Esperanto Isiputukezi Humusha

Isi-Esperanto siwulimi lwamazwe ngamazwe olwakhiwa ngo-1887 Udkt.L. l. Zamenhof, udokotela nesazi sezilimi esizalwa epoland. Lwaluklanyelwe ukukhuthaza ukuqonda kwamazwe ngamazwe nokuxhumana kwamazwe ngamazwe, futhi lube ulimi lwesibili olusebenzayo kubantu abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene. Namuhla, Isi-Esperanto sikhulunywa abantu abayizigidi eziningana emazweni angaphezu kwe-100, futhi sisetshenziswa izinhlangano eziningi zamazwe ngamazwe njengolimi olusebenzayo.

Uhlelo lolimi Lwesi-Esperanto lubhekwa njengolulula kakhulu, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ukulufunda kunezinye izilimi. Lokhu kulula kwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuhumusha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Isi-Esperanto samukelwa kabanzi futhi siyaqondakala, sivumela ukuba sisetshenziswe emisebenzini yokuhumusha eyayingadinga izilimi eziningi.

Ukuhumusha isi-Esperanto kunendawo eyingqayizivele ezweni lokuhumusha. Ngokungafani nezinye izinguqulo, ezakhiwe izikhulumi zolimi okubhekiswe kulo, ukuhumusha Isi-Esperanto kuncike kubahumushi abanolwazi oluhle lwesi-Esperanto nolimi oluwumthombo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abahumushi akudingeki babe izikhulumi zomdabu zanoma yiluphi ulimi ukuze bahumushe ngokunembile.

Lapho kuhunyushwa ukwaziswa okuvela olimini olulodwa Kuya Olimini Lwesi-Esperanto, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ulimi oluwumthombo lumelelwa ngokunembile ekuhumusheni okuvelayo. Lokhu kungaba inselele, njengoba ezinye izilimi ziqukethe imishwana, amagama, nemiqondo engahunyushelwa ngokuqondile Olimini Lwesi-Esperanto. Kungase kudingeke ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile nobuchwepheshe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi lezi zincazelo zolimi lokuqala zivezwa kahle enguqulweni Yesi-Esperanto.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba Isi-Esperanto singenayo imiqondo noma amagama athile, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ukuzungeza ukuze uchaze le mibono ngokucacile nangokunembile. Lena enye yezindlela ukuhumusha Isi-Esperanto okuhluke kakhulu ngazo ekuhumusheni okwenziwa kwezinye izilimi, lapho inkulumo noma umqondo ofanayo ungaba nokulingana okuqondile.

Ngokuvamile, ukuhumusha Isi-Esperanto kuyithuluzi eliyingqayizivele neliwusizo lokukhuthaza ukuqonda nokuxhumana kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokuthembela kubahumushi abanokuqonda okujulile kokubili ulimi oluwumthombo Nesi-Esperanto, izinguqulo zingaqedwa ngokushesha nangokunembile. Ekugcineni, ngokusebenzisa ukuzungeza ukuze kuvezwe imiqondo nezinkulumo ezinzima, abahumushi bangaqinisekisa ukuthi incazelo yolimi oluwumthombo idluliselwa ngokunembile enguqulweni Yesi-Esperanto.

Yiluphi ulimi Olukhulunywa Isi-Esperanto?

Isi-Esperanto asilona ulimi olwaziwa ngokusemthethweni kunoma yiliphi izwe. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-2 emhlabeni wonke bayakwazi ukukhuluma Isi-Esperanto, ngakho sikhulunywa emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke. Kukhulunywa kakhulu emazweni asengejalimane, Ijapane, Ipoland, Ibrazil Nechina.

Uyini umlando wolimi Lwesi-Esperanto?

Isi-Esperanto siwulimi lwamazwe ngamazwe olwakhiwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 udokotela wamehlo wasepoland Ul.l. Zamenhof. Umgomo wakhe kwakuwukuklama ulimi olwaluyoba ibhuloho elisetshenziswa kabanzi phakathi kwamasiko, izilimi nezizwe. Wakhetha ulimi olulula ngokwezilimi, ayekholelwa ukuthi kwakuyoba lula ukulufunda kunezilimi ezikhona.
Uzamenhof washicilela incwadi yokuqala ngolimi lwakhe, Ethi "Unua Libro" ("Incwadi Yokuqala"), ngojulayi 26, 1887 ngaphansi kwegama eliqanjiwe Elithi Dr. Esperanto (okusho ukuthi "umuntu onethemba"). I-Esperanto yasakazeka ngokushesha futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka yayisibe ukunyakaza kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwabhalwa izincwadi eziningi ezibucayi nezifundwayo ngalolu limi. Umhlangano wokuqala Wezizwe zonke wabanjelwa Efrance ngo-1905.
Ngo-1908, kwasungulwa I-Universal Esperanto Association (UEA) ngenjongo yokukhuthaza ulimi nokuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, amazwe amaningana amukela Isi-Esperanto njengolimi lwawo olusemthethweni olusizayo futhi kwakhiwa imiphakathi emisha eminingana emhlabeni wonke.
Impi Yezwe Ii yabangela ukucindezeleka ekuthuthukiseni Isi-Esperanto, kodwa asizange sife. Ngo-1954, i-UEA yamukela Isimemezelo Saseboulogne, esachaza izimiso eziyisisekelo nezinjongo Zesi-Esperanto. Lokhu kwalandelwa ukwamukelwa kwesimemezelo Samalungelo Esi-Esperanto ngo-1961.
Namuhla, Isi-Esperanto sikhulunywa izinkulungwane eziningana zabantu emhlabeni wonke, ngokuyinhloko njengento yokuzilibazisa, nakuba ezinye izinhlangano zisakhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwaso njengolimi olusebenzayo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini Lwesi-Esperanto?

1. Uludoviko Zamenhof-Umdali wolimi Lwesi-Esperanto.
2. Uwilliam Auld-imbongi nombhali Wasescotland owabhala inkondlo eyingqopha-mlando ethi "Adiaי" Ngesi-Esperanto, kanye neminye imisebenzi eminingi ngolimi.
3. Uhumphrey tonkin-uprofesa Wasemelika nowayengumongameli We-Universal Esperanto Association oye wabhala izincwadi ezingaphezu kweshumi Nambili Ngesi-Esperanto.
4. Ul. L. Zamenhof Indodana Kaludoviko Zamenhof nomshicileli Wefundamento de Esperanto, uhlelo lolimi lokuqala olusemthethweni nesichazamazwi Sesi-Esperanto.
5. Uprobal dasgupta-umbhali, umhleli nomhumushi wasendiya owabhala incwadi eqondile yohlelo lolimi Lwesi-Esperanto, Ethi "The New simplified Grammar of Esperanto". Uphinde adunyiswe ngokuvuselela lolu limi Endiya.

Isakhiwo solimi Lwesi-Esperanto sinjani?

Isi-Esperanto siwulimi olwakhiwe, okusho ukuthi lwaklanywa ngamabomu ukuze lube oluvamile, olunengqondo, futhi kube lula ukulufunda. Luwulimi oluhlanganisa amagama okusho ukuthi amagama amasha akhiwa ngokuhlanganisa izimpande nama-affix, okwenza ulimi lube lula kakhulu ukulufunda kunezilimi zemvelo. Ukuhleleka kwamagama okuyisisekelo kulandela iphethini efanayo yezilimi eziningi Zaseyurophu: isihloko isenzo into (svo). Uhlelo lolimi lulula kakhulu njengoba kungekho sihloko esicacile noma esingacacile futhi kungekho mehluko wobulili kumabizo. Futhi akukho ukungahambi kahle, okusho ukuthi uma usufunde imithetho, ungayisebenzisa kunoma yiliphi igama.

Indlela ukufunda Ulimi Esperanto ngendlela efanele kunazo?

1. Start ngokufunda izinto eziyisisekelo zolimi Lwesi-Esperanto. Funda eziyisisekelo lolimi, silulumagama, futhi pronunciation. Kunezinsiza eziningi zamahhala ezikuyi-internet, njenge-duolingo, I-lernu, Ne-La Lingvo Internacia.
2. Prakthiza usebenzisa ulimi. Khuluma Ngesi-Esperanto nabakhuluma isi-Esperanto noma emphakathini we-Esperanto oku-inthanethi. Lapho kungenzeka khona, iya emicimbini Yama-Esperanto nasemihlanganweni yokufundisana. Lokhu kuzokusiza ufunde ulimi ngendlela engokwemvelo futhi uthole impendulo evela izikhulumi abanolwazi.
3. Funda izincwadi futhi ubuke amabhayisikobho In Esperanto. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwakho ulimi futhi kukusize ukwakha silulumagama yakho.
4. Thola umlingani ingxoxo noma ukuthatha inkambo Esperanto. Ukuba nomuntu ozofunda ulimi njalo kuyindlela enhle yokufunda.
5. Sebenzisa ulimi ngangokunokwenzeka. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuba nekhono kunoma yiluphi ulimi iwukuyisebenzisa ngangokunokwenzeka. Kungakhathaliseki ubhekene ukuxoxa nabangani noma ngokubhala imeyili, sebenzisa Okuningi Esperanto ngangokunokwenzeka.

Isiputukezi siwulimi Lwesiromance olukhulunywa abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-250 emhlabeni wonke. Ulimi olusemthethweni Eportugal, Ebrazil, e-Angola, Emozambique, Ecape verde nakwamanye amazwe nezindawo.

Kumabhizinisi nakubantu abadinga ukudala imibhalo noma amawebhusayithi angaqondwa abakhuluma isiputukezi, ukuhumusha isiputukezi kungaba yinto ebalulekile. Abahumushi abangochwepheshe abangamaputukezi kumelwe babe nokuqonda okuhle kakhulu kokubili isingisi nesiputukezi ukuze bakwazi ukuhumusha ngokunembile.

Ngaphezu kokuba nezilimi ezimbili, abahumushi abangochwepheshe baseportugal kufanele babe nokuqonda okuphelele kwesiko, ulimi oluvamile nezilimi zesiputukezi. Lokhu kuyobasiza ukuba baqiniseke ukuthi izinguqulo zinembile, zingokwemvelo futhi azinakho ukungaqondani okungokwesiko. Umhumushi kufanele futhi ajwayelane namagama asetshenziswa emkhakheni wakhe othile.

Lapho uqasha umhumushi wesiputukezi, kubalulekile ukucela izinkomba namasampula omsebenzi wabo. Makeiseka ukuthi ufuna izimpawu zomkhiqizo wekhwalithi njengohlelo lolimi olufanele, uhlelo lolimi kanye nesakhiwo, ukunemba kwencazelo nethoni, kanye nokufaneleka kwamasiko.

Kumaphrojekthi okuhumusha anoma yiluphi usayizi, uhlelo lokuphatha ukuhumusha oluthembekile lubalulekile. Lokhu kwenza abaphathi bephrojekthi bakwazi ukunikeza imisebenzi kubahumushi abahlukahlukene, ukulandelela inqubekela phambili nokugcina ukuvumelana kuyo yonke imibhalo ehunyushiwe. Amathuluzi okuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokuhumusha okuzenzakalelayo nawo asiza ekubuyekezeni nasekuhloleni ukuhumusha ukuze kutholakale ukunemba, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi awekho amaphutha enziwe.

Ngokusebenzisa imithombo enjengezazi zezilimi ezinokwethenjelwa, abahumushi abanolwazi nezixazululo ezizenzakalelayo zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi, izinkampani nabantu ngabanye bangaqinisekisa ukuthi izinguqulo zesiputukezi abazikhiqizayo zinembile, ziyavumelana futhi zisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu.

Yimaphi amazwe okukhulunywa kuwo isiputukezi?

Ulimi lwesiputukezi lukhulunywa Eportugal, E-Angola, Emozambique, Ebrazil, Ecape verde, Empumalanga Timor, E-Equatorial Guinea, Eguinea-bissau, Emacau (Echina), nasesão tomé Naseprincipe.

Uyini umlando wolimi lwesiputukezi?

Ulimi lwesiputukezi lungolunye lwezilimi Zesiromance futhi umsuka walo uqala ekuqaleni Kwenkathi Ephakathi, ngemva kokuwa Kombuso Waseroma. Kucatshangwa ukuthi yavela olimini lwesilatini Oluvamile, nakuba yaqala ukubhalwa ngesimo Sesigalician-Portuguese, ulimi Lwesiromance lwasendulo olukhulunywa ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho Yeportugal Nasegalicia yanamuhla enyakatho-ntshonalanga Yespain.
Ngenxa yokwakhiwa Kombuso Waseportugal ngo-1139 Kanye Nokubuyiselwa Kwamakristu Enhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia, amagalician-Portuguese kancane kancane asakazekela eningizimu enhlonhlweni futhi athola ithonya esifundeni namuhla esaziwa Ngokuthi Yiportugal. Phakathi nekhulu le-16, isiputukezi saba ulimi olusemthethweni Lombuso wamaputukezi, owawufinyelela nakwezinye izindawo zomhlaba. Lokhu kwaholela ekusungulweni kwamaputukezi Ebrazil, emakoloni Ase-Afrika, Empumalanga Timor, Emacau, Empumalanga Afrika Nasendiya.
Namuhla, isiputukezi siwulimi lwendabuko lwabantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-230, okwenza kube ulimi lwesishiyagalombili olukhulunywa kakhulu emhlabeni. Luwulimi olusemthethweni emazweni ayisishiyagalolunye, kuhlanganise Nebrazil neportugal.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini lwesiputukezi?

1. Uluís de camões (1524 1580) obhekwa njengembongi Enkulu Kunazo zonke Eportugal, wabhala incwadi enkulu Ethi os lusíadas, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yezincwadi namasiko aseportugal kuze kube namuhla.
2. Ujoão de Barros (1496 1570) umsebenzi wakhe I - Decadas da Ásia nokuhumusha Kwakhe I – Odyssey Kahomer kuyizimpawu eziyinhloko zolimi lwesiputukezi.
3. U - António Vieira (1608 1697) umshumayeli, usomabhizinisi, isikhulumi nombhali, imisebenzi yakhe iyiminikelo emikhulu olimini nasemasikweni aseportugal.
4. Ugil vicente (1465 1537) - ebhekwa njengobaba waseshashalazini lesiputukezi, imidlalo yakhe yashintsha ulimi futhi yavula indlela yezincwadi zesiputukezi zanamuhla.
5. Ufernando pessoa (1888 1935) imbongi enethonya elikhulu yolimi lwesiputukezi yekhulu lama - 20 futhi ungomunye wabantu ababaluleke kakhulu bezincwadi sonke isikhathi. Izinkondlo zakhe nephrozi yakhe akunakulinganiswa ngenxa yokuqonda nokujula kwazo.

Ulimi lwesiputukezi lwakhiwa kanjani?

Isakhiwo solimi lwesiputukezi silula. Landela Uhlelo lwamagama Oluthi Subject-Verb-Object (svo) futhi lusebenzisa uhlelo olulula kakhulu lokuhlanganiswa kwezenzo nokwehla kwamagama. Luwulimi oluhlehlisiwe, okusho ukuthi amagama, izimelabizo, izihloko, nezibizo zishintsha isimo kuye ngomsebenzi wazo emshweni. Isiputukezi sinesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sezikhathi nezimo zengqondo zokuveza izici ezihlukahlukene zesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu limi lunamaphethini athile ahluke kakhulu anikeza ukunambitheka okuyingqayizivele.

Indlela yokufunda ulimi isiputukezi ngendlela efanele kakhulu?

1. Thola isifundo esihle solimi lwesiputukezi: Bheka izifundo ezifundiswa othisha abanolwazi, abaqeqeshiwe ukuze ukwazi ukuthola okuningi kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakho kokufunda.
2. Thola imithombo online: Sebenzisa imithombo online ezifana Amavidiyo YouTube, podcasts, namawebhusayithi ukukusiza ufunde isiputukezi.
3. Practice ukukhuluma: Practice ukukhuluma isiputukezi nge izikhulumi bomdabu ukuthuthukisa pronunciation yakho nokuqonda ulimi.
4. Thatha izifundo isikhulumi bomdabu: Ukuqasha uthisha bomdabu isiputukezi ukukusiza ufunde isiputukezi ngokushesha.
5. Gxila isiko isiputukezi: Vakashela amazwe akhuluma isiputukezi, funda izincwadi isiputukezi nomagazini, ubuke amabhayisikobho in isiputukezi, futhi bahambele imicimbi social ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwakho ulimi.
6. Ukutadisha njalo: beka eceleni isikhathi ukutadisha isiputukezi njalo futhi unamathele esimisweni ukuhlala ugqozi futhi wenze inqubekela phambili.