Yiddishname Kyrgyz Guqulela

I-Yiddish lulwimi lwakudala oluneengcambu Ngekhulu le-10 Lejamani, nangona luthethwe Kumbindi Nasempuma Yurophu ukususela kwixesha eliphakathi. Iyindibaniselwano yeelwimi ezininzi, ikakhulu isijamani, isihebhere, Isiaramiki, Kunye neslavic iilwimi. I-Yiddish ngamanye amaxesha ithathwa njengesiyelelane, kodwa ngokwenene, ulwimi olupheleleyo kunye ne-syntax yayo, i-morphology kunye nesigama. Ukusetyenziswa kolwimi kuye kwancipha ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ngenxa yokufuduka, ukufana, kunye notshintsho kwiimeko zentlalo, kodwa kusathethwa Ngamayuda amaninzi Obuothodoki kwamanye amazwe namhlanje.

Nangona kungekho sikhokelo esisemthethweni se-Yiddish, abo basathetha ngayo bayazi ukuba kubaluleke kangakanani ngeenjongo zolwimi kunye nenkcubeko. Kungenxa yoko le nto kukho abantu kwihlabathi liphela abazinikele ekugcineni ulwimi ngeenkonzo zokuguqulela Zeyiddish. Abaguquleli banceda ukuvala ukwahlula phakathi kwabo baqonda I-Yiddish kunye nabo bangenayo.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela zaseyiddish zinokunceda ekufumaneni amagama esihebhere aye aba yinxalenye yolwimi Lwaseyiddish, njengamagama avela Ebhayibhileni okanye amabinzana asetyenziselwa amasiko onqulo. Ngoncedo lokuguqulela, la mabinzana angcwele anokufakwa ngokufanelekileyo ekubhaleni okanye ekuthetheni Ngesiyiddish. Kulabo abangazi kakuhle ulwimi, ukukwazi ukufikelela kwiinguqulelo Ze-Yiddish kunokuba luncedo kakhulu.

Iinguqulelo zamaxwebhu Eyiddish ziye zasetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezininzi ukutyhubela imbali, njengokufuduka nokufuduka, unqulo, uncwadi, iilwimi, nembali Yamayuda. Kungenxa yoko le nto kubalulekile ukufumana abaguquleli abafanelekileyo Baseyiddish abaqinisekisiweyo ngesihebhere nangesijamani. Ukongeza kulwimi ngokwalo, ezi ngcali kufuneka zazi inkcubeko, umongo, kunye neemeko zemibhalo eyahlukeneyo ukuze iinguqulelo zazo zithathe ngokuchanekileyo injongo yoqobo.

Iinguqulelo zeyiddish aziboleki nje kuphela uncedo olukhulu kwabo bazama ukufunda ulwimi, kodwa zikwanceda ukugcina ulwimi luphila. Ngokuncedisa ukuthutha amagama Kunye namabinzana kwezinye iilwimi, iinguqulelo zinceda ukuthintela ulwimi ukuba lungapheli ngokupheleleyo. Ngoncedo lwabaguquleli abanezakhono, I-Yiddish igcinwa iphilile kwaye iphilile ngelixa inikezela ifestile kwinkcubeko kunye nezithethe zabantu Bamayuda.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lweyiddish?

I-Yiddish ithethwa ikakhulu kwimimandla Yamayuda Eunited States, Kwasirayeli, Erashiya, Ebelarus, Eukraine, Epoland Nasehungary. Kwakhona kuthethwa ngamanani amancinane Amayuda Efransi, Eargentina, Eostreliya, Emzantsi Afrika, Ecanada nakwamanye amazwe.

Yintoni I-Yiddish language?

I-Yiddish lulwimi oluneengcambu Zalo Kwisijamani Esiphakathi Kwaye kuthethwa kwihlabathi Lonke Ngamayuda Aseashkenazi. Iye yasebenza njengolwimi oluphambili Lwamayuda Ase-Ashkenazi ukususela ekusekweni kwayo kwinkulungwane ye-9, xa uluntu lwamayuda lwachuma kwindawo ngoku ebizwa Ngokuba Yijamani kunye nomntla Wefransi. Ngumxube weelwimi ezininzi kubandakanya isihebhere Nesiaramiki, Kunye Neslavic,Uthando Kunye Neelwimi Eziphakathi zasejamani.
I-Yiddish yaqala ukuthandwa phakathi Kwamayuda Aseyurophu malunga nekhulu le-12, xa yaqala ukusetyenziswa njengolwimi oluthethwayo kunokuba lubhalwe ngokuqhelekileyo. Oku kwakubangelwa yindawo Yamayuda, ayesoloko ehlukaniswa ngokwendawo kwaye ngaloo ndlela aphuhlise iziyelelane ezihlukeneyo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ebudeni benkulungwane ye-15 neye-16, Iyiddish yasasazeka Kulo Lonke Elaseyurophu, isiba lulwimi lwamayuda Aseyurophu.
I-Yiddish iye yaphenjelelwa kakhulu ziilwimi zasekuhlaleni Apho Amayuda ayehlala khona, ukwenzela ukuba iziyelelane ezahlukeneyo ziye zaphuhliswa Eyurophu, Eafrika Nasemerika. Phezu kwako nje ukwahluka kwangaphakathi, iilwimi zaseyiddish zabelana ngegrama, isivakalisi nesigama esiqhelekileyo, ezinye iziyelelane ziphenjelelwa ngamandla sisihebhere nezinye ngeelwimi ezisandul ' ukudibana.
Ngenkulungwane ye-19, uncwadi Lwesiyiddish lwachuma yaye kwapapashwa iincwadi namaphephancwadi amaninzi ngolwimi. Nangona kunjalo, ukunyuka kwe-anti-Semitism, ukufuduswa kwamayuda amaninzi emva Kwemfazwe YEHLABATHI II, kunye nokwamkelwa kwesingesi njengolwimi oluphambili Eunited States kwakhokelela ekunciphiseni Kweyiddish njengolwimi oluthethwayo. Namhlanje, kusekho izigidi zabantu abathetha Iyiddish ehlabathini lonke, ubukhulu becala Emntla Merika Nakwasirayeli, nangona olu lwimi lungasasetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengangaphambili.

Ngoobani abona bantu ba-5 baphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lweyiddish?

1. U-Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (1858-1922): Uben-Yehuda ubizwa ngokuvuselela ulwimi lwesihebhere, awenzayo ngokufaka amagama Amaninzi Aseyiddish kwisihebhere. Kwakhona waba ngowokuqala ukuqulunqa isichazi-magama esibanzi sesihebhere sale mihla waza wabhala amanqaku neencwadi ngolwimi.
2. Usholem Aleichem (1859-1916): U-Aleichem wayengumlobi odumileyo Waseyiddish owabhala ngobomi Bamayuda empuma Yurophu. Imisebenzi yakhe, kuquka Utevye I-Dairyman, yanceda ukwandisa nokusabalalisa I-Yiddish kwihlabathi lonke.
3. Ibanga le-Chaim (1910-1982): Ibanga lalingumlobi Owaziwayo We-Yiddish kunye nembongi. Imisebenzi yakhe, echaza imizabalazo yobomi Bamayuda, ithathwa njengenye yezona ncwadi zibalaseleyo ngolwimi Lweyiddish.
4. Umax Weinreich (1894-1969): ingcali yeelwimi, unjingalwazi kunye nomsunguli kunye nomlawuli WEYIVO Institute For Jewish Research Evilnius, Elithuania, Weinreich wanikezela umsebenzi wakhe wobomi kwisifundo kunye nokukhuthaza Iyiddish.
5. Itzik Manger (1900-1969): Manger wayeyimbongi Yiddish kwaye omnye wababhali abakhulu bekhulu lama-20. Wayenempembelelo enkulu ekuvuseleleni nasekuphuculeni ulwimi.

Uluphi ulwimi Lwe-Yiddish?

Inkqubo Ye-Yiddish iphantse yafana neyesijamani. Inamagama, amabinzana, kunye nezivakalisi ezakhiwe ngokulandelelana kwesihloko-isenzi-into. I-Yiddish ithambekele ekubeni imfutshane kunesijamani, isebenzisa amanqaku ambalwa, izindululo, kunye nezihlanganisi ezingaphantsi. I-Yiddish ayinayo inkqubo efanayo yokudibanisa izenzi njengesijamani, kwaye ezinye izenzi zihluke kulabo basejamani. I-Yiddish inamasuntswana ongezelelweyo kunye nezinye izinto ezingafumanekiyo ngesijamani.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lweyiddish ngendlela echanekileyo?

Indlela efanelekileyo yokufunda I-Yiddish kukuntywila kulwimi. Oku kuthetha ukumamela iincoko Zeyiddish, ukufunda iincwadi Zeyiddish kunye namaphephandaba, kunye nokubukela iimovie Zeyiddish kunye nemiboniso kamabonwakude. Unokuthatha iklasi Ye-Yiddish kwiziko loluntu lendawo, iyunivesithi okanye kwi-intanethi. Qiniseka ukuba uyaziqhelanisa nokuthetha nezithethi zomthonyama ukukunceda ukuba uqhele ukubiza kunye negrama. Okokugqibela, gcina i-Yiddish-English dictionary kunye neetafile zesenzi zikulungele ukukunceda ngayo nayiphi na imibuzo onokuba unayo.

Inguqulelo yasekyrgyz sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokunxibelelana nabantu kunye namashishini Ekyrgyzstan, ilizwe elikumbindi Weasia elikumda wekazakhstan Nechina. Kulabo abangaqhelananga Nesikyrgyz, lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasekyrgyzstan, nangona isirashiya sithetha ngokubanzi. I-Kyrgyz lulwimi Lwaseturkey, olwenza ukuba luhambelane neelwimi ezifana nesimongolia, isiturkish, isiuzbek nesikazakh.

Ukuba nabaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo abakwaziyo ukuguqulela ngokuchanekileyo amaxwebhu ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye kubalulekile kwimpumelelo yeshishini kunye nobudlelwane bamanye amazwe. Iinkonzo zokuguqulela Zasekyrgyz zinokunceda ukuvala izikhewu zonxibelelwano phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, zinceda abantu Basekyrgyzstan baqondane ngcono kunye nehlabathi ngaphaya kwemida yabo.

Iinguqulelo zasekyrgyz zisoloko zisetyenziselwa amaxwebhu karhulumente, afana namaphepha asemthethweni kunye nemali, kunye neerekhodi zonyango, iikhontrakthi zoshishino, izinto zokuthengisa kunye nezixhobo zemfundo. Xa amaxwebhu okanye umxholo wewebhu kufuneka uguqulelwe okanye usuka Ekyrgyz, abaguquleli abaziingcali basebenzisa ulwazi lwabo lolwimi kunye nemeko yenkcubeko eyahlukileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka.

Amashishini ahlala ethembele kwiinkonzo zokuguqulela Zasekyrgyz ukulungiselela izicwangciso zokuthengisa zamazwe ngamazwe. Iinguqulelo zasekuhlaleni zinceda iinkampani ukuba zifikelele kwiimarike ezintsha, zenza kube lula ukuphuhlisa ubudlelwane obuqinileyo babathengi kunye nokwandisa ukuthengisa. Abaguquleli bafanele badlulisele ngokuchanileyo umyalezo wantlandlolo ngoxa beqwalasela ukungafani kweethoni, amasiko nezithethe.

Kwangaxeshanye, iinguqulelo zobuqu zinokunceda abafuduki kunye neembacu Ekyrgyzstan zidibanise ngokulula kwinkcubeko yazo entsha. Iinguqulelo zobungcali zamaxwebhu abalulekileyo kunye nezatifikethi zenza kube lula kwiintsapho ukuba zifumane ukufikelela kwezempilo, imfundo, kunye nezinye iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo.

Uguqulelo lwe Kyrgyz lubalulekile kuye nabani na osebenza Okanye ohlala Ekyrgyzstan, nokuba kungeshishini, imfundo, okanye izizathu zobuqu. Kubalulekile ukufumana umguquleli ofanelekileyo oqonda inkcubeko yelizwe ukuze aqinisekise ukuba amaxwebhu aguqulelweyo achanekile kwaye anengqondo yenkcubeko.

Ngawaphi Amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwasekyrgyz?

Ulwimi Lwasekyrgyz luthethwa ikakhulu Ekyrgyzstan nakwezinye iindawo Ezikumbindi Weasia, kubandakanya emazantsi Ekazakhstan, Etajikistan, Euzbekistan, kumantla Eafghanistan, kwintshona yetshayina, nakwimimandla ekude Yeriphabhlikhi Yasealtai Yaserussia. Ukongeza, iipokotho ezincinci zabemi basekyrgyz zikhona Eturkey,Emongolia, Kunye Nepeninsula yasekorea.

Yintoni i-Kyrgyz language?

Ulwimi Lwasekyrgyz lunembali ende kwaye entsonkothileyo. Ulwimi Lwasempuma Lweturkey, oluvela kulwimi Lweproto-Turkic Oluvela Kumbindi Asia. Ubungqina obubhaliweyo bokuqala bolwimi bubuyela kwinkulungwane ye-8 Kwimibhalo Yesi-Orkhon, eyayibhalwe kwialfabhethi Yakudala Yaseturkey.
Ikyrgyz yayiphenjelelwa kakhulu ziilwimi Ezingabamelwane Zesiyghur nesimongolia. Ngenkulungwane ye-16, Ikyrgyz yaguquka yaba lulwimi loncwadi, yaye isichazi-magama sokuqala Sasekyrgyz sabhalwa ngowe-1784. Olu lwimi lwaqhubeka lukhula ebudeni benkulungwane ye-19, yaye ngowe-1944, Ikyrgyz yaba lulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Lwasekyrgyzstan.
Ngowe-1928, kwaqaliswa Inkqubo yokubhala eyaziwa Ngokuba Yialfabhethi Emanyeneyo, eyayimisela inkqubo yokubhala yasekyrgyz. Ukususela ngoko, Ikyrgyz iye yaphuhliswa njengolwimi oluthethwayo nolubhaliweyo. Nangona oonobumba besilatini Nabesicyrillic ngoku besetyenziselwa uhlobo olubhaliweyo lwale mihla lolwimi, iskripthi sesiarabhu sisasetyenziselwa ukubhala imibhalo engcwele Ekyrgyz.
Namhlanje, Ikyrgyz ithetha ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5 Ekyrgyzstan, Ekazakhstan, Etajikistan, Euzbekistan Nase China.

Ngoobani abantu aba-5 abaphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwasekyrgyz?

1. Chingiz Aitmatov (1928-2008): Eyaziwa njengomnye wababhali abakhulu Basekyrgyz, wabhala imisebenzi emininzi ngolwimi Lwasekyrgyz kwaye ithathwa ngokuphuhlisa ifom yayo yoncwadi.
2. I-Cholponbek Esenov (1891-1941): uvulindlela wokuqala wolwimi Lwasekyrgyz, wabhala iphephandaba lokuqala Ekyrgyz kwaye wayengumvelisi owaziwayo wohlobo olubhaliweyo lolwimi.
3. I-Orosbek Toktogaziyev (1904-1975): omnye umntu obalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwenguqu yangoku yolwimi Lwasekyrgyz. Wabhala iincwadi ezininzi waza wanceda ekuphuhliseni ukusetyenziswa kwamagama kulwimi.
4. U-Alichan Eshimkanov (1894-1974): ingcali yeelwimi ebalaseleyo eyachitha ubomi bayo iphanda kwaye ibhala ngolwimi Lwesikyrgyz kunye neelwimi.
5. Uzimbek Beknazarov (1947-present): Ethathwa njengegunya kulwimi Lwesikyrgyz, wayenoxanduva lokuphucula ulwimi kunye nokudala amagama amatsha kunye neendlela zokubhala.

Njani ulwimi Lwasekyrgyz?

Ulwimi Lwasekyrgyz sisiturkic esahlulahlulwe saba ziilwimi ezintathu: Emantla, Kumbindi Nakumazantsi. Lulwimi oluguquguqukayo, oluthetha ukuba lwenza amagama antsonkothileyo ngokongeza izimamva kumagama engcambu. Kukho ugxininiso kwizimaphambili, kunokuba izimamva, ngolwimi Lwasekyrgyz, olunika isakhiwo esinengqiqo. I-kyrgyz ngokuqhelekileyo i-SOV (isihloko-into-isenzi) kwaye njengezinye iilwimi Zaseturkey, inesenzi-isakhiwo sokugqibela. Ulwimi lunomxholo wefonemic, apho izandi ezahlukeneyo okanye izandi zinokunika iintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo kumagama.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwasekyrgyz ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda iziseko zolwimi. Unokufumana iikhosi ezininzi ze-intanethi okanye kwi-personal eziza kukwazisa kwizinto ezisisiseko Zasekyrgyz. Oku kubandakanya isigama esisisiseko kunye negrama kunye namabinzana aqhelekileyo kunye neenombolo eziphambili.
2. Mamela izithethi zomthonyama. Ukumamela incoko kunye nokurekhoda kwezithethi zomthonyama Zasekyrgyz kuya kukunceda ufumane ukuqonda okungcono kwendlela oluthethwa ngayo ulwimi.
3. Ziqhelise ukuthetha ulwimi kunye neqabane. Fumana umntu othetha Isikyrgyz kwaye uziqhelanise nokuncokola nabo usebenzisa ulwimi. Eli linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni izakhono zakho zokuncokola.
4. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezinje ngeencwadi, izichazi-magama kunye nezixhobo ezikwi-intanethi. Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokukunceda ufunde ulwimi lwakho. Oku kubandakanya iincwadi, izichazi-magama, iimbekiselo zegrama kunye nokunye.
5. Ungalibali ukuzonwabisa. Ukufunda ulwimi kufuneka kube mnandi. Yenza ixesha lokubukela iifilimu, ukufunda iincwadi kunye nokuzibandakanya kwimisebenzi ngolwimi. Oku kuya kwenza inkqubo yokufunda ibe mnandi ngakumbi kwaye ibe nomvuzo.