati, kuya kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba iimveliso kunye neenkonzo zakho ziguqulelwa ngokuchanekileyo. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba umyalezo wakho uqondwa ngokuchanekileyo ngabaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo.

Ukongeza kwiinkonzo zokuguqulela Zesigujarati, imibutho emininzi ikwabonelela ngeenkonzo zokutolika. Iinkonzo zokutolika zibandakanya ukuguqulela amagama athethiweyo okanye iincoko, umzekelo ubuso ngobuso okanye incoko ngomnxeba. Xa uqesha itoliki, baya kuba nakho ukuqonda umahluko wenkcubeko phakathi kwesingesi Nesigujarati kwaye bancede ukuvala umsantsa wonxibelelwano phakathi kwezi lwimi zimbini.

Ngokubanzi, iinkonzo zokuguqulela Isigujarati zenza ukuba imibutho ivale izithintelo zolwimi kwaye inxibelelane nabathengi abathetha Isigujarati ngokufanelekileyo. Ke, ukuba ujonge ukwandisa ishishini lakho kwiimarike ezintsha okanye ukunxibelelana nabathengi bakho ngolwimi lwabo lweenkobe, iinkonzo zokuguqulela Isigujarati zinokukunceda ufezekise iinjongo zakho.

Ngawaphi Amazwe athetha Isigujarati?

I-Gujarati lulwimi Lwase-Indo-Aryan oluthethwa kwilizwe Laseindiya I-Gujarat kwaye luthethwa ikakhulu ngabantu Base-Gujarati. Ikwathethwa kwimimandla yomanyano ekufuphi Edaman Nasediu, Idadra Kunye Nenagar Haveli kunye nakwezinye iindawo Zasemaharashtra Nasemadhya Pradesh. Ikwasetyenziswa ngabemi abaninzi baseindiya abahlala E-United States, E-United Kingdom, E-Australia, Emzantsi Afrika, Ecanada, Kumazantsi Mpuma Easia nakwamanye amazwe kwihlabathi liphela.

Luluphi ulwimi Oluthethwa Ngesigujarati?

Ulwimi Lwesigujarati lunembali ende kwaye ityebile kwaye ilandelela iingcambu zayo phantse iminyaka engama-2000. Ulwimi Lwase-Indo-Aryan olunxulumene ngokusondeleyo Nesihindi kunye nezinye iilwimi ezithethwa kumantla Eindiya. Ulwimi Olusemthethweni Lwesigujarat, lelinye lamazwe asentshona Eindiya. Iincwadi zokuqala ezaziwayo ngolwimi zibuyela kwikhulu le-12 CE, ezinye iziqwenga mhlawumbi zide zidala. Ixesha elingaphezulu, Igujarati yavela kwaye yamkela iimpembelelo ezivela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo kubandakanya isiarabhu, isipersi, isingesi kunye nesiphuthukezi. I-Gujarati nayo yaba lulwimi lwezorhwebo kunye nezorhwebo, njengoko ummandla Wasegujarat wawuyikhaya kubarhwebi abaninzi kunye nabathengisi. Kumaxesha akutshanje, uncwadi Lwesigujarati lwakhula ngenkulungwane ye-19 neye-20, nababhali abadumileyo abanjengogandhi, Itagore, Nonarayan bevelisa eminye yemisebenzi edumileyo ngeli xesha. Namhlanje, Isigujarati sithethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-65 kwaye lulwimi lweenkobe lwama-26 oluthethwa kakhulu kwihlabathi.

Ngoobani abantu aba-5 abaphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesigujarati?

1. Umahatma Gandhi: igqwetha, inkokeli yezopolitiko, kunye nefilosofi ngomsebenzi, Umahatma Gandhi wayengomnye wabantu abanempembelelo kumzabalazo wenkululeko waseindiya. Kwakhona waba nempembelelo enkulu kulwimi Lwesigujarati noncwadi.
2. Umorarji Desai: Umorarji Desai wayengumongameli wesine Waseindiya ukusuka ngo-1977 ukuya ku-1979. Wayedume ngokuzinikela kwakhe ekuphuhliseni nasekukhuthazeni ulwimi Lwesigujarati.
3. Khangisa kalula kwi-website qualitative futhi wandise idumela lakho! Uthathwa njengomnye wabanegalelo elikhulu kuncwadi Lwesigujarati.
4. Ukavi Narmad: Ukavi Narmad, okwabizwa Ngokuba Ngunarayan Hemchandra, wayeyimbongi Yesigujarati kunye nomdlali wokudlala obonwa njengenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimbali yoncwadi Lwesigujarati.
5. Umashankar Joshi: Umashankar Ujoshi wayeyimbongi Eyaziwayo Yasegujarati, umbhali weenoveli, umbhali wokudlala, umgxeki kunye nombhali wezincoko. Kwakhona waba negalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesigujarati noncwadi.

Uluphi ulwimi Lwesigujarati?

Ulwimi Lwesigujarati lulwimi Lwase-Indo-Aryan olunesakhiwo esicacileyo nesichazwe kakuhle. Ibonakaliswa yinkqubo yayo yamanqanaba amathathu e-morphology, syntax, kunye nefonology. Ngokwemiqathango ye-Morphology, I-Gujarati inezibizo, izichazi, izibhengezo, izenzi kunye nezinye iinxalenye zentetho. Inkqubo yesenzi iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kwaye ibandakanya ukuhlanganiswa kwezenzi ezininzi kunye nabancedisi. I-Syntax E-Gujarati ilandela umxholo-Object-Verb (SOV) isakhiwo. Ekugqibeleni, I-Gujarati ine-inventri ekhethekileyo ye-consonant kunye neefowuni ezingama-32, ezinokuthi zahlulwe zibe zizikhamiso ezili-9 eziphambili kunye ne-23 secondary consonants.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwesigujarati ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana Uluhlu lwamagama egama Giuseppina. Thatha ixesha lokufunda i-alfabhethi kunye nokubiza, Njengoko Isigujarati ilandela imithetho eyahlukeneyo xa ithelekiswa nesingesi.
2. Fumana umhlohli okanye isithethi somthonyama ukukunceda ngokufunda ulwimi lwakho. Ukuba nomntu onokuphendula imibuzo kwaye achaze iikhonsepthi eziphambili kunokuba luncedo kakhulu.
3. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi ezinokukunceda ufunde Isigujarati. Zininzi izibonelelo ezibonelela ngezifundo zomsindo, izicatshulwa kunye nokuzilolonga.
4. Ziqhelanise nezakhono zakho zolwimi kwincoko yehlabathi lokwenyani. Zama ukungena kwi-intanethi incoko okanye intlanganiso A Gujarati isithethi kuba ikofu.
5. Funda iincwadi, ubukele iimovie kwaye umamele umculo Egujarati. Oku kuya kukunceda ukuba uqonde ngcono ulwimi.
6. Breathe into culture. Ukuba namava enkcubeko Yesigujarati kunokukunceda uqonde izinto ezintle zolwimi.

Isisundanese sesinye sezona lwimi zithethwa Kakhulu Eindonesia. Yinxalenye yosapho lolwimi Lwaseostreliya kwaye kuthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-40 kwingingqi Yasesunda. Ulwimi luye lwaba ngumxholo weelwimi ezininzi kunye nabaphengululi kule minyaka, kwaye inembali yenkcubeko etyebileyo ebuyela emva kweenkulungwane.

Uguqulelo lwesundanese yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuthandwa kolwimi kunye nokwamkelwa. Ngeentetho ezincinci emhlabeni jikelele, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ziyafumaneka Ngesundanese ukuze zihlale zidlamkile kwaye zifikeleleke kubo bonke.

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuguqulela Kwisundanese, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwezixhobo eziguqulelwayo. Ngokomzekelo, izicatshulwa zonqulo zifuna ukuchaneka okukhulu kunye nokuchaneka, kunye nolwazi lweempawu zonqulo kunye nezithethe. Ngelixa iinguqulelo ngokubanzi zinokusingathwa zizithethi zomthonyama zolwimi, ezi meko zikhethekileyo zihlala zifuna abaguquleli abaziingcali abanolwazi olukhethekileyo kuloo ndawo.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba inguqulelo Yesundanese ayikho malunga namagama kuphela. Njengenxalenye yenkcubeko, zininzi izinto zolwimi ekufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo ukuze kuguqulelwe ngempumelelo izixhobo Kwisundanese. Oku kufuna inqanaba elithile lobuchule kunye namava ngolwimi, kunye nokuqonda amasiko kunye nenkcubeko yendawo.

Ukongeza ekuboneleleni ngenkonzo yokuguqulela, kukho ezinye iindlela zokunceda ukugcina Isundanese iphila kwaye ifanelekile kwindawo yanamhlanje. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzenzile kukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zolwimi Lwesundanese zifumaneka ngokulula kwi-intanethi. Oku kuthetha ukwenza izichazi-magama ezisekwe kwiwebhu kunye nezinye izinto ezinokusetyenziswa nangubani na ononxibelelwano lwe-intanethi. Njengoko ulwimi luqhubeka luguquka, izixhobo ezinjalo zinokunceda ukugcina ulwimi lwangoku kwaye luhambelana neemfuno zezithethi zalo.

Uguqulelo lwesundanese luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba ulwimi luhlala ludlamkile kwaye luphila kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Ngemizamo yabo bobabini abaziingcali kunye nabemi bomthonyama, ulwimi lunokuqhubeka nokuba ngumthombo wamandla kunye nekratshi elizweni, ngelixa likwanceda ukuphucula unxibelelwano phakathi kweenkcubeko.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwesundanese?

I-Sundanese ithethwa kumaphondo Aseindonesia Asebanten Nasentshona Java, kunye neendawo Zejava Esembindini. Ikwathethwa ngamanani amancinci abantu Beentlanga Zesundanese abahlala kwezinye iindawo Zase-Indonesia, Esingapore Nasemalaysia.

Lithini ixesha lokubhalwa kweelwimi Zesintu?

Ulwimi Lwesundanese lulwimi Lwaseostreliya oluthethwa ngabantu abaqikelelwa kwizigidi ezingama-30 abahlala Kumaphondo Asentshona Java Nasebanten Eindonesia. Lulwimi lwesibini oluthethwa kakhulu kwilizwe emva Kwesijavanese, kwaye ibilulwimi loncwadi lwenkundla ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-14. Imibhalo yokuqala eyaziwayo Yesundanese yabhalwa emva kwekhulu LE-11 AD, kwaye kucingelwa ukuba ulwimi luye lwajikeleza ubuncinane iminyaka eyi-1 500. I-Sundanese iyinxalenye yesebe lasentshona Lasemalayo-Polynesia losapho Lweelwimi Zase-Australia, kwaye inxulumene Nejavanese Kunye Nebalinese. I-Sundanese isetyenziselwa unxibelelwano lwemihla ngemihla, njengolwimi lwezorhwebo, kwaye njengendlela yobugcisa nenkcubeko, ebonakaliswe ngomdaniso wesintu, injana yesithunzi (I-Wayang Golek), kunye nomculo odumileyo wesitayile somculo owaziwa Ngokuba Yi-Kecapi Suling. Olu lwimi luye lwasetyenziswa kangangeenkulungwane kwizicwangciso zemfundo, nemibhalo-ngqangi yakudala edla ngokubhalwa Ngesisundanese okanye ngomxube Wesundanese Nejavanese.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesundanese?

1. I-Sunandari, eyaziwa ngokuba Yi "Mama Of Sundanese Poetry," yayiyimbongi yasesundanese eyaziwayo eyaziswa ngokuzisa ulwimi Lwesundanese kwifom yemibongo ngeminyaka yoo-1700.
2. Ua Maramis (1914-1995), umbhali, umguquleli, kunye nengcali yeelwimi, wandise kakhulu umzimba wolwazi kulwimi Lwesundanese kwaye waseka i-academy yokuqala yesundanese yemfundo yolwimi.
3. Udardiri M. Arief (1917-1996), imbongi edumileyo, iguqulele imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ukusuka Ejavanese ukuya Kwisundanese, inegalelo kuphuhliso lwesundanese yoncwadi lwangoku kwinkulungwane yama-20.
4. Unjingalwazi H. Koesmanto (1929-2016), i-anactivist kunye nomphengululi, waseka I-Faculty Yeeleta Kwiyunivesithi Yasebandung, ezinikele kulwimi kunye noncwadi lwazo zonke iintlobo, kwaye wabhala iincwadi ezininzi kunye namanqaku ejenali ngolwimi Lwesundanese.
5. Suryadi (b. 1934), imbongi edumileyo Yasesundanese kunye nomfanekiso woluntu, ibhale ngokubanzi kwisundanese Naseindonesia, kwaye ihlonitshwa kakhulu ngemisebenzi yakhe kwisiko nakwinkcubeko yabantu Basesundanese.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi Lwesundanese?

Ulwimi Lwesundanese lulwimi Lwaseostreliya oluthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-39 ikakhulu kwinxalenye esentshona Yesiqithi Sasejava Eindonesia. Yeyeqela elingaphantsi Lasemalayo-Polynesia losapho lolwimi Lwase-Australia kwaye inxulumene ngokusondeleyo Nejavanese, Madurese Kunye Nebalinese.
I-Sundanese lulwimi LWE-SVO (umxholo-isenzi-into). Izenzi ziyavumelana neengxoxo zabo ngokubhekiselele kumntu, inombolo, kunye nesini. Izibizo azingeniswa kwimeko kwaye akukho manqaku aqinisekileyo okanye angapheliyo. Kukho amadoda amathathu (abesilisa ,abesifazana nabangathathi neothi) kunye namanani amabini (isinye kunye nesininzi). I-Sundanese ineseti ephucukileyo yezihlomelo zomlomo, kubandakanya amanqaku aliqela kunye nezinye izinto zokumakisha. Ulwimi lukwasebenzisa umyalelo wegama njengendlela yokubonisa intsingiselo.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lwesundanese ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana isithethi somthonyama Sesundanese kwaye unxibelelane nabo rhoqo. Kungcono ukuba neqabane lencoko onokuthi ulisebenzise ulwimi kwaye uncedane bafunde.
2. Thenga ezinye iincwadi okanye izixhobo zomsindo malunga nolwimi kwaye uqale ukufunda ngokwakho. Izibonelelo ezilungileyo ziquka iincwadi zegrama, iincwadi zezifundo, iincwadi zokusebenzela kunye nokurekhodwa komsindo.
3. Bhalisa kwiiklasi zolwimi okanye iiseshoni zokufundisa zabucala ezinokubonelela ngemfundo eyenzelwe wena kunye nengxelo.
4. Xa sele ukulungele, thatha uhambo Eindonesia kwaye uzame ukuntywilisela ngolwimi. Ngale ndlela, unokufunda ulwimi ngokumamela kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo kunye nezithethi zomthonyama.
5. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi ezinje ngeewebhusayithi, iiforamu kunye nemithombo yeendaba zentlalo ukuncokola nezithethi zomthonyama kwaye ufumane izixhobo ezongezelelweyo zokukunceda ekufundeni kwakho.